There are three kinds of characters of all nationalities in the world, namely ideographic characters; Ideographic characters; Recording. Chinese characters are typical ideographs developed on the basis of ideographs.
The method of pictographic writing is to draw the real thing.
However, painting tends to be more simplified and abstract, becoming a symbol that highlights the physical characteristics, representing a certain meaning and having a certain pronunciation.
Our Chinese characters, from pictures and symbols to word-making and stereotypes, from ancient China seal script to small seal script, from seal script to official script, regular script and cursive script, each
Species gradually formed. In the process of writing and application of Chinese characters, the unique and independent calligraphy art of all nationalities in the world has gradually emerged.
Qin dynasty, created the first time.
Calligraphy During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were great differences in writing among countries, which was a major obstacle to economic and cultural development. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, Minister Li Si presided over the unification of the national characters, which was a great achievement in the cultural history of China.
After the unification of Qin Dynasty, this script was called Qin Zhuan, also known as Xiao Zhuan, which was simplified on the basis of Jin Wen and Shi Guwen. Li Si, a famous calligrapher, presided over the compilation of Xiao Zhuan. Li Si wrote the stone carvings of Mount Li, Mount Tai, Langya and Huiji. All previous dynasties have a very high evaluation. Qin is a period of change of inheritance and innovation. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu" said: "Shu Qin has eight styles.
Big seal script, second, small seal script, third, seal cutting symbols, fourth, insect script, fifth, copying, sixth, official script, seventh, official script. "It basically summarizes the face of fonts at this time." Li's seal script is harsh and inconvenient to write, so official script appeared. Official script is a victory of seal script. Its purpose is to facilitate writing. During the Western Han Dynasty, official script changed from seal script to official script, and its structure changed from vertical to horizontal, with more obvious lines and waves.
The appearance of official script is a great progress of China characters and a revolution in the history of calligraphy, which not only makes Chinese characters tend to be square, but also breaks through a single center in brushwork, laying the foundation for various calligraphy schools in the future. In addition to the above Qin calligraphy masterpieces,
There are imperial edicts, weights, tiles, coins and other words with different styles. Calligraphy in Qin Dynasty left a brilliant page in the history of calligraphy in China, which is a pioneering work.
Seeking Degree and Rhyme —— From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties
(A) Chinese calligraphy
Calligraphy in Han Dynasty can be divided into two forms: one is the mainstream system of stone carvings in China; One is tile seal, and the other is bamboo and silk alliance calligraphy and ink. The Monument to Yun Qi in the Later Han Dynasty is a symbol of Han Li's maturity. In cliff stone carvings (words carved on cliffs), especially
Ode to Shimen is the most famous, and calligraphers regard it as a masterpiece. At the same time, Cai Shark's Jia Jing realized the restoration of Gu Li.
, the requirements of fetal interest model. Inscription is the most important art form reflecting the times and phonology, among which Feng Longshan, The Story of the Western Chamber, Kong Zhou, Yi Ying, Chen Shi, Zhang Qian and Cao Quan are especially admired and imitated by later generations. It can be said,
Every monument has its own miracle, and there is no similarity. The northern book is magnificent, while the southern book is simple, which embodies the different aesthetic pursuits of the "scholar" and "vulgar" classes. As for the tile seal and the simple silk script, it embodies the combination of artistry and practicality.
The prosperity of calligraphy art began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Calligraphy theory's works appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Yang Xiong was the earliest author in calligraphy theory at the turn of the Han Dynasty. The first calligraphy theory monograph was a cursive script written by Cui Yuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Calligraphers in the Han Dynasty can be divided into two categories: one is calligraphers in the Han Dynasty, represented by Cai Yong. One is cursive writers, represented by Du Du, Cui Yuan and Zhang Zhi, and later called "Cao Sheng".
Bamboo slips calligraphy can best represent the characteristics of calligraphy in Han Dynasty. There are many inscriptions in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The inscriptions in this period were carved by Han Li, with square fonts, strict statutes and clear waves. At this time, the official script has reached its peak.
The emergence and birth of cursive script in Han dynasty is of great significance in the history of calligraphy art, which marks the beginning of calligraphy.
An art that can express feelings with a high degree of freedom and express the calligrapher's personality. The primary stage of cursive script is cursive script. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, cursive script developed further and formed Cao Zhang. Later, Zhang Zhi founded modern calligraphy, namely cursive script.
(B) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties calligraphy art:
1, Three Kingdoms Period
During the Three Kingdoms period, official script began to decline from the peak position of Han Dynasty, and evolved into regular script, which became another theme of calligraphy art. Regular script, also known as official script and original work, was created by Zhong You. Regular script entered the history of stone carving in the Three Kingdoms period. The Three Kingdoms (Wei) Period's "Recommended Season Straight Table". "Declaration Form" and so on have become the treasures of several generations.
