What is Chinese studies? At present, the academic views are still not unified and the scope is narrow, thinking that Chinese studies are Confucian classics. Some people even think that only Confucianism and Six Arts are Chinese studies. However, according to the broad definition of Sinology, Sinology is an inherent traditional academic and cultural system in China, which includes classics, history, scholars and books. From Guangming Daily? Chinese studies? As can be seen from the column, Guangming Daily is in favor of a broad definition of Chinese studies, and all ancient cultural classics in China should be regarded as Chinese studies.
We know that at the beginning of the last century, Chinese studies used to be very hot. Under the background of the spread of western learning to the east, scholars headed by Zhang Taiyan believe that Chinese civilization should not be extinct, and Chinese studies should maintain the patriarchal status among Chinese people, so they cheer and advocate Chinese studies. However, the national situation is declining and the country is on the verge of danger. If the skin does not exist, how can the hair be attached? Why can Chinese studies flourish in times of national crisis? Therefore, including Mr. Lu Xun, at that time, Zhang's behavior was quite critical.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the word Sinology has cooled down for half a century. With the cultural craze and Confucian craze in the past 30 years, Chinese studies have received renewed attention, especially the national proposal to carry forward traditional culture and establish the spiritual home of the Chinese nation, which has made the status of Chinese studies increasingly improved. Because a rising power must be supported by three pillars, that is, economy, military and culture. Therefore, the prosperity of Chinese studies is due to the national conditions.
Calligraphy should be included in Chinese studies, whether in a broad sense or a narrow sense. Starting from Monday, children enter primary school at the age of eight and learn six arts. The six arts are ceremony, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and counting. ? Books? That is, one of the basic courses, at this time? Books? That means including? Can you read? And then what? Writing? Two aspects. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, philology, phonology and exegetics were the main subjects in primary schools. The main content is the generation, formation, pronunciation and reading of words and the different meanings expressed in different situations. This is the soil where calligraphy was born. As far as calligraphy itself is concerned, it not only contains the contents of philology and phonology, but also publicizes the spiritual connotation of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Cai Yi explained the reading method with Yin and Yang, and Sun used it? Harmony but difference? Seeking justice, Huang Tingjian's theory? The pen in a word is like the eye in a Zen sentence. And so on, all use Confucian classics to understand calligraphy. It can be said that calligraphy is a wonderful flower of the opening of Chinese studies, its roots are in Chinese studies, its nutrition depends on the juice of Chinese studies, and its flowers shine with the spirit of Chinese studies. Without Chinese studies, calligraphy would be rootless.
More importantly, calligraphy is the source of Chinese studies. The birth of writing is the awakening of civilization. Civilization is developed with the help of writing, and the development of civilization has gradually promoted writing to become a science: philology and calligraphy. Therefore, the development of Chinese studies should be supported by calligraphy. Calligraphy is in a basic position in Chinese studies. From this perspective, it seems right to call calligraphy the core of China culture.
Here, we found an interesting phenomenon: there was calligraphy fever in the 1980s, Confucianism fever in the 1990s, and sinology fever at the beginning of this century. Can it be understood that calligraphy fever is the predecessor of Confucianism and Chinese studies fever? Or is the craze for Chinese studies the inevitable craze for calligraphy?
Understanding the relationship between calligraphy and Chinese studies is of far-reaching significance. Two basic inspirations: First, the development of calligraphy is inseparable from traditional culture in any case. Flow? What? Pie? Calligraphy divorced from traditional culture will eventually wither; Second, if you want to write well, you must know something about Chinese studies and practice calligraphy with culture.
These two points should be especially remembered in today's book world.
China's calligraphy is a cultural art form and cultural industry with China classics as its content and calligraphy art as its form. The two are closely combined, organically integrated and complementary. There are many traditional studies in China, including Mongolian studies, Confucian classics, historiography, a hundred schools of thought contend, anthology and so on. Sinology is a cultural accumulation created by the Chinese nation in thousands of years of history. Sinology can be called the study of China people's life. The academic foundation and solid knowledge of Chinese studies is to increase the knowledge of cultural literacy in an all-round way. Sinology is a synthesis of academic thoughts, classic systems, various skills and customs, which contains national pulse, soul of china and national foundation. Sinology is based on pre-Qin classics and hundred schools of thought's theory, covering Confucian classics in Han Dynasty, metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, Han Fu, parallel prose in Six Dynasties, poems in Tang and Song Dynasties, Yuanqu, novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and historiography of past dynasties. It has a long history and is profound. As the foundation of China's history and culture, Sinology constitutes the objective environment of the spiritual life of the Chinese nation and maintains the root of Chinese culture. For thousands of years, it has penetrated into all aspects of society. From Laozi to Zhuangzi, from Confucius to Mencius, from Han Yu to Zeng Guofan, the ancient sages of China left a valuable cultural heritage. Their words and deeds are recorded as classics and passed down to future generations, which directly affect China people's thoughts, consciousness, ethics, morality and behavior and become people's code of conduct. Studying Chinese studies can not only help us understand the excellent cultural traditions of the Chinese nation, but also learn the truth of being a man. In today's world, everyone in China should have a good accomplishment in Chinese studies.
