3. and
1.
Connectives, phrases and clauses can express various relationships.
(a) said the coordinate relationship. Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you". For example, a crab kneels six times and pinches twice. ("Persuade to Learn")
(2) represents a progressive relationship. It can be translated as "and" or "and". For example, a gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself by towering into the sky. ("Persuade to Learn")
(3) indicating the undertaking relationship. It can be translated into "Jiu" and "Then" or not. For example, Yu Fang was eager to return, but loudly sent it on the water. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan)
④ Represents a turning point. It can be translated into "but" and "indeed". Green comes from blue, and green is blue. ("Persuade to Learn")
(5) Represents a hypothetical relationship. It can be translated as "if" and "if". For example, those who are interested can look forward to the horse. (Feng Wanzhen)
(6) It indicates the modifying relationship, that is, the linking adverbial. There is no translation. For example, I've been thinking about it all day ... ("Persuasion") I'm embarrassed. ("The Snake Catcher said")
2. Used as a pronoun.
Only used as the second person, generally used as an attribute, translated as "yours"; Occasionally it is also the subject, translated as "you". For example:
And Weng Changquan, if you move to Beijing, you will wait on your mother day and night. ("Zhong Wang Su Gong Ao")
3. The disyllabic function word "just" is placed at the end of the sentence, indicating the modal auxiliary word of restriction, which is equivalent to "just".
One person, one table, one chair, one fan and one foot. ("ventriloquism")
There is a sequence of knowledge, and there is specialization in the industry, that's all. ("Shi Shuo")
2. The usage and example of "er" in junior high school is 1.
Used as a conjunction. Connectives, phrases and clauses can express various relationships.
(a) said the coordinate relationship. Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you".
For example, a crab kneels six times and pinches twice. ("encourage learning") (2) indicates a progressive relationship.
It can be translated as "and" or "and". For example, a gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself by towering into the sky.
("encourage learning") (3) means to undertake the relationship. It can be translated into "Jiu" and "Then" or not.
For example, Yu Fang was eager to return, but loudly sent it on the water. (Shi Zhongshan Ji) (4) indicates a turning point.
It can be translated into "but" and "indeed". Green comes from blue, and green is blue.
("encourage learning") (5) represents a hypothetical relationship. It can be translated as "if" and "if".
For example, those who are interested can look forward to the horse. ("Feng Wanzhen") (6) indicates a modified relationship, that is, a connecting adverbial.
There is no translation. For example, I've been thinking about it all day ... ("Persuasion") I'm embarrassed.
(Said the snake catcher) 2. Used as a pronoun.
Only used as the second person, generally used as an attribute, translated as "yours"; Occasionally it is also the subject, translated as "you". For example, Weng Changquan, if you move to Beijing, you will wait on your mother day and night.
(Remembering Zhong Wang's Official Visit) 3. The disyllabic function word "just" is placed at the end of the sentence, which indicates the restrictive mood auxiliary word and is equivalent to "just".
For example: one person, one table, one chair, one fan and one foot. ("Stomatology") I have heard of Taoism, and there are specialties in the art, that's all.
(Teacher's Theory).
3. The word "Yu" has a better meaning in junior middle school classical Chinese than in junior middle school classical Chinese. Act as an adverbial or complement in a sentence. 1. Introduce the places related to the action. (1) indicates where the action occurs, appears or continues. (1) The object-object structure of "Yu" is used as a complement after a verb or predicate. It can be translated as "in" or still used as "in". For example, it is better to be a courtier than a courtier. As an adverbial, it can be translated as "in". Han Sui, for example, started from Liangzhou and later became a corps commander, but refused to go west. In northern Roy, surrounded by tens of thousands of Qiang Hu, food is scarce (Biography of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Lu Bu) (1) introduces the starting point or source of the behavior. The prepositional structure of "Yu" is used after the verb or predicate. Counting the only child led to Zhao's death (Xin Lingjun stole the symbol to save Zhao) (3) Introduction of the place where the action arrived. The object-object structure of "Yu" is a complement after a verb or predicate, which can be translated as "Zhi" and "Dao". For example, if the crown is Wei's, let Wei Gongzi say ("Xinlingjun steals the symbol to save Zhao") 2. Introduce the time related to the action. (1) indicates when the action occurs or appears. The object-object structure of "Yu" can be used as an adverbial before the verb predicate or as a complement after the verb predicate. It can be translated as "in". For example, a scholar can go to prison as picturesque as a picture, but he can't go to the DPRK, so cutting wood is an official and there is discussion. [2], [2], [3], [4], [4], [7], [7], [2], [7], [2], [2] and [2] are not far from the 933 Division (to keep people at ease). 3. Introduce the content of the action. The object structure of "Yu" is located after the verb predicate and can be translated into "one" and "ba". For example, give it a heart and a heart and tell people to learn from me (Xia Shangshu Pan Geng). 4. Introduce the people directly involved in the action. "Teaching is cautious, and promoting talents is (reporting). 5. Introduce the objects related to the action and indicate to whom the action is sent. The prepositional structure of "Yu" is located after the verb or predicate and can be translated as "Xiang". For example, the younger sister of Gongzi is Zhao Huiwen's younger brother's wife, and there are several names left by Wang Wei and Gongzi Shu. Please save Wei (Xin Lingjun stole the symbol to save Zhao). 6. Introduce the recipients of delivery and transmission. The object-object structure of "Yu" is located after the verb predicate as a complement. It can be translated as "give" or it can still be "Yu". For example, Gong Jing loves his daughter, so please marry Yan Zi (The Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi, Chapters and Miscellanies) 7. It shows the relationship between people, events and behaviors. (1) The object-object structure of "Yu" is located after the verb predicate as a complement, which can be translated as "dui" and "dui". For example, although we want to carve our own words, it is not conducive to popular belief and is enough to insult our ears (Bao Ren An Shu). (2) The object-object structure of Yu is located in the verb predicate. Sitting in the meditation room, it will be opened in about 100 days (continued Yi Jian Zhangzhi Jushi). 8. Introduce that Party B is related to Party A's actions, indicating that Party A and Party B have jointly completed or carried out actions. In the process of actions, Party A plays a leading role and is active. The object-object structure of "Yu" is located after the verb as a complement. It can be translated as "heel" Because it does not form an alliance with Qi (Historical Records Qi Taigong Family) 9. Introduce objects for comparison or analogy. Generally used to illustrate similarities and differences. Yu's object structure is located after the predicate and can be translated into "follow" and "and so on. For example, I dare not compare myself with others at this time (Xin Lingjun steals symbols to save Zhao) 65438+. As a complement, it can be translated as "bi". For example, people are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather, and their uses tend to be different (Baoren An Shu) 1 1. The introduction of active person in passive sentences indicates passivity. The object-object structure of "Yu" is located after the verb as a complement. The foreign bully is Zhang Yi (Biography of Qu Yuan) 12. Introduce the object interests of actions and behaviors, and explain who actions and behaviors are for. The prepositional object structure of "Yu" is located before or after the verb and can be translated as "Wei". For example, ministers who don't try their best to serve Lu Jun will have to serve him (Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong Twenty-six Years). It is often used in Shangshu, which can be translated as "harmony" and "harmony". For example, it is said that your virtue lies in the trip of punishment. Reporter: Tell you what the doer said and the reason for the punishment. Edit paragraph 3, auxiliary word 1. Used to mark prepositional objects in sentences. For example, declare, educate and defend the four countries, and educate in all directions. 2. Used in sentences, before verbs, after subjects, and sometimes after words or adverbials indicating time. It makes sentences harmonious and strengthens the meaning of reciting. For example, Wang Yuxing, as a teacher, cultivated my spear and shared hatred with his son (The Book of Songs, Qin Feng, No Clothes). Used at the beginning of a sentence, sometimes in parallel. (Lv Chunqiu Shen Ying) Edit this paragraph 5. Verb (1) (pictographic. Oracle Bone Inscriptions-shaped, indicating that the gas is blocked and there is still crossing. Original meaning: go beyond (2); The son who went there belongs to his family. -"Poem Nan Zhou Yao Tao". According to Mao's legend, "Being, Going". -"Gao" (3) take [take] days, but in Mao.
4. What are the usages of the word "er" in classical Chinese?
(1) used as a conjunction.
1. indicates a coordinate relationship. Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you".
(1) The crab kneels six times and pinches twice, but no one sends it to the snake and scorpion cave ("Persuade to Learn"). (2) Although the Diaolou Pass is firm, it is forbidden for ten thousand people to keep it by one person ("Difficult Road to Shu")
(3) Save Zhao in the north, save Qin in the west, and cut by five tyrants ("Xinlingjun steals Zhao")
2. Represents a progressive relationship. It can be translated as "and" or "and".
This gentleman learned to save himself with Japanese ginseng. ("Encouraging Learning") Chu Huaiwang is greedy for Zhang Yi, so he is absolutely neat ("Biography of Qu Yuan")
(3) Looking back at the scenery of the sun, we can see the west peak, win the sun or not, all of which are bitter ("Climbing Mount Tai")
(4) with its thoughtful and do in also ("treasure toad hill")
3. Express commitment. It can be translated as "just" "then" or not.
(1) Therefore, I let you eat the capital in order to win the position of welcoming guests ("Chen Qingbiao") (2), and I drew my sword and broke it. ("The Hongmen Banquet")
(3) People are not born to know, and no one can confuse them ("Shi Shuo")
4. It represents a turning point. It can be translated as "but" and "but".
(1) green, take it from blue, and green is blue ("Encourage Learning") (2) There is such a trend that it is robbed by the accumulated strength of the Qin people ("Six Kingdoms")
(3) letter also, my brother's virtue and the death of his heir ("Chen Qingbiao").
5. Represents a hypothetical relationship. It can be translated as \ "if \" \ "if \".
(1) If you are interested, you can also expect horses. (Feng Wanzhen)
(2) death is known, and its geometry is from ("Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen")
6. Represents a modifying relationship, that is, a connecting adverbial. There is no translation.
(1) I tasted it and looked forward to it. Why don't you go climbing the mountain and have a look? (2) Fill it up, pick up the weapon, abandon the armor and leave ("I am also in the country")
King Xiang pressed the sword and said, "Who is the guest?" ("The Hongmen Banquet")
7. Show causality,
(1) I also regret that I can't enjoy traveling with my husband (Journey to Baochan Mountain) (2) I hate that my ability is useless (Battle of Red Cliffs).
8. express the purpose relationship,
(1) stand far-sighted, but see how lucky ("Epang Palace Fu") (2) Officials and people, seal the state treasury, wait for the generals ("Hongmen Banquet")
(2) Tong "er" as a pronoun is translated into "yours" by the second person; Occasionally, it is also used as the subject and translated into "you".
(1) and Weng Gui, self-respecting several ears ("Promoting Weaving") (2) Every time they say Yu Yue: "Somewhere, and my mother is here" ("Ji Xiang Xuanzhi").
(3) Pass "Ru": It seems, like. (1) The army was surprised and bad. ("Check in")
It's just a modal particle at the end of the sentence, which means limitation, and it's equivalent to "JIU"
(1) Only a few dozen people shake their heads and stamp their feet in a short time ("Tiger Hill") (2) They have heard the Tao one after another and are good at art, that's all ("Teacher's Note").
(3) I decided to fly, gun Yu Fang and stop, when not, but by the ground control ("carefree").
Then, just now.
1) I try my best to die. (2) After March.
The situation is "what else", that is, to go further with a rhetorical question.
(1) Zhong Qing was placed in the water today, although the wind and waves could not sound. And the situation is stone! (2) The skills are not bad, but the situation is good!
(3) Although I am a fool, I know I can't do it, but I am wise (Ten Thoughts of Taizong)
Soon after, for a while.
(1) Later, please go to Wu Minzhi, according to the whole five people ("Five Tomb Monuments").
(2) The body was found in the well, thus turning anger into sorrow and shouting for the heart ("Promoting Weaving")
(3) later complained to my aunt, aunt love his son, can't royal (Liu Yichuan).
5. How to understand all the words in classical Chinese in junior high school? Noun: 1. Phonology. 2. "Suo" is "Chu". Place; Local example: there is a way to stop it. -Poetry, commercial ode Yanwu is a distant and leisurely place. -Lu Chunqiu, listen. 3. reasons; Methods such as: why (so. Of reasons or reasons); Interpretation (Buddhist language. Interpretation) 4. Fifth place. Landing; As a result, if you are diligent and idle, you will go against your heart. -The auxiliary word of Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Thirty-two Years is 1. Combine with the following verbs to form a noun structure, for example, life is what I want and righteousness is what I want. -Mencius gaozi 2. Predicates used in subject-predicate structures. Used with the word "for", it is equivalent to "yes". For example, I only try under my orders. -Liezi 4. In response to "Wei", a sentence pattern of "Wei ………" is formed, indicating passivity. For example, after Chu's eyes were cut off, it was destroyed by Qin for decades. -Historical Records Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng. "My sword fell from it"-Lu Chunqiu looked up 6. The phrase "so" consists of the preposition "one", which has different meanings according to different usage and specific language environment, such as: I won't say if the lamp is far from the child. (In what way)-Mozi Gongbo comes first. -The Story of the Three Kingdoms Zhuge Liang is a dear saint, far from a villain. This ancient Han Dynasty was prosperous. -Zhuge Liang's Liezi is used as a quantifier 1. Used in places and locations, equivalent to "places". For example, there are two houses. It is used in mountains, islands and other things. For example, there are 15 large islands in the southwest sea of Baekje. -The Book of Scaffolding. Used in architecture, for example, there are 36 houses in the palace. -Ban Gu's Xi Du Fu as an adverb 1. Take it as an example, Jiangling to Yangzhou, three thousand miles. I did 1300, and two thousand are here. -So Ran (referring to "that thing", because it is not convenient to make it clear, so the code word of "Soran" is used instead) 2. Expressing doubt is equivalent to "he" and "what". For example, ask the emperor who is sick, who was born and how old he is. -hanshu 3. If, if, for example: no (swear ... all goods (occupied things); What is (all) 2. Appropriate, suitable for what it needs, such as retirement after trading, each in his place. -"Under the Yi copula" 3. Many different things, for example, if you tidy up everything gently, you will get all the makeup just right. -"A Flower in Lunan" 4. Yes, for example, you want to fight for the world.
6. I read 600 words of classical Chinese composition for the first time in junior high school. Since the fifth grade, I have tried to read classical Chinese. Like the original paragraphs in Peach Blossom Spring, Yueyang Tower and Wen Xin Diao Long, I can memorize some paragraphs in Tao Te Ching, but I can't put down some ancient poems and songs after reading them. I love reading ancient Chinese, just like writing calligraphy. I can forget to read and write. It is a cultural treasure that embodies countless wisdom of ancient sages in China. Reading ancient Chinese poetry has benefited me a lot. For example, Li Bai, a poet, wrote, "Five flowers, a thousand gold and a thousand furs, give them to the boy in exchange for good wine." His poems are bold and unrestrained. Du Fu's "Although the country is broken, the mountains and rivers last forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring" makes people unable to hide their thoughts after reading it. Alas, a letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold. Just as Confucius said, "It's a pleasure to learn from the times." There must be a teacher to learn from me, choose the good and follow it, and change it if it is not good. "These words let me appreciate life, feel life, improve my personality, and also let me learn how to be an upright person and fully enjoy the fullness and happiness of life. The Chinese nation has a history of 5,000 years, and how many good articles have been left. The story of Yueyang Tower is an article that many people have memorized since childhood, and it is still catchy when they grow up. When the spring is bright and the flowers are overflowing, people will become happy and excited and indulge in the scenery. It's wonderful! With the help of the ancient theory of benevolence, the author warns people to have the feeling of worrying about the world first, never forget the country and always be patriotic. Every time I recite it, I feel intoxicated and intoxicated. Another gain from reading ancient Chinese is that I often look up dictionaries and count strokes. I really realize that dictionaries are the best teachers. Only by reading ancient prose, reciting poems and looking up dictionaries can I learn more words and realize that many words are meaningful. There are many words with other meanings. I know that the dictionary covers the rich knowledge of astronomy, geography and history of the Chinese nation. Looking up the dictionary has benefited me for life. By studying ancient Chinese, I gradually understood some methods. As the saying goes, "Reading a book a hundred times speaks for itself". Reading more books, especially reciting them repeatedly, is a magic weapon to learn classical Chinese. Learning ancient Chinese should be rhythmic, fast and slow. You should have a sense of rhythm, tone, stiff eyes, feelings, momentum and the meaning contained in the text, which can not be understood at once, but gradually realized, understood and perceived through repeated reading. So I summed it up, learning ancient prose should master the basic knowledge structure, understand the correct meaning of ancient prose, read more and be familiar with it. Reading ancient prose, poetry and music is like walking on a shady path. Once upon a time, I let my thoughts fly to the junction of water and sky in the south of the Yangtze River, listening to the fishing boat singing late and wondering whether the midnight bell is welcoming the passenger ship; Once upon a time, I also thought about reading more books, learning some real skills, laughing and watching the sky go out, and singing whether my generation is wormwood. Learning China's ancient poems and songs is the best spiritual enjoyment, just like drinking tea, the more you drink, the more fragrant it becomes.
7.● Zhi ◎ Auxiliary words, indicating ownership and affiliation: the heart of a child. ◎ Auxiliary words, indicating modifying relationships: slow down, slow down, slow down, make friends. ◎ Used between the subject-predicate structure, making it a sentence component: "The road leads to the line, and the world is public". Pronouns, instead of people or things: degree. "His (her)", "theirs (theirs)" and "its (theirs)": each has its own position, which is inexplicable, wonderful, silent and narcissistic. ◎ Demonstrative pronouns are equivalent to "that", "that" and "those": he. ◎ Auxiliary words, indicating speculation, backchat, command and exhortation: What is like earth and stone? ◎ After suffix and adverb: Happy. Probably ~. ● Harmony ◎ is the same as "er", pronoun, you or yours: Weng Gui, counting your ears ". ◎ Conjunction (a) stands for juxtaposition, such as "many ~ miscellaneous". B stands for the same inheritance, such as "take ~ instead". C. For example, "Kan Kan to Tan". G. insert in the middle of the subject-predicate table hypothesis, such as "people don't believe, don't know what they can do"). ◎ Form (from ... to ...): from top to bottom. However, yes, yes: no … don't think about it. Think right, promise, keep: accept. B. comparison is like saying, for example, "look at his lungs and liver ~" ◎ Used at the end of a word, indicating the state:. ◎ fluttering ~ ◎ Same as "burning". Then imitate the words and deeds of martyrs. ◎ means causality, just, then: smell ~ happy. ◎ indicates a turning point, but: otherwise. ◎ Many people attended. ◎ Similar to "doing" (commonly used in novels and plays of China Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties): doing what. Just to get it. Cut his throat, do what you can, and go. ◎ Yes, it is: a gentleman. ◎ Actually: So. ◎ So, it is: ". It will be: one is ten. Pain is happiness. Do what you have to do. Neighbors are beggars. False alarm is wrong. Learn from it. ◎ Static and stable, according to: opening and closing at that time. ◎ Like parties. ◎ Because: people waste words. Be good and small, but not do it. Things are human beings, things are human beings. ◎ In (referring to the time): "Zi Hou ~ Yuan and Fourteen Years Eleven. Wé i ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ They are very hard (don't go too far). As:. Learn to be regular. Yes: twelve ounces to a catty. Governance, handling: politics. Laughed at by the world. Emphasis: annoying. Auxiliary words, expressing backchat or exclamation: Hu Wei. ● Fu ◎ Pronouns: heaven and earth. ◎ auxiliary words: the deceased is like this ~. The demonstrative pronoun is equivalent to "this" or "that": the cat has arrived. ● Yu◎ Preposition (a. Existence, such as "born in Beijing"; B. pay tribute to, for example, "pay tribute to the teacher"; C. yes, such as "study hard"; D. direction, such as "voluntary"; E. giving, such as "asking to be blind"; F. from, from, such as "from the people"; G. Table comparison, such as "more important than Mount Tai"; H. passive, such as "limited to the level"). ◎ Suffix (a. After adjectives, such as "sparse defense"; B comes after the verb, such as "belongs to the future".