The content of the whole poem is as follows:
Niannujiao·Crossing the Dongting
Dynasty: Song Dynasty
Author: Zhang Xiaoxiang
Original text:
The green grass in Dongting, almost the Mid-Autumn Festival, has no wind at all. There are 30,000 hectares of Qiongtian in the Jade Realm, one leaf of my boat. The moon is shining brightly, and the Milky Way's shadow is clear both inside and outside. It's hard to tell you the beauty of this leisurely understanding.
It should be remembered that the years have passed between the mountains and the sea, and the lonely light shines on itself, and the liver and gallbladder are all ice and snow. The short hair is fluttery, the sleeves are cold, and the sky is wide and steady. Stroll the Xijiang River, pour the Beidou carefully, and treat everything as a guest. The boat is whistling alone, I don’t know what night it is.
Creative background:
Zhang Xiaoxiang is one of the important founders of the Bold Ci School in the Southern Song Dynasty. This song "Niannujiao" is Zhang Xiaoxiang's widely read masterpiece. In the second year of Emperor Xiaozong's reign (1166), Zhang Xiaoxiang was dismissed from office because he was framed by political enemies. On his way back from Guilin to the north, he passed by Dongting Lake and was so moved by the scenery that he wrote this poem.
Appreciation:
This Mid-Autumn Festival poem was written by the author to express his feelings while boating on Dongting Lake. Start by mentioning the place and time, and then write about the lake, the boat, the moon, and the Milky Way. At this time, the author thought of his one-year official career in Lingnan and felt guilty for his inaction. And he couldn't help but feel sad when he thought that life was short, but he felt a little comforted by the fact that he insisted on the right path. He wanted to use the Big Dipper as a wine spoon and scoop up the Yangtze River to make wine syrup and drink it. The whole poem is full of excitement and twists and turns.
"Dongting Spring Grass" refers to Dongting Lake plus the connected Spring Grass Lake. The location is pointed out, and the title is "Crossing Dongting". The title is closely linked to the beginning of the poem. "Near the Mid-Autumn Festival" points out the time. The autumn sky is crisp and clear, and "the moon is particularly bright during the Mid-Autumn Festival." The autumn moon must have a special meaning for ancient literati who lived in an agricultural society and were closely related to nature. The word "wind color" is worth noting. The wind has its direction and strength. I have never heard that the wind has color. In fact, Zhang Xiaoxiang used "wind color" for a reason. Li Bai's "The Ballad of Mount Lu" "Climbing high is spectacular. Between heaven and earth, the vast river is vast." "The yellow clouds are thousands of miles away and the wind is moving, and the white waves are flowing over the nine snow-capped mountains." It refers to the yellow clouds thousands of miles away that change the color of the wind; Zhang Xiaoxiang's "There is no wind at all" refers to the cloudless lake in Dongting. Not only is there no wind, but there is no shadow of the wind. This expression is innovative and adds a bit of poetry. "Jade Realm Qiongtian" describes the vast lake water under the autumn moon. "Jie" is also used as "Jian", whether it is a jade world, a jade mirror, or a beautiful jade-like Qiongtian, jade is used to describe the beauty of the clear and transparent lake water. "Wanqing" expresses the vastness of the lake and such a beautiful scenery. , it would be so pleasant to swim in a small boat, this is one; the way to cross the Dongting is pointed out, and the topic is closely related to the next level, this is two.
