Lesson 1 Ancient Residents of the Motherland
First, the earliest humans in China
1. The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou, about 1.7 million years ago.
The fundamental difference between humans and animals lies in whether they can make tools.
Second, Beijingers.
Beijingers lived about 700,000-200,000 years ago, retaining the characteristics of apes, but with obvious division of labor between hands and feet, they can make and use tools and make stone tools.
Third, Neanderthals
Neanderthals lived about 30 thousand years ago.
Lesson 3 China's ancestors
First, the ancestors of China-Huangdi and Yan Di, and the ancestor of humanity-Huangdi (reason: four great inventions)
Second, Yao Shunyu's "abdication"
1. The establishment of the Xia Dynasty marked the beginning of slavery. The slave society in China began in 2 1 century BC.
2. Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty in the history of China. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the establishment of China's early state.
Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
First, the rise and fall of the Xia Dynasty
1. After his death, he passed the throne to his son Qi, making the hereditary system replace the abdication system, and "family world" replace "public world".
2. About BC 1600, the Tang Dynasty was defeated, and the summer was destroyed. BC 1046, Shang and Zhou Dynasties fought at Konoha. After the demise of the Shang Dynasty, the King of Wu established the Zhou Dynasty, with its capital of pickaxe, also known as Haojing, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Second, the enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty
1. Purpose: In order to consolidate the rule, the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the system of enfeoffment.
2. Content: Zhou gave his land, civilians and slaves to relatives and heroes and made them princes. Governors must obey the orders of the Zhou Emperor, pay tribute to the emperor at ordinary times, defend the territory, and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime.
3. Role: Develop remote areas, strengthen the rule and make the Western Zhou Dynasty a powerful country.
Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization
1. At the end of primitive society, bronzes appeared in China. Shang Dynasty was the glorious period of bronze culture in China. Bronzes are Simu Wuding (majestic in shape) and Siyang Fangzun (exquisite in shape).
2. During the same period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, a unique bronze culture prevailed in Chengdu Plain in southwest China, which is the world-famous "Sanxingdui" culture. The bronze masks, large bronze statues and bronze sacred trees unearthed there have attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people.
Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
First, the spring and autumn hegemony.
1. In 770 BC, Zhou Ping and Dong Wang moved to Luoyi, which was called "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
2. Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister, actively reformed internal affairs and developed production; At the same time, the military system was reformed, and Qiang Bing was formed. With the order of "respecting the king and resisting foreigners", it gradually became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
3. In the late 7th century BC, after the Chengdu-Pudong War between Chu Jin and China, Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains. One hundred years later, Chu Zhuangwang became the overlord of the Central Plains.
Second, the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period
1. The order of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period is Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han.
It happened in 260 BC, and the decisive battle between Qin and Zhao was the battle of Changping. The battle of Changping made the six eastern countries unable to resist Qin.
2. Key knowledge points in the first volume of first grade history.
Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (I)
First, Zu Chongzhi and Pi
1. Zu Chongzhi: a mathematician and astronomer in the Southern Dynasties.
2. Achievements: Compared with modern times, it takes only 50 seconds to measure a year; Build a thousand-mile ship; Design and manufacture water hammer mill; Calculate pi to 7 decimal places.
Second, with Qi Shu
1. Jia Sixie: Northern Dynasty agronomist. Written "Yao Min Shu"
2. Qi Yaomin's book: Introduce the production techniques and methods of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery; Emphasize that agricultural production should follow the laws of nature; Advocate the improvement of production technology and tools.
3. Status: It is the first complete agricultural scientific work in China, and occupies an important position in the world agriculture.
Thirdly, Li Daoyuan and Notes on Water Classics.
1. Li Daoyuan: Northern Wei geographer. Author of Notes on Water Classics
2. Notes on Water Classics: The book introduces mountains, rivers, towns, landforms, customs and historical sites in detail with the water system as the key link.
Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Ⅱ)
First, the main achievements of ancient calligraphy, painting and sculpture.
1. Calligraphy Art:
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy gradually became an art.
⑵ During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the font of calligraphy changed from seal script and official script to regular script, and cursive script and running script gradually became popular.
③ Wang Xizhi:
① A great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with a rich collection of calligraphy, was called the "Book Sage" by later generations.
(2) The masterpiece is Preface to Lanting Collection (known as "the best running script in the world", and later called "charming and vigorous, but not peerless").
③ Calligraphy features: its characters are fresh and beautiful, or "floating like clouds and agile like dragons".
