Everyone knows that in China's feudal autocratic society, ideological restrictions are very strict, and Chinese culture has a history of 5,000 years. When Chinese culture develops to a certain stage, it becomes rigid and a norm. I remember that there was an imperial physician in the Ming Dynasty. After rescuing Emperor Jiajing, he fell ill from fright and finally died. At that time, their thoughts were very strict. Therefore, we see that many excellent works were produced when the author's spirit was under special circumstances, which may be special excitement or special pain. At this time, some artistically and ideologically effective works were produced. Breakthrough works.
For example, Japan held an exhibition in China not long ago, jointly with the Palace Museum of China in Shanghai. The exhibition sent by Japan included Wang Xizhi’s "Mourning and Luan Tie" during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Wang Xizhi heard that his ancestral tombs were buried Digging, this is an extremely painful thing for ancient Chinese literati. At this time, he wrote "Sangluan Tie", which contains a sentence: "Xi Zhi paused and was in extreme chaos. He first tombed and then left (suffered) poison, pursuing Wei was extremely cruel." , No. Feimu Dejue, painful to the heart..."--The appreciation of calligraphy now is aesthetic pleasure, which is based on the extreme trauma and pain of the author's soul.
Wine is something that ancient Chinese literati cannot live without, but it is within a certain range. Officials may drink less, but they cannot stop drinking. Like Cao Cao, he drinks. If he drinks too much, he drinks. Can't be a politician. In Chinese history, there is a saying that Zhang is drunk. Zhang refers to Zhang Xu, who also often drinks. Chinese cursive script was formed in the Tang Dynasty, and cursive script needs to be written in an excited state. Because Zhang Xu drank too much, although he was a famous calligrapher and could write well in regular script, he only became a minor official, named Changshu Wei. Zhang Xu left few works. He wrote a book called "Belly Pain Posts". I read it, "Suddenly, I have a terrible stomachache. I don't know whether it is caused by cold or heat. I want to take rhubarb soup, which is beneficial to both cold and hot." --You can imagine that he was sweating, his stomach hurt so much that he couldn't help himself, and he wished he could write ten lines in one stroke. When Wang Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty evaluated a work, he said that it was "trance-like and unpredictable." This shows that literati can write good works in a state of extreme pain or excitement. It is said that Zhang Xu often gets very drunk after drinking and even shouts and walks around wildly. It seems that drinking is not a normal behavior. A pure scholar can have some abnormal and unfaithful behavior.
Let's talk about Huaisu. After drinking, he "went to dozens of pink-walled corridors, and suddenly became excited, and suddenly the people screamed three or five times, and tens of millions of words filled the walls." "Swift and frightening". It can be seen that when he wrote those wild cursive works, he was often in a state of mental loss of control, similar to "alcohol poisoning leading to mental disorders." After sobering up, I often find it incredible when I look at it again. But excessive drinking, etc., still causes great harm to mental and physical life.
The three major running script works in ancient China are Wang Xizhi's "Preface to the Orchid Pavilion Collection", Yan Zhenqing's "Manuscript for Nephew's Worship", and Su Dongpo's "Huangzhou Cold Food Poems". There is no more to say about this.
Let’s talk about Yang Ningshi, called Madman Yang. He was a famous calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. He lived through five dynasties. He may have pretended to be crazy, but it was definitely not normal. He had a deep understanding of the art of Chinese calligraphy. A breakthrough, it is wide enough to move around, airtight, a bit like the current children's style, a kind of rebellion against traditional Chinese calligraphy. Moreover, calligraphy was pioneered in the Song Dynasty and was the first to write its own unique calligraphy style.
The third lecture is Xu Wei, a calligrapher of the Ming Dynasty. He was a schizophrenic. When he was a child, he was quite wild and loved to study. He took the exam nine times but failed to get any honors. In his middle age, he worked as a scholar in the Governor's Palace of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. A staff officer, Hu Zongxian favored him as a staff officer, and made some contributions to Xu Wei's border defense on the southeastern coast of China. Later, Hu Zongxian was killed. Xu Wei was very scared, had recurring mental illness, and committed suicide. Later, he killed his wife and was imprisoned for five years. In 2007, the amnesty came out. Because I studied calligraphy, calligraphy and painting in prison, I gradually recovered from my illness, and started traveling after I was released from prison. He went to Beijing, Juyongguan, Shandong, Hebei, and some places in Jiangxi and Fujian in the south, which not only broadened his horizons, but also gradually recovered from his disease. So it seems that traveling is also good for a person’s mental recovery. He was 53 years old when he was released from prison. It is said that medication for mentally ill patients can only solve 40% of their problems, and most of them require psychological intervention to make them better. During Xu Wei's more than six years on death row, he also believed in Taoism, and these behavioral treatments and psychological treatments all played a role.
At that time, two people whom Qi Baishi admired very much and were willing to be his lackeys were Xu Wei and Zhu Da. Zhu Da was also a mental patient. Zhu Da is a descendant of Zhu Yuanzhang. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, he was mentally stimulated and became a monk. He may have pretended to be crazy, but later he really suffered from mental problems. However, after a period of seclusion, he recovered mentally in Qingyunpu, and then he wrote and painted, becoming a famous calligrapher and painter. His calligraphy and painting are famous in the United States. Once sold for $300,000.
His calligraphy and painting, like Xu Wei's, break through conventions. However, it is precisely because of his breakthrough works that he has a status in the history of calligraphy and painting, but he cannot be called mainstream. Next I will talk about the methods used by Chinese literati to control mental illness. They want to pursue a kind of excitement in ordinary life. Of course, there are objective circumstances and they are subject to persecution. In ordinary life, they have various methods, such as relying on drinking to stimulate the spirit. If the spirit is out of control and painful, there will be many problems. , they use various methods to calm their spirits and solve the problem of mental ups and downs. To help them overcome difficulties, one is their love for traditional culture. They write poems and paintings almost every day. Another is their love for healthy lifestyle, research on traditional Chinese medicine, tea ceremony, friendship and culture. Everyone knows that Su Dongpo has a Dongpo There are also meat, Dongpo fish, and Dongpo soup. The soup is very good. He has a deep research on diet. In addition, you must have faith. The faith of ancient Chinese literati is not equivalent to the most religious obsession. It is research-based, looking for some content suitable for them in religion or the classic works of sages.
Su Dongpo once wrote four sentences for his friends: When you have nothing to do, you will be rich, when you get up early, you will be rich, when you walk slowly, you will be in a car, and when you eat late, you will be meat. Su Dongpo once copied the "Diamond Sutra" in small regular script. He once said that in order to achieve peace of mind, one must overcome fear, anger, and sorrow. Therefore, peace of mind is the liberation in Buddhism. I have been to a mental hospital and put many patients in the lounge during the day, either watching TV or chatting, or a large number of mental patients sitting there in a daze. I feel that there are some shortcomings in the treatment and lack of guidance. , lacks a cognitive treatment.
Su Dongpo was very proficient in art. He was a prefect in Hangzhou and founded the first public hospital in China, called Anlefang. He copied the prescriptions he had researched on the streets and in public places. Let the people decide what prescription you think should be used based on their condition, and then they can take the medicine according to the prescription. One of the prescriptions is called Shengjiaozi, which is used to treat stomach cold.
Through the above points, there are four factors in the spiritual control of ancient literati. One is faith and finding a spiritual home. The second is hobbies, making friends, an elegant lifestyle, and a way of spiritual sustenance or catharsis. The third is diet and living habits. The fourth is to understand medicine, disease treatment and health preservation. There are one *** four types, so a person's life and life are controlled in different ways at different stages. Ancient Chinese medicine is full of dialectics and philosophy, and there is much worth studying. I’ve been thinking a lot about why in spring, a person’s spirit is easily restless and mental illness is more likely to occur in spring. There is a lot worth studying here, that is, what is the relationship between man and nature? I am just raising the question now. Come out and play a role in attracting others, thank you all