2. Jin Dynasty
In the Jin Dynasty, elegance and elegance were advocated in daily life, and the beauty of moderation and modesty was pursued in art. Many calligraphers came forth in large numbers, and bamboo slips were the second kings (Wang Xizhi. Wang Xianzhi) Yan Fang's exquisite artistic taste caters to the requirements of literati, and people increasingly realize that writing has aesthetic value. Wang Xizhi is the most influential calligrapher who can represent the spirit of Wei and Jin Dynasties.
They are called "book saints". Wang Xizhi's running script Preface to Lanting is known as "the best running script in the world". Critics say that his writing style is like floating clouds, and his son Wang Xianzhi's Ode to Luoshen is magnificent. His Broken Body and One Book are great contributions in the history of calligraphy. Add Lu Ji, Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wang Dao, Xie An and Jane.
In sharp contrast to Liang and other calligraphy families, Nanshu is quite prosperous. Yang Xin, Qi, Xiao Ziyun and Chen of Liang in the Southern Song Dynasty were all his followers.
At the peak of calligraphy in Jin Dynasty, it was mainly manifested in running script, which was a font between cursive script and regular script. His representative works "Sanxi", namely "Yuan Bo Tie", "Sunshine Tie in Fast Snow" and "Mid-Autumn Festival Tie".
3. Southern and Northern Dynasties
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, China's calligraphy art entered the era of "Bei Bei Nan Tie".
The Northern Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Wei Dynasty are the best calligraphers in the Northern Dynasties, and their styles are also colorful. Representative works include Zhang Menglong Monument and Shi Jing Jun Monument. The representative works in the inscription are: thousands of words are really grass. The Northern Dynasties praised their ancestors and revealed their family business, and carved many stones, such as the north monument and the south post, the north opening to the south, the north people and the south soil, and the north glory and the south show.
Basic difference
For example, the representative work of the North-South School is Nanliang.
He Ming. The "Zheng Wengong Monument" in the Northern Wei Dynasty can be described as a binary star between the North and the South. Most writers in the northern school are Shu Ren, whose books are anonymous, so calligraphy is crowned as "the sage in the book", and there are Wang Youjun in the northern school.
Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties
(A) Sui Dynasty calligraphy:
The Sui Dynasty ended the chaos in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and unified China. Later, Tang Dou was a relatively stable period. The development of the South Railway North Monument went hand in hand with the Sui Dynasty, and the form of regular script was officially completed, occupying a position of connecting the past with the future in the history of books. Sui Kai inherited the evolution of Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. A new standardization bureau was established in the Tang Dynasty. There are inscriptions in the Sui Dynasty, mostly authentic, which are divided into four styles:
1, the tablet of Qifa Temple in Pinghe Ruding Road Tiger, etc.
2. Strict and strict prescriptions such as Dong's Epitaph.
3, deep and round, such as "Xin Xing Zen Master Taming" and so on
4. Xiulang is as exquisite as the "Longzang Temple Monument".
(2) calligraphy in the heyday of the tang dynasty:
1, Introduction to Calligraphy in Tang Dynasty
The culture of the Tang Dynasty was profound and brilliant, reaching the peak of feudal culture in China, which can be described as "books flourished in the early Tang Dynasty". There were more ink marks in the Tang Dynasty than in the previous generation, and a large number of inscriptions left precious calligraphy works. The calligraphy of the whole Tang Dynasty is the inheritance and innovation of the previous generation. Regular script, running script and cursive script all entered a new situation in the Tang Dynasty, with outstanding characteristics of the times, and their influence on later generations far exceeded that of any previous era.
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and calligraphy took off from the legacy of the Six Dynasties. Everyone took Ou Yangxun as a regular script. Yu Shinan Chu Suiliang, Xue Ji and Ouyang Tong are the mainstream of calligraphy. The general characteristics and structure are rigorous and neat, so the theory of offspring
There is a saying in the book that "the Tang Dynasty emphasized the standard on the shelf", which was once regarded as the "crown of calligraphy" and continued until the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The combination of Confucianism and Taoism, Li Yong changed the right army, unique. Zhang Xu and Huai Su pushed the cursive performance to the extreme with their drunkenness, while Sun Caoshu was good at being elegant, so he tried to create truth. As soon as Yan Zhenqing came out, he put the ancient law into new ideas and gave birth to new laws.
Beyond the ancient meaning. Dong Qichang said that Duke Lu made great preparations for learning from books in the Tang Dynasty. Late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, the national situation declined, Shen Chuanshi. Liu Gongquan changed the model law again. Expose your thinness and strength.