I. Regional Development System of Zhaojun Culture The region of Zhaojun culture develops from south to north, from one to two, and from two to three. There are mainly three regions, namely Zhaojun's hometown, ancient Chang 'an and Xiongnu. Zhaojun's hometown is the origin and development area of Zhaojun culture. It is said that it originated in this area, mainly because Zhaojun had a rich cultural life before he entered the palace. She read and recited poems since she was a child, and "played the lute" (Wang Song's "Auspicious Sound in the Ground"), and there are many beautiful legends, such as the beauty of flowers with few thorns, and the dance of Xiangxi skillfully helped western flowers. It is a development zone. Since 1980s, a large number of scenic spots such as Zhaojun Memorial Hall, Zhaojun Building, Zhaojun Terrace, Dressing Table, Nanmujing, Niangniang Spring, Sightseeing Corridor and Zizhuyuan have been rebuilt. Zhaojun Art Festival has been held for six consecutive years, attracting a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists and literati to paint poems and write calligraphy, and constantly promoting Zhaojun culture, which has become the main area for the development of Zhaojun culture. Zhaojun's hometown includes the whole Xiangxi basin, because Xiangxi is connected with Zhaojun, Zhaojun culture includes Xiangxi culture, and Xiangxi culture also includes Zhaojun culture. Zhaojun's hometown can extend to the Three Gorges area through Xiangxi River Basin, because "Zhaojun County is connected with Wuxia" (Taiping Universe148); The exit of Xiangxi is also the entrance of Xiling Gorge. There are also ancient poems that call Zhao Jun a gorge girl. It can also be said that Bachu and Jingchu areas, such as ancient Jiangling. Zhaojun culture is also an important part of Chu culture, and the whole Chu area can also be said to be an important area for Zhaojun culture to spread. Ancient Chang 'an is another important area for the development of Zhaojun culture, because "How old was Zhaojun when he entered the palace" (Biography of the Southern Xiongnu in the later Han Dynasty) and "accumulated for five or six years" (Cao Qin by Cai Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty), after all, there was a period of court life, a lot of court culture and costume culture, as well as love and patriotism. It is an important area of Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and an important historical stage of the palace life in the Western Han Dynasty, which produced the story of Zhaojun leaving the fortress and developed Zhaojun culture. Xiongnu (now Inner Mongolia) is the third important area for the development of Zhaojun culture, because Zhaojun lived in Xiongnu after marriage until his death. She wore Hu clothes, ate Hu dishes, learned Hu language, learned Hu music, rode Hu horses, lived and worked in peace and contentment in Hu customs, and had children, leaving behind a large number of folklore stories and places of interest. In front of Zhaojun's tomb, there was a stone tablet of "Princess Han's Tomb" and several poems of past dynasties. The Qing Mausoleum still exists today, handed down from generation to generation. It can be seen that Xiongnu is an important area for the development of Zhaojun culture. Judging from the three key areas of Zhaojun culture development, I think Zhaojun's hometown and Inner Mongolia are the two ends of Zhaojun culture development, and Gu Chang 'an is a supporting point, connecting the economy and culture of Han and Mongolian, forming a very unique and complete regional development system.