2. Painting art:
(1) Gu Kaizhi, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has a wide range of painting themes, graceful and graceful characters, vivid and vivid, and full of personality.
(2) The representative works are "The True Story of the Woman" and "The Goddess of Luo".
3. Sculpture and Grottoes Art:
⑴ Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum: It reproduces the majestic momentum of Qin Jun sweeping six countries more than two thousand years ago, and is a bright pearl in the world art treasure house.
(2) Grottoes art:
① Time: Northern Dynasties.
Objective: The rulers should publicize Buddhism.
③ Main Grottoes: Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi; Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province.
④ Features: A surprising number of large and small Buddha statues are carved in the grottoes, and the surrounding stone walls are covered with reliefs. These statues inherited the traditional style of plastic arts since Qin and Han dynasties, and absorbed the advantages of Buddhist art.
3. Key knowledge points in the first volume of first grade history.
First, the unification of the Qin Dynasty.
1, the reason of "Qin Wang sweeping Liuhe" (unifying the whole country):
After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin gradually became a powerful country among the seven countries.
(2) After the Battle of Changping (Zhao Kuo, the general of Zhao, was an armchair strategist), the six countries could no longer resist the attack of Qin.
With the continuous strengthening of economic and cultural ties among countries, political division has hindered social development, and reunification has become the general trend. (4) The King of Qin formulated a correct strategy (attacking far and attacking near).
2. Qin unified the whole country: In 22 1 year BC, the king of Qin won the government to unify the six countries, established the Qin Dynasty, and made Xianyang its capital. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic centralized feudal country in the history of China.
3. Significance: ① It ended the separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and pushed the history of China to a brand-new stage. ② Established the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the history of China.
4. Establish the emperor system: Contents: ① Establish the title of emperor, which is in the supreme position. (2) in the central set the prime minister (dealing with state affairs), qiu (in charge of the military) and suggestion (supervisory officials). (3) At the local level, the enfeoffment system was abolished and the county system was fully implemented. The Qin dynasty established monopoly centralization.
5. Qin Shihuang's measures to consolidate reunification:
(1) Politically: abolish the enfeoffment system and establish a county;
⑵ Economic and cultural aspects: ① Unified currency ("half a square hole in Qin State" copper coin). ② Uniformity (length) Quantity (capacity) Scale (weight). (3) unified writing (first writing with Xiao Zhuan as the standard, then using official script);
⑶ Military aspect: Imperial Xiongnu, build the Great Wall;
⑷ Ideological aspect: burning books and burying Confucianism.
6. The territory of the Qin Dynasty extends to the East China Sea in the east, Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north and the South China Sea in the south. It was a great country in the world at that time.
Second, the peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty: (The violent politics in Qin Dynasty was the fundamental reason for the outbreak of the peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty)
1, the reason: Qin's violent politics. It is manifested in: ① "burning books to bury Confucianism" (this is the concentrated expression of Qin Shihuang's hegemony in the field of culture and thought). (2) Heavy taxes and cruel exploitation. (3) severe punishment. (4) how fatuous and cruel Qin Ershi is.
2. Start: Daze Township Uprising. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu led an uprising in Daze Township, and a peasant uprising broke out at the end of Qin Dynasty. The insurgents captured Chen and established the Zhang Chu regime in Chen County. (China's first peasant regime)
3. Significance of the Uprising: The Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising was the first large-scale peasant uprising in China. This is a heavy blow to the residual rule of the Qin Dynasty. Their revolutionary initiative inspired millions of working people in later generations to struggle against the rule of residual violence.
4. Battle of Julu: In 207 BC, Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun's main force in Julu (burn one's bridges, try one's best).
5. The demise of the Qin Dynasty: In 207 BC, Liu Bang entered Guanzhong and approached Xianyang, while Zi Ying went through the customs and the Qin Dynasty perished.
4. Key knowledge points in the first volume of first grade history.
Ancient inhabitants of the motherland
I. Yuanmou Man: About 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, the Yangtze River Basin. At present, the earliest known human in China. Can make tools and use fire.
Second, Beijingers: About 700,000-200,000 years ago, on the Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, in the Yellow River Valley. Some physical characteristics of apes have been preserved. Can make and use tools (make stone tools). Preserve kindling with natural fire for a long time. Live in groups and engage in gathering and hunting activities.
1929, Pei Wenzhong, a young Chinese scholar, discovered the first Peking man skull fossil.
