Several early Neolithic Peiligang cultural sites were discovered at the Wanlonggang site in Wanlong Township, Xiangfu District, Kaifeng City, and the Guantougang site in Weichuan Town, Weishi County. Their excavations proved that as early as the fifth and fifth century Six thousand years ago, there were already human activities in Kaifeng city.
In his early years, Zhuanxu, one of the Five Emperors, was granted the title of Gaoyang (today's Gaoyang Town, Qixian County) because of his meritorious service in assisting Shaohao, so he was also known as the "Gaoyang Clan". In order to avoid Shangjun (today's Shangqiu Yucheng), Dayu lived east of Yangcheng (today's Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou City). In the later period of Xia King Sizhu's reign, he moved the capital from the original place to Laoqiu (today's Guoduli Village in the Northeast of Kaifeng City). As the capital of Xia, Laoqiu experienced five generations and six emperors: the 3rd year of Emperor Zhu, the 44th year of Emperor Fen, the 18th year of Emperor Mang, The emperor's 25th year, the emperor's 59th year, the emperor's 18th year, and the emperor's 167th year.
In the early Spring and Autumn Period (8th century BC), Zheng Zhuanggong, the monarch of Zheng State, built a granary storage city near Zhuxian Town in Xiangfu District. He named it "Qifeng" after the meaning of "opening up and enclosing frontiers".
The Qin Dynasty established Daliang County, which belonged to Dang County, and the county governed Suiyang County (now Suiyang District, Shangqiu City).
In the Western Han Dynasty, Junyi County was established in the territory. Junyi, as the name of Kaifeng, has been used for about 800 years. In the early Western Han Dynasty, Kaifeng County was renamed Kaifeng County to avoid the name taboo of Han Jing Emperor Liu Qi. This is the earliest origin of the name "Kaifeng". In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Junyi County was still under the jurisdiction of Chenliu County. In the 15th year of Emperor Guangwu's reign (39th year), the Sili Department was renamed Sili Xiaowei Department, the Henan County was renamed Henan Yin, and Kaifeng County belonged to it.
In the first year of Tianping in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (534), Emperor Xiaojing established Liangzhou, which governed the three counties of Chenliu, Kaifeng, and Yangxia. In the fifth year of Jiande (576) of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty changed Liangzhou to Bianzhou. This was the beginning of Kaifeng being called "Bian". It was changed from county governance to state governance. Kaifeng, which had been lost for nearly a hundred years, gradually recovered its vitality and Kaifeng also became One of the eight important warehouses on the water transportation line used by the Northern Wei Dynasty to fight against the southern dynasties.
In the sixth year of Tianbao (555) and the tenth year of Tianbao (559), Emperor Wenxuan of the Northern Qi Dynasty built the famous Jianguo Temple (ie Daxiangguo Temple) and Duju Temple (today's Kaifeng City Iron Tower area) respectively. The development of Buddhist culture laid the early foundation for the vigorous rise of Bianliang culture in Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Sui Dynasty, Chenliu County was placed in Junyi County (now Xiangfu District, Kaifeng City), and later changed to Bianzhou.
The middle section of the more than 2,000 kilometers of the Grand Canal excavated during the Sui Dynasty is the Bianhe River that connects the Yellow River and the Huaihe River and runs through Bianzhou. The section from the Yellow River to the Huaihe River is also called the Tongji Canal.
In the fourth year of Wude (621), Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, the Bianzhou General Administration Office was established, with jurisdiction over Bianzhou, Weizhou, Qizhou and Chenzhou. In the seventh year of Wude (624), the Bianzhou Governor's Mansion was changed to the Bianzhou Dudu Mansion. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Henan Province was established and governed Junyi County (now Xiangfu District, Kaifeng City). In the first year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (742), Bianzhou was once renamed Chenliu County. In the second year of Jianzhong (781) of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, Li Mian, a clan relative of Li Tang, went to Bianzhou to serve as a military envoy and built an additional 22 miles of Bianzhou City (today's Xiangfu District, Kaifeng City). In the first year of Xingyuan (784), Li Xilie occupied the city of Bianzhou and assumed the throne of emperor. He claimed that the country was named "Chu", the founding year was named "Wucheng", and Bianzhou was governed by Daliang Prefecture.
During the Five Dynasties, the capitals of the Later Liang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou dynasties were successively established in Kaifeng, which was called the "Eastern Capital" or "Tokyo". During this period, Kaifeng officially replaced Luoyang and became the national political and political capital. Economic, cultural and transportation center.
The capital of the Later Liang Dynasty was Kaifeng for seventeen years. Although the time was short, the country's rents and taxes were relatively light, and the people could recuperate and recuperate. At the same time, the capital of the Later Liang Dynasty was Kaifeng, which made China's political, economic, cultural, and military center from The transfer of Luoyang in the Heluo region to Kaifeng in the eastern Henan Plain was of great epoch-making significance for the transfer of capital and political center in ancient China.
The Song Dynasty was the most glorious era in the history of Kaifeng and the feudal history of China. It had developed economy and culture, prosperous social life, and the population of Kaifeng city reached 1.5 million. ("Song History and Geography" records that during the Chongning period, Kaifeng had 261,117 households and 442,940 people.")
City Landscape The beautiful and majestic city was not only the political, economic and cultural center of the country, but also the most prosperous metropolis in the world at that time.
History books even describe the prosperity of Kaifeng, the capital of the Song Dynasty at that time, as "eight wastelands fought together, and all nations were connected." The work "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" by the Northern Song Dynasty painter Zhang Zeduan vividly depicts the bustling, lively scenes and beautiful natural scenery on both sides of the Bianhe River in Kaifeng City, Tokyo during the Qingming Festival.
In March of the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), Xu Da led the Northern Expedition to capture Henan. At this time, many people suggested to Zhu Yuanzhang that Bianliang be the capital. In April, Zhu Yuanzhang came to Bianliang City for inspection. In May, Bianliang Road was changed to Kaifeng Prefecture, Kaifeng County was merged into Xiangfu County, and the two counties were merged into one. Henan Zhongshu was divided into provinces, and Kaifeng Prefecture was governed by the province. In August of the same year, Kaifeng Prefecture was upgraded to Beijing and became the capital. Kaifeng City was rebuilt and the earth city was transformed into a brick city.
The Qing Dynasty basically followed the administrative divisions of the Ming Dynasty. Provincial and government offices all sent directors to neighboring counties due to the flooding of Kaifeng City.
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Kaifeng, formerly known as Laoqiu, Daliang, Chenliu, Bianzhou, Tokyo, Bianjing, Bianliang, etc., referred to as Bian, is a prefecture-level city in Henan Province, located in Henan The central and eastern part of the province is adjacent to the provincial capital Zhengzhou City in the west, Shangqiu City in the east, Xuchang City and Zhoukou City in the south, and faces Xinxiang City across the Yellow River in the north. As of 2016, Kaifeng City has a total area of ??6,266 square kilometers, with 5 municipal districts and 4 counties under its jurisdiction, and 4.5467 million permanent residents.
Reference materials: Baidu Encyclopedia Kaifeng