Second, the content development system of Zhaojun culture First, the theme of Zhaojun culture is the historical fact that Zhaojun left the fortress. How did Zhao Jun get out of the predicament? There are three theories: one is the story that the Emperor of Han and Yuan gave Khan Zhaojun, which led to Zhaojun's departure. For example, Hanshu Yuan Di said: "In the first month of Jingning, Uhaanyehe, a Hun, came to North Korea and said ... Uhaanyehe did not forget his kindness, and he resumed the ceremony of welcoming North Korea. He hoped that the fortress would spread endlessly and that there would be no military revolution on the border. His yuan was changed to Jingning, and Wang Qiang was awarded the title of E Shi. " "Some later literary works, such as Guo Moruo's early historical drama Wang Zhaojun, were all derived from this. Wang Zhaojun despised and accused the king. The second argument is that Khan volunteered to be the husband of the Han nationality, and Yuan Di agreed to the request and gave him Khan, which led to the story of Zhaojun's departure. The biography of Han Xiongnu records: "In the first year of Jingning, Khan returned to the DPRK, giving gifts as before, adding clothes and silks, all twice as much as Huanglong. Khan said he was willing to marry the Han family. After Yuan Di, Wang Qiang, the son of Gong Liangjia, gave Khan the word Zhaojun. Khan is happy, and the letter is willing to protect the fortress from Guxi to Dunhuang. Please stop, prepare officers and soldiers, and let the emperor's people rest in peace. " Later, this school produced a large number of tragic literary works in which Zhaojun was forced to leave the fortress, and the content theme changed from the original harmonious marriage between Han and Hungary to bullying by Xiongnu, turning Zhaojun's departure into a tragedy of national humiliation. For example, Ma Zhiyuan's Yuan Zaju "Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty" changed its content to Yuan Di when the country was weak, and Zhaojun and Yuan Di fell in love. Treacherous court official Mao Yanshou gave the portrait of Zhaojun to Xiongnu because he could not ask for a bribe, and lured Xiongnu to ask for Zhaojun by force. The civil and military officials in the Qing Dynasty were helpless, and Zhaojun was forced by the Xiongnu's threat of force and wept bitterly. The third way of saying it is that Zhao Jun begged for a trip, went to the fortress and kissed him. A relatively complete record can be found in the biography of South Xiongnu in the later Han Dynasty: "Zhaojun was from Nanjun. At the beginning, when I was in Yuan Di, I chose a good family to marry me. When Xie Han came to Korea, the emperor gave it to five maids. How old was Zhao Jun when he entered the palace? He was not allowed to see the royal family, and he accumulated sadness and resentment. He asked the court to order him to do it. The emperor told Xie Han to leave the meeting and saw five women performing. Zhaojun is richly decorated, the Han Palace is splendid, and Gu Ying lingers back and forth. When the emperor saw that he was frightened, he wanted to keep it, but it was difficult to break his promise, so he made peace with the Xiongnu. " Although Zhao Jun's resentment and Yuan Di's love appear in the records, Zhao Jun's leaving the fortress has developed into volunteering. Since then, it has become the traditional theme of China's classical literature, with a long history of poets writing poems and dramatists writing plays. Although these works are similar, it is inevitable to use the word "resentment" to describe Zhao Jun's tragic fate. This "resentment" is mainly about the Han Palace, which is her personal motivation for asking for instructions, but after all, the theme has changed a lot.
The representative work that best embodies Zhao Jun's voluntary invitation is Cao Yu's historical drama Wang Zhaojun. Based on the historical fact that "I asked the court to order something", he changed his resentment of showing respect to the monarch, shaped a "simple and natural", intelligent and brave Han girl, and volunteered to do something for the reconciliation between Han and Hungary. Second, on the basis of Zhaojun's departure from the Great Wall, it developed into the birth outside the Great Wall and the death of Zhaojun, which is another important content of Zhaojun culture. Zhaojun went to Xiongnu and gave birth to two sons. It is also said that Han Xie died, and his former son took his place. He wanted to marry, and Zhao Jun wrote a letter in return, and he joined the emperor to follow the customs. Later, he resumed Khan Yan ("The Biography of the Southern Xiongnu"), had children, and lived and worked in peace. Cao Yu's historical drama Wang Zhaojun shows this content. She lives in the vault, wears Hu clothes, learns to ride horses, practices archery, loves to sing "Friends Looks" and lives a happy life. Finally, she died alone in the desert. However, there are also historical records: "Zhao Jun went to court to sweat, but his heart was unhappy", and finally "swallowed medicine and killed himself" (Cao Qin by Cai Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty). There are also some legends and works that simply say that Zhaojun didn't go to Xiongnu and died in the river halfway. Although it deviates from the true nature of history, it enriches and develops the content of Zhaojun culture. For example, Ma Zhiyuan's zaju "Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty" describes Zhao Jun's suicide by throwing himself into the river near the border of Han and Hungary, which shows her national dignity and patriotic feelings and reveals the author's national consciousness and national integrity. Now, due to historical limitations, the author was unable to understand the positive significance of showing respect to the monarch in history. Thirdly, the story of Zhaojun's departure from the fortress added the picture of Mao Yanshou's ugly face of Zhaojun, which added legend to the content development of Zhaojun culture. Originally, Zhao Jun's departure had nothing to do with Mao Yanshou. However, an additional Mao Yanshou adds staggering, drama and legend to the story, and enriches the plot and content of Zhaojun culture. Although it is inconsistent with historical facts, it is still easily accepted by people. The story about Mao Yanshou is not recorded in the official history, but there is a passage in Ge Hong's Miscellany of Abandoning the City in Xijing Painting: "There are many rabbits in Yuan Di, which are not common. Is to let the painter draw pictures, according to the picture is called auspicious. "GongGuan all pay painter, the number of hundreds, not minus fifty thousand. Only Wang Qiang refused, so he couldn't see them. Later, because Zhao Jun gave Xiongnu Khan, Yuan Di discovered that Zhao Jun was the "first in the harem", and it was too late to regret it. This is a poor case that killed Mao Yanshou. Suddenly, Mao Yanshou was blamed for thousands of years. On the basis of praising Zhaojun and hating the emperor, all literary and artistic works about Zhaojun inevitably condemn Mao Yanshou to express their dissatisfaction with Zhaojun. For example, in Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty, Ma Zhiyuan wrote Mao Yanshou as a traitor, saying that asking for bribes did not make him ugly. On the other hand, writing him as a traitor, once the crime was exposed, he dedicated the true portrait of Zhaojun to Xiongnu, instigating Xiongnu to demand Zhaojun by force, which became the main condemnation object of the whole play. Moreover, many poems are particularly prominent, from scolding Mao Yanshou to scolding people like Mao Yanshou, from criticizing Yuan Di to criticizing dynasty rulers, relying on Zhaojun's misfortune to pin his personal talents on him, and using Zhaojun's wine to drown his sorrows and so on. All kinds of excuses are imaginary. Without Mao Yanshou, any literary works about Zhaojun would be greatly discounted.
Third, the form development system of Zhaojun culture The form of Zhaojun culture is mainly based on historical facts recorded in historical books, and it has developed into various forms according to the development and changes of content. Since ancient times, the most prominent form is poetry. Since the Jin Dynasty, after more than ten generations, especially the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there are many poems praising Zhao Jun, and some say there are thousands of them. According to the statistics of Lu Ge's Notes on Selected Poems of Chanting Zhaojun in Past Dynasties published by Changjiang Literature and Art Publishing House, there are more than 770 existing poems. As you can imagine, how many poets are writing Zhaojun in the form of poetry, and how many readers are reading Zhaojun in the form of poetry. The second prominent form is drama. The most representative ones are Autumn of Han Palace Zaju by Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Zhaojun by Guo Moruo and Wang Zhaojun by Cao Yu. These dramas have shaped the image of Zhaojun from different angles, and put Zhaojun on the stage through the literary and artistic form of drama. In recent years, it has also created the form of TV series, put Zhao Jun on the screen and entered thousands of households. The third prominent form is folk literature. This form was particularly prominent after the 1980s, which set off another new climax of Zhaojun culture. China History Series Wang Zhaojun published by Zhonghua Book Company, Legend of Wang Zhaojun published by Gansu People's Publishing House, and Legend of Three Gorges published by Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House came out one after another, among which a number of Legends of Wang Zhaojun were selected. Especially in Xingshan County, Zhaojun's hometown, a group of authors who wrote and studied Zhaojun appeared, and successively published a number of Zhaojun series books with Zhaojun as the title and Xiangxi series books with Xiangxi as the title. It has made positive contributions to the development of Zhaojun culture. Zhaojun series books include Zhaojun's Hometown published by Hubei People's Publishing House, Zhaojun's Stories and Songs published by Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, Legend of Zhaojun's Hometown Place Names published by Jilin People's Publishing House, and Selected Folk Songs of Zhaojun's Hometown published by Beijing Yanshan Publishing House. The series of Xiangxi books includes the prose collection Xiangxi Customs published by Hubei People's Publishing House and the poetry collection Xiangxi New Rhyme published by Guangdong People's Publishing House, all of which reflect the characteristics of Zhaojun's hometown Zhaojun culture development. Of course, there are also novels in the development of Zhaojun culture, such as Romance of Two Phoenix and Zhaojun He Fan. There are also fine arts paintings, such as Wang Zhaojun getting on the horse, leaving the village, Zhao Jun leaving the village, Zhao Jun leaving the village, and music works, such as Peach Blossom Fish Fu. What is particularly striking is the white marble statue of Zhaojun created by Rolling, a sculptor from Inner Mongolia, for Zhaojun's hometown. In a word, the literature and art with Zhaojun as the theme has formed a unique and complete development system from regional development to content development to form development.