3. Neanderthals: About 30,000 years ago, at the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, in the Yellow River valley. Basically the same as modern people. You can make a fire manually; Use hammer to hit stone tools and master polishing and drilling techniques; Gathering, hunting and fishing, living in groups; Have aesthetic consciousness.
Prosperous Qin and Han culture
At present, the earliest paper known in the world appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty.
2. Cai Lun was an important historical figure who improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Significance: Most papermaking technologies in the world are directly or indirectly transmitted from China. The invention of papermaking is a great contribution of our people to world culture.
3. The seismograph made by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Function: Determine the earthquake direction. It is considered as the earliest seismic instrument in the world.
4. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo initiated "Ma Fei San", which is a great pioneering work in world medicine. The main work "Wuqinxi".
Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases at the end of Eastern Han Dynasty. This book expounds the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine. His medical ethics are noble and his medical skills are brilliant, and later generations respect him as a "medical sage".
Reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen
(1) Use Chinese in court, and Xianbei language is prohibited;
② Officials and their families must wear Hanfu;
(3) change the surname of Xianbei nationality to Han nationality, and change the surname of royal family from Tuoba to Yuan;
④ Encourage Xianbei nobles to intermarry with Han nobles;
⑤ Adopt the official system and laws of Han nationality;
⑥ Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly.
Zhang Qian is connected with the western regions.
1, Western Regions: People in the Han Dynasty called Yangguan and Yumenguan in Gansu today, which is now Xinjiang and the vast areas beyond, the Western Regions.
2. Zhang Qian's first mission to the Western Regions:
(1) Time: BC 138
(2) Purpose: Contact the Yueshi (branch) and * * * to attack the Huns.
(3) Significance: I learned about the specific situation of the Western Regions and their desire to communicate with the Han Dynasty.
3. Zhang Qian's second mission to the Western Regions:
(1) Time: BC 1 19 years.
(2) Purpose: In order to strengthen ties with countries in the Western Regions.
(3) Significance: It promoted the mutual understanding and communication between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions.
With the knowledge of history and geography, imagine what difficulties and obstacles Zhang Qian will encounter in the process of "opening the path to the western regions". What excellent qualities should we learn from him?
(1) Bad natural environment, twice detained by Xiongnu and others.
(2) Excellent qualities of Zhang Qian: strong-willed, not afraid of sacrifice, not afraid of difficulties and obstacles, loyal to the motherland, keeping promises, and living up to the mission.
The invention of papermaking
1, the invention of paper: I know the basic methods of making paper in the Western Han Dynasty-disadvantages: poor quality and low output.
2. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking ("Cai Hou Paper") and made great contributions to cultural exchange.
(1) papermaking raw materials: bark, rags, hemp heads and old fishing nets.
(2) The characteristics of Cai Hou paper: the raw materials are easy to find and cheap, and the quality is also improved.
3. Contribution (or significance) of papermaking: It promoted the spread and development of culture, influenced the process of world civilization, and was China's great contribution to the world.
5. Key knowledge points in the first volume of first grade history.
The story of the past
I. Yanhuang Alliance
1, Battle of Hanquan: Huangdi defeated Yan Di, and the Yanhuang Alliance was established.
2. Battle of Zhuolu: Yanhuang tribe defeated Chiyou tribe.
3. Influence: The Chinese nation gradually formed, and Yan Di and Huangdi were honored as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation.
Second, the legendary inventions of Emperor Yan and Huangdi reflect the social development level in the late primitive society of our country.
1, the contribution of Yan Di:
(1) Teach people to cultivate land, make production tools and grow food and vegetables;
(2) Making pottery, inventing textiles, cooking salt and teaching people to trade and exchange.
(3) Making musical instruments and harps was the earliest knowledge of graphics, characters and calendars.
2. The contribution of the Yellow Emperor: building palaces, making clothes, digging wells, building ships, teaching people to smelt copper, inventing bows and arrows and compass cars.
3. The Yellow Emperor period: created characters, Linglun created melodies, Li first invented abacus, and Lei Zu was good at weaving and reeling.
Third, the demise of Yao, Shun and Yu
1, the significance of abdication system: passing the position of tribal leader to virtuous people.
2. Criteria for recommending talents-having both ability and political integrity and setting an example;
3. The essence of abdication system: the system of democratic election of tribal alliance leaders (democratic election, leaders have no privilege).
4. Following the Yellow Emperor, the leaders elected by the "abdication system" are Yao, Shun and Yu.
5, Dayu water control: share joys and sorrows with the masses, do not enter the household, and make contributions to water control. It embodies the spirit of hard work, perseverance and selfless dedication.