directory [hidden]
introduction
guqin structure
guqin's tuning
guqin's modeling
guqin's evolution
ancient piano-making masters and their characteristics
playing methods
guqin's broken lines
guqin's collection essentials
guqin's famous songs
guqin's graded-test tracks
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playing techniques of guqin
book information
content introduction
author introduction
book catalogue introduction
guqin structure
guqin tuning
guqin modeling
guqin evolution
ancient piano makers and characteristics
playing methods
guqin broken lines. Understanding the Guqin in Cultural Connotation, Playing Techniques of Guqin, Introduction to Book Information Content
[ Edit this paragraph] Introduction
In the long historical stage of ancient China society, "Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting" has always been regarded as the only way for literati to cultivate their self-cultivation. Guqin, because of its clear, harmonious, light and elegant musical character, embodies the lofty and transcendent attitude of Feng Ling, a scholar, and ranks first in music, chess, calligraphy and painting. "Qin, love also; Violators are forbidden. " Playing the flute and playing the piano, reciting poems and painting, climbing high and traveling far, and singing songs about wine have become a vivid portrayal of the life of literati. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius loved playing the piano. Whether he was lecturing at Xingtan or trapped by Chen Cai, the sound of playing string songs was endless. The story of Boya in the Warring States period and the story of "Finding a bosom friend in Mountain and Running Water" in the sub-period has become a popular story. Ji Kang in the Wei and Jin Dynasties gave guqin the highest evaluation of "among all the instruments, the piano virtue is the best", and finally took playing Guangling San on the execution ground as the swan song of life; Liu Yuxi, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, outlined a picture for us in his famous book "The Inscription of the Humble Room": "You can tune the lute and read the golden classics. The indifferent realm of "no confused ears, no complicated work". In August, 1977, the Voyager 2 spacecraft launched by the United States placed a gold-plated record that could be played circularly, and selected representative human art from all over the world, which included the seven-minute guqin music "Running Water" played by the famous guqin master Guan Pinghu to represent China music. This ancient song, once played by the famous pianist Boya in the Spring and Autumn Period, became a bosom friend with Zhong Ziqi. Now, with the mission of exploring the celestial body "human beings" outside the earth, it seeks a new "bosom friend" in the vast universe.
The creators of Qin have said that "Fuxi used to play the piano", "Shennong played the piano" and "Shun played the five-stringed piano to sing the south wind". As a legend, you don't have to believe it all, but you can see that Qin has a long history in China.
according to the literature, in the pre-Qin period, guqin was once popular among the people in Sheng Xing, besides being used for sacrificial ceremonies, court meetings, ceremonies and other elegant music in suburban temples, and it was used to express feelings. On this point, we can get confirmation from the collection of folk poems and songs at that time, The Book of Songs. "The Book of Songs Nan Zhou Guanluo": "My Fair Lady is a friend of harps and harps"; "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Luming Literature": "Yo yo Luming Literature, the ping of the wild. I have guests, playing the drums and playing the piano "; "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Chang Di": "Wives get along like drums and harps"; "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Drum Bell": "Drum bell Qin Qin, drum instrument drum Qin Qin"; "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Futian": "Playing the harp and drums to rule Tian Zu"; "The Book of Songs": "The chair is painted with paulownia, and the harp and mulberry are cut"; "The Book of Songs, Zheng Feng, Women's Cockcrow": "The harps and harps are in the imperial court, so they are quiet and good"; This shows that at least in the Spring and Autumn Period, Guqin was a very popular musical instrument among the people and loved by the ancients. Guqin was widely recognized in ancient times. There are three books in "Four Great Classical Novels" that clearly describe it. Ancient poems, history books, novels, operas, paintings, antique porcelain ... Guqin exists in large numbers, and historical facts, literature and artistic works all come from real life. How extensive a social foundation is needed to cause this phenomenon. Therefore, guqin used to be quite popular in ancient China, at least among scholars. It is precisely because of this that the Guqin art with thousands of years of history has finally passed down to today.
On November 7th, 23, UNESCO announced the second batch of "representative works of oral and intangible heritage of mankind" in the world, among which China's guqin was listed. On May 2th, 26, Guqin art was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, which was classified as "folk music".
[ Edit this paragraph] Guqin structure
The length of a piano is generally about three feet six inches five (about 12-125 cm), which symbolizes 365 days a year (it is like 365 degrees on a Sunday). Generally about six inches (about 2 cm) wide. Generally about two inches (about 6 cm) thick. The lower part of the piano body is flat, and the upper part is arc-shaped, which symbolizes heaven and earth respectively. The overall shape is made according to the shape of the phoenix, and its whole body corresponds to the phoenix (or human body), including head, neck, shoulders, waist, tail and feet.
Guqin originally had only five strings, which contained five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth. External five-tone, palace, business, angle, sign and feather. Later, King Wen was imprisoned in prison and missed his son Boyikao. He added a string for Wen Xian. King Wu cut a string for Wu Xian. Collectively known as the wenwu lyre.
it is recorded in the preface to the piano: "Fuxi's piano, with one string, is seven feet and two inches long. "Huan Tan's" New Theory "records:" The piano of Shennong is made of pure silk and carved with tung wood. Legend has it that Shunding piano has five strings, Wen Wang added one string, and Wu Wang cut another string for seven strings. It is said that the 1-stringed piano unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi. I heard that there were 32-stringed pianos in ancient times.
the upper part of the "piano head" is called the forehead. The lower end of the forehead is inlaid with hardwood for strutting strings, which is called "Yueshan", also known as "Linyue", and is the highest part of the piano. There are two sound grooves at the bottom of the piano, the larger one in the middle is called "Dragon Pool" and the smaller one in the tail is called "Phoenix Marsh". This is called going up the mountain and down the river, and there are dragons and phoenixes, which symbolize the world. There is a hardwood strip on the forehead side of Yueshan Mountain, which is called "Chenglu". There are seven "string eyes" on the table, which are used to tie the strings. There are seven "Qin Zi" under it for tuning strings. On the side end of the piano head, there are also "phoenix eyes" and "guards". From the waist down, it is called the "piano tail". The end of the piano is inlaid with a hardwood "Dragon Gum" engraved with shallow grooves, which is used for stringing. The border ornaments on both sides of the dragon gum are called "crown angle", also known as "focal tail".
The exposed part of the seven strings passes through Yueshan and Longgui and turns to a pair of "wild goose feet" at the bottom of the piano, symbolizing the seven stars.
In the belly of the piano, there are two hidden grooves in the head, one is the tongue point, the other is the sound pool, and the other is the sound receiving, and there is also a hidden groove in the tail, which is called the rhyme marsh. Corresponding to Longchi and Fengman, there is often a "Na Yin" in each place. Longchi Nayin has a "Tianzhu" on the head side and a "ground column" on the tail side. When making a sound, "the sound wants to come out and pass, but it lingers, but it has a aftertaste." Because the piano has no "pin" (column) or "code", it is very convenient to play flexibly, and it has the characteristics of extremely long effective strings, large vibration amplitude of strings and endless lingering sound, so it has its unique hand-walking sound.
in terms of structure, the structure of each part of the piano is very reasonable. Its size is not too big, it is not only convenient to carry, but also elegant. The shape of the piano is enough to make people happy. From the naming of various parts of the piano, we can also see that the piano system is influenced by Confucianism.
The front of the piano is wide and the back is narrow, which symbolizes the difference between the superior and the inferior. The five strings of palace, business, horn, sign and feather symbolize the five social classes of monarch, minister, people, affairs and things. The sixth and seventh strings added later are called Wen and Wu, which symbolize the harmony between the monarch and the minister. The twelve emblems symbolize December respectively, while the largest emblem in the center represents Jun and symbolizes leap month. Guqin has three timbres: overtone, scattered sound and pressed sound, which symbolize the harmony of heaven, earth and people respectively. The symbolic significance of the naming of these guqin shapes actually reflects the Confucian thought of rites and music and the harmony that China people attach importance to. Because the function of etiquette is to protect the individual, make the personality play a role, and be happy with the same, and its function is to harmonize with the group. The simultaneous use of rites and music can make individuals and groups adjust each other and form a peaceful and reasonable life between people. Therefore, the implementation of these two sets of seemingly opposite techniques of rites and music is to achieve the purpose of complementing each other and harmony. From the name of social order and rank borrowed by the name of guqin form, it can be seen that its production form contains the profound meaning of educating people.
[ Edit this paragraph] The tuning of guqin
There are 35 guqin modes, which are tuned according to five tones, with a range of four octaves and one sophomore.
among stringed instruments, guqin is a unique instrument, with a fingerboard on the face and no columns or frets. When playing, the piano is placed horizontally on the table, the right hand plays the strings, and the left hand presses the strings to pick up the sounds. It depends entirely on the emblem marks of the piano (not limited to 13 emblem positions, many sounds are between the emblems), and the pitch is extremely strict.
The pitch of an empty string is not fixed, and it depends on the music played. The tuning of guqin is complicated, and there are as many as 35 modes. The lowest empty string sound of the strings is the large character group C sound, and the fixed strings are arranged in five tones from the first string to the seventh string, which are C, D, F, G, A, C and D respectively. Guqin has a wide range, with four octaves and one sophomore from C-D3 and * * *.
Guqin's expressive force is particularly rich and mellow. By using different playing techniques, many artistic features can be displayed. Its scattered sound (empty string sound) is loud and vigorous, and it is as grand as a bronze bell. The overtones are as transparent as pearls, rich and colorful, and vary with different sound areas. The high-pitched area is light and crisp, like a bell in the wind; The midrange is bright and sonorous, just like hitting a jade Qing. Pronunciation by sound is solid, also called "real sound", and the timbre of each sound zone is also different. The bass zone is rich and powerful, the midrange is macro and solid, and the treble zone is crisp and slender. According to the various sliding tones in the sound, it is as soft as a song, and it also has profound and meticulous expressive force.
[ Edit this paragraph] Guqin modeling
Guqin modeling is beautiful, and the common styles are Fuxi style, Zhong Ni style, Lian Zhu style, sunset style, brainwave style, banana leaf style and Shennong style. Mainly according to the different neck and waist shape of the piano body. Lacquer has broken lines, which is a sign of the ancient piano. Due to the vibration of long-term performance and the difference of wood and paint base, various broken lines can be formed, such as plum blossom break, cow hair break, snake belly break, ice break, turtle pattern and so on. A piano with broken lines is more valuable because of its clear sound and beautiful appearance. Ancient famous pianos include Luqi, Jiaowei, Chunlei, Bingqing, The Great Sage's Legacy, and Jiuxiao Huanpei.
there are fourteen common piano styles of guqin: Zhong Ni, Fu Xishi, Liezi, Lianzhu, Lingji, Sunset, Lingguan, Banana Leaf, Shennong, Xiangquan, Fengshi, Shi Kuang, Subforehead and Heming Qiuyue. Among them, the most famous Jiuxiao Huanpei is Fuxi-style Jiuxiao Huanpei
[ Edit this paragraph] The evolution of guqin
Qin Tang, especially the Qin in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, has a fat and round shape. Most of the existing Qin Tang often have two pieces of paulownia wood pasted on the panels of Longchi and Fengman, which are used as fake notes. Until the early Ming Dynasty, there were still piano makers who used this method. Qin Tang's broken lines are mostly snake belly broken, as well as ice broken and flowing water broken. Its surface paint ash has two colors: ink and chestnut shell, and those with vermilion paint are all added by future generations when repairing. The grey tires are pure antler ash, and the sides of the piano back are wrapped with linen from bottom to top until the edge of the panel, so as to prevent the upper and lower plates from opening glue. The sides of these pianos are all between 12 and 125 cm. The guqin in the Song Dynasty changed, with a total length of 128 cm and a shoulder width of 25 cm. The piano body was flat and grew up, and its size was larger than that of Qin Tang handed down from ancient times, which was one of the main styles of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, in addition to the antique works, the figure gradually became flat and narrow, especially the Zhong Ni-style guqin, which was the main style of piano making in the Southern Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, the main materials for piano making were tung-faced catalpa bottom or pine-fir-faced bottom. Broken lines include snake belly, ice grain and running water, but cow hair is rare. The gray tires are still mainly antler gray, and some people use linen as the base, but it is rare. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, there was also the use of eight-treasure ash (that is, crushing gold, silver, pearl and emerald corals and mixing them with antler ash). The Song Dynasty is an important stage in the history of piano-making after the Tang Dynasty, and the government even set up a bureau to make the piano, which is called "official piano". Qin-making in Yuan Dynasty was a transitional product between Song Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. Because it lasted for a short time, there were few existing objects. In the Ming Dynasty, the number of pianos was unprecedented. No matter the emperor's prince or the official's family, there were many people who were good at pianos. There are four famous Qin makers in the imperial clan: Ning Wang, Heng Wang, Yi Wang and Lu Wang. Among the four kings, Lu Wang made the most Qin, and the production began in Chongzhen. It is reported that there are as many as four or five hundred pieces with the same style and size, all of which are numbered and engraved in the abdomen in chronological order; The back of the piano is engraved with the name "Zhonghe", and the poem "Yang Changjiang River Water" by Jing Yi's master and the seal of "Lu Guo Shi Chuan" are all painted with eight treasures.
[ Edit this paragraph] Ancient Qin-making masters and their characteristics
There were many Qin-making masters in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the Lei family (Lei Wei, Lei Xiao, Lei Wen, Lei Jue and Lei Yuanyi), there are other famous masters recorded in the literature: Zhang Yue, Guo Gao and Shen Tie. Unfortunately, no works have been handed down from generation to generation except Lei's piano. There were many famous piano makers in the Song Dynasty, such as Zhu Renji, Ma Xiliang, Ma Xiren and Monk Renzhi in the Northern Song Dynasty, jinzhou area, Jin Highway and Chen Hengdao in the Southern Song Dynasty, and there were Yan Zun, Ma Dafu and Mei Siyan at the end. In Song Dynasty, there were few people who made the piano and engraved the year, and there were also many imitations of the Tang Dynasty. Famous piano makers in Yuan Dynasty included Yan Guqing, Shi Xiyun, Shi Guyun and Zhu Zhiyuan, among whom Zhu Zhiyuan was the most famous. There are many imitations of Zhu Qin, some of which are engraved as "Zhu Zhiyuan" or "Zhu Zhiyuan". I hope collectors will pay attention to them. There were also many masters of piano-making in the Ming Dynasty, such as Tu Minghe and Wang Shunqing, and the most famous ones were Zhang's respect, commission and shun xiu. Zhang Dai's Dream of Tao 'an refers to Zhang Jingxiu's piano-making as one of Wuzhong's stunts, which "can keep an invincible hand for a hundred years".
[ Editing this paragraph] Playing method
When playing, put the piano on the table, pluck the strings with your right hand and press the strings with your left hand to pick up the sound. Guqin has a range of four octaves and two tones. There are seven scattered tones, 91 overtones and 147 tones. There are many playing techniques, such as supporting, breaking, wiping, picking, hooking, picking, hitting, picking, turning, poking, pinching, rolling and so on. In the left hand, there are chanting, licking, squatting, injecting, bumping, entering, retreating, and getting up.
[ Edit this paragraph] Broken lines on guqin
refers to various broken marks on the surface of guqin due to years of weathering and vibration during playing. There are many kinds of broken lines, mainly including plum blossom broken, ox hair broken, snake belly broken, ice broken, flowing water broken, Long Lin broken and so on. Generally speaking, the broken lines do not appear in a piano for a hundred years, and the broken lines are different with the age, which is one of the main basis for the collection of ancient Qin.
[ Edit this paragraph] Essentials of Guqin Collection
It is a misunderstanding that the broken lines of Guqin will not appear after a hundred years. The causes of broken lines are complex, which are mostly related to the treatment of lacquer tires in the production process and the post-preservation environment. The appearance of broken lines is an incremental process, and it is impossible to suddenly appear on the day of a hundred years. It is a scientific and objective statement to increase with time. Judging from the historical handed down objects, the guqin made in the Republic of China also has broken lines. Some guqin made by traditional techniques have broken lines before they are finished. It is very important to analyze the broken lines of lacquer tires and identify the cultural relics guqin.