Song Xingyu
Linchuan has been a county since the eighth year of Yongyuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty (96). After the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, due to historical opportunities, great calligraphers Wang Xizhi and Yan Zhenqing, poets Xie Lingyun and Dai Shulun, poets, writers, literary critics Zhong Rong and historians Du You all served here, which had a positive impact on the development of Linchuan culture and education.
There were frequent wars in the Five Dynasties, and Wang, Li, Zeng, Yan Zhenqing and other aristocratic families in the north took refuge in the south and settled in Linchuan. Linchuan's population has gradually increased, production has developed rapidly, and commerce and handicrafts have become increasingly prosperous. By the early Northern Song Dynasty, there had been a grand occasion of "land to the tiller" and "parallel selling of goods" (Zhang Baohe's Story of Los Angeles). At that time, the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty adopted the policy of "promoting literature and restraining martial arts", vigorously developed academic education, and paid special attention to recruiting scholars. They gave more awards to the scholars who passed the imperial examination, and those who won the first, second and third place were more proud of the military commanders who had made meritorious deeds, and their style of writing flourished for a while. In this highly developed period of feudal culture, famous writers such as Ceng Gong, Ye Mengde and great poet Lu You came to Linchuan to live or go on business, and vigorously held education and spread culture. There are many academic museums in China, and ten to six of them interpret Lei Lu and write inkstones (Linchuan County Records of Gan Long in Qing Dynasty). Studying hard should make the imperial examination become a common practice.
It was the imperial examination system in Song Dynasty that led to the surge of Linchuan talents. From the fourth year of Song Taizong Taiping Xingguo (980) to the eighth year of Song Duzong Xianchun (1272), there were 129 people admitted to diploma courses, 205 people admitted to Gong's family, 525 people admitted to Juren and 446 people admitted to Jinshi. Among the Jinshi, there were 32.58% in Northern Song Dynasty 135, and 305 in Southern Song Dynasty, accounting for 67.42%. The number of people on the list is among the best in Jiangxi counties. Especially in the 16th year of Jiading (1223), the 2nd year of Baoqing (1227), 18, and the 1st year of Xianchun (1265), 22 students were admitted at one time, accounting for 300 students in China. "Confucian scholars spread it as a beautiful talk, and hundreds of officials shrugged it off, and the ruling and opposition parties shook, calling Linchuan the hometown of talents." (Dong Zhen's "East Issue of Japanese Banknotes")
In the Song Dynasty, Linchuan people passed the imperial examination to become officials. Two officials are prime ministers, two are appointed as our ambassadors of the times, four officials worship the history of imperial envoys, 65,438+07 officials are ministers and assistant ministers, and 65