Calligraphy is a product of China culture, a national art that expresses the highest artistic conception and sentiment, and a great contribution of the Chinese nation to the world art treasure house. Calligraphy belongs to expressive art, which expresses certain life meaning and emotional factors with minimal materials, abstract lines and relatively simple techniques and forms on the basis of physical structure with innate beauty, and finally realizes its special aesthetic value. Because calligraphy is not a description, imitation or symbol of some specific objects in the world, but a purely metaphysical expression, which is a direct combination of formal beauty and emotional factors. It is not only respected and loved by China people, but also won worldwide artistic recognition. Calligraphy is a special art with high consciousness, freedom and development. Therefore, it is not and cannot be produced with the production of Chinese characters, that is to say, the production of Chinese characters is not equal to the production of calligraphy. Calligraphy must be produced when Chinese characters develop to a certain stage and meet certain social needs in a specific humanistic environment. Calligraphy is an artistic writing that is divorced from the daily practicality of Chinese characters. This sublimation is caused by the daily writing fonts (regular script, running script and cursive script). The popularization of paper and the final replacement of bamboo slips as writing materials, as well as the finalization of writing tools in writing brushes and the maturity of writing skills, are also important material bases for the emergence of calligraphy. At present, calligraphy is an independent pure art form, which is not affected and restricted by the popularization of computers.
Calligraphy, a unique art form, is bound to be enriched with certain contents, so the classics of Chinese studies are its best combination. The combination of China classics as the main writing content and calligraphy art as the special form of expression came into being? China's calligraphy? . China calligraphy can become a creative and developing cultural and artistic industry. This combination will kill two birds with one stone. That is, people practice calligraphy and appreciate art in learning Chinese studies; In calligraphy creation, he studied Chinese studies, classics and the truth of being a man. With the help of calligraphy, a special artistic carrier, Chinese studies can spread deeper and wider; Calligraphy can be attached to the spread of Chinese studies and get more in-depth inheritance and development.
Calligraphy art, as a social ideology, is a reflection of social life, and it must also include objective social life and the calligrapher's own thoughts and feelings. Confucianism has influenced our society for more than two thousand years. Calligraphers, especially those in the old days, are not descendants of Confucianism who read a lot of poetry books. Can the creation, appreciation and criticism of calligraphy not be influenced by Confucianism?
Calligraphy requires a balanced, fair, dignified and beautiful structure. Confucianism advocates that neutrality is beauty, righteousness is the center, and form expresses meaning. In calligraphy, strokes should be interspersed and avoided, and all ministries should echo and coordinate, but what does Confucianism require? Harmony, moderation, harmony? Benevolence, courtesy and righteousness are the principles of being a man. In calligraphy creation, it is necessary to emphasize individuality without losing individuality, which Confucianism requires? A gentleman is harmonious but different, neutral but not flowing. ? Calligraphy and painting have the same origin since ancient times. Books are drawn for the mind. When creating, we should learn from nature, describe the beauty of calligraphy and evaluate the level of calligraphy. We often use some phenomena or States in nature as metaphors, such as thunder and falling rocks, flying beasts in fear, like cliffs at the beginning of the month, among the stars, and so on. All of them have achieved the unity and blending of man and nature, which is completely consistent with the Confucian concept of harmony between man and nature. Honesty is one of the important contents of Confucianism. In calligraphy creation, honesty is necessary. First, the writing of characters must be standardized, especially cursive. Norm is the concrete embodiment of honesty. If someone doesn't follow the prescribed font structure, who will recognize it? Then, calligraphy works should be inscribed and stamped, not only for the needs of composition layout and color contrast effect, but also to express the author's sense of responsibility and integrity. Signature and seal have legal effect. In calligraphy works, although it is not so serious, the author's expression of sincerity is nothing more serious than this.
Confucianism pays equal attention to both ability and morality, paying special attention to a person's talent and virtue, as well as the requirements for virtue. It is believed that morality is the foundation of talents and pays attention to the unity of internal quality and external performance of personality. Put forward? Gentle, and then a gentleman? . Previous generations of calligraphers followed. To learn calligraphy, learn to be a man first? The principle of. Calligraphy critics are more critical of people and books. Once a calligrapher is considered to have moral problems, he no longer agrees with his achievements in calligraphy. Cai Jing and Zhao Mengfu, for example, had this different experience. Calligraphers often warn students that it is fundamental to learn to be a man first and then to learn books. Don't you know that this should be Confucianism at all? Confucianism? Ren? The moral norms centered on morality and the moral proposition of paying equal attention to both ability and political integrity have always profoundly influenced calligraphers of past dynasties to become brilliant and become models for later generations, and Yan Zhenqing is a typical master.
Because we don't know much about Confucianism, we can't give more powerful examples, but the internal relationship between calligraphy and Confucianism is very obvious without analysis. In the long-term historical development, calligraphy has always been based on Confucian humanistic morality, and has gradually improved and reached its peak. The creation and evolution of fonts and the formation of calligraphy all contain the essence of Confucianism. From the shape of characters, the essence and charm of calligraphy advocated in different times, we can feel the Confucian style, especially the inscriptions in the Han Dynasty, which are particularly prominent and obvious.
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