Following the principle of "not even a bit romantic", I write from the autumn moon to the autumn water. The bright moon divides its brilliance into the lake water. The Milky Way in the water is the reflection of the Milky Way in the sky, and they have the same radiant image. The two images of "plain moon" and "bright river" point out the characteristics of the sky, while "partial glow" and "*** shadow" describe the beautiful scenery of autumn water and long sky. Although there are only eight words, they are concrete and vivid It shows the poet's talent. "Clear both inside and outside" is the main theme of this poem. It contains two meanings. The first is to describe the beauty of the autumn moon and autumn water. Where is the beauty? Beauty lies in clarity. Clear water means clear water, clear water means clear water, up and down, inside and outside, there is not a trace of turbidity, not a trace of pollution, so clear and bright, just like the otherworldly glass world; the other level is said to be on the boat on the 30,000-hectare lake I am like the autumn moon and autumn water. I am a man who is upright, frank, consistent in words and deeds, and consistent in appearance and appearance. Therefore, being clear both inside and outside is not only about describing scenery, but also about people and the beauty of their own character. In Du Fu's poems, "The traces of the heart are both clear and clear", the deeds are the appearance and the soul is the inside. "The traces of the heart are both clear and the joy is clear" is Du Fu's Confucianism; "Both the exterior and the interior are both clear" is Zhang Xiaoxiang's Confucius' Confucianism. Yuan Xingpei, director of the Chinese Museum of Culture and History, believes that "clear both inside and outside" and "both clear in heart and mind" can be integrated into a couplet and provide people with a criterion for conducting themselves in the world. This is a good statement.
Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" "Fenwu not only has this inner beauty, but also attaches great importance to cultivation; Hu Jiangli and Pi Zhixi, Ren Qiulan admires it" writes Qu Zi's own inner beauty Unity with external beauty. Zhang Xiaoxiang further writes about the clear meeting and unity of the outer world and the inner world. It is a kind of meeting of the unity of nature and man. The beauty of this meeting can only be understood but cannot be expressed in words. It is the highest, most beautiful and most poetic peak experience in life. Therefore, the poet uses "the heart is happy to meet, and the beauty is difficult to describe" As the conclusion of the first film, it also cleverly leads to the next part. The upper column describes the scenery, while the lower column begins with a review of one year in Lingbiao to express feelings.
Lingbiao refers to the area beyond Wuling, which is today’s Guangxi. The original biography of "History of the Song Dynasty" records that Zhang Xiaoxiang was informed of Jingjiang Prefecture in the first year of Qiandao by Emperor Xiaozong of Song Dynasty (1165) and served as the governor and pacifier of Guangnan West Road. He was dismissed from his post due to slander the following year and returned north from Guilin via Yueyang, so there is "Guo Guo" "Dongting". "Ying" refers to Du Fu's poem "The name should be based on articles, and the official should retire due to old age and illness." It means that the name should be written on articles, and the official should retire due to old age and illness. The "should" here is quite affirmative. The poet recalled the clarity of Dongting Lake and his experience of being dismissed from his post due to slander one year in Lingbiao, and sighed with emotion. Su Shi's "Moon over the Xijiang River": "Who is alone with me during the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking northward sadly?" Zhang Xiaoxiang's allusion of "lonely light" originated from this. "Lonely light shines on itself", on the one hand, it means that the moon is in the sky and can only shine alone; on the other hand, when thinking about its own life, it is not understood by others. At the same time, the poet does not need others to understand, and can only shine alone with him. The moon is a companion, bringing in the cool moonlight. The characteristic of ice and snow is its pure whiteness and crystal clearness. Jiang Zong, a poet of the Southern Dynasties, once said, "A pure heart embraces ice and snow." Therefore, "the liver and gallbladder are both ice and snow." Tang Wang Changling once said, "A heart of ice is in a jade pot." Therefore, "the liver and gallbladder are both ice and snow." In fact, it means that although I was dismissed from my post, I am aboveboard, pure-hearted, and courageous. Another meaning is that I have a clear conscience. There is indignation, disappointment, and self-comfort in my words, but mainly mixed with Proud, sincere and complex.
"Short hair, slender sleeves, cold sleeves, steady and empty." This is from Lingbiao over the years to the present. "Sleeves" refers to part instead of the whole. The moonlit night is cold, and the clothes are thin. , a sudden chill, and more importantly, the warmth and warmth of officialdom and human relations, it is inevitable to feel depressed and desolate. Despite this, I am a person who can afford to take things up and let them go. Regardless of the wind and waves, I sit firmly on the fishing boat. Now I am boating on the endless Dongting Lake. This is not to prove that all these things reflect the poet's distinctive personality.
"Watch the Xijiang River, pour the Beidou carefully, and treat everything as a guest." This is the climax of the whole poem and the climax of the poet's emotion. In Volume 8 of "Jingde Chuan Leng Lu", Mazu said: "The maid drank all the water of the Xijiang River in one gulp." This is a Zen discourse, which shows that she is open-minded. The Big Dipper is a constellation composed of seven stars, like a long spoon for ladling wine. "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Dadong" states: "There is a dipper in Weibei, so you cannot scoop out wine pulp." Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs·Dongjun" states the opposite. Its purpose is to use it, "to support the Beidou and drink cinnamon syrup". The poet acts as the host and invites all phenomena (all things in the world) to be his guests. He scoops out all the water from the Yangtze River in the west, uses the Big Dipper as a wine vessel, and entertains all things in the world with low and light drinks. What an aura this is. A person who was dismissed from official position due to slander, Such confidence and broad-mindedness really reflect the fearless romantic spirit of Li Bai when he said, "Whenever the moon comes in the blue sky, I will stop drinking and keep drinking." or "I never tire of looking at each other, only Jingting Mountain."
"I don't know what night it is when I hold the ship's side and howl alone." Su Shi's "Qian Chibi Ode" has the words "Sing while holding the ship's side", while Zhang Xiaoxiang expressed his emotions by knocking on the side of the ship, looking up to the sky and roaring. Show your pride. Inspired by the image of Su Shi's "Niannujiao·Mid-Autumn Festival": "I was drunk, clapped my hands and sang wildly, raised my glass to invite the moon, and became three guests in the shadows. I danced and wandered under the wind and dew, and I don't know what night it is." Zhang Xiaoxiang concluded with "I don't know what night it is." Returning to oneself from the autumn moon and autumn water, buckling the side of the boat is an action, and a single whistle is a sound. From a spatial perspective, it is from the size of a cave to a small one; from a time perspective, it is from the beginning of this evening to a steady state; from a psychological perspective, it is from Knowing and not knowing, through comparison, it shows that the poet has forgotten his feelings on this moonless and windless night, and has forgotten his feelings in blending with nature.
This word has clear imagery, profound artistic conception, rigorous structure, and magnificent imagination. It truly achieves the goal of "not being surprised by favor or disgrace, watching the flowers blooming and falling in front of the court, not wanting to stay or go, looking at the clouds rolling in the sky", which is the first poem. A wonderful word that expresses great righteousness.
About the author:
Zhang Xiaoxiang (1132-1170), whose courtesy name was Anguo and also nicknamed Yuhu Jushi, was a native of Jianzhou (now Jianyang City, Sichuan Province) of Shu. Yangwujiang (now He County, Anhui Province), was born in Yin County, Mingzhou (now Ningbo, Zhejiang Province). A famous poet and calligrapher in the Southern Song Dynasty. His father, Zhang Qi, served as the magistrate of Zhimi Pavilion and Huainan Transfer. When he was young, his family moved to Wuhu (now Wuhu City, Anhui Province). In the imperial examination in the twenty-fourth year of Shaoxing (1154), Gaozong (Zhao Gou) personally promoted him to the first place in the Jinshi. He was awarded the title of Chengshilang and signed a letter to the judge of the Jiedu Army of Zhendong Army. Because he wrote a letter to defend Yue Fei, he was jealous of Qin Hui, the then powerful prime minister, who framed his father Zhang Qi for treason and had his father imprisoned. Qin Hui died the next year and was awarded the title of Secretary Shengzheng. He has successively served as Secretary Lang, Author Lang, Jiyingdian Compiler, and Zhongshu Sheren. In 1163, Zhang Jun sent troops to the Northern Expedition and was appointed to stay in Jiankang. In addition, he also served as local governor of Fuzhou, Pingjiang, Jingjiang, Tanzhou and other places. In the fifth year of Qiandao's reign (1169), he became an official as a direct bachelor of Xianmo Pavilion. He died of illness in Wuhu in the summer of that year and was buried in Laoshan, Jiangpu, Nanjing. Aged thirty-eight. There are "Collected Works of Yuhu Laymen" and "Yuhu Ci" handed down to the world. "Complete Song Ci" contains 223 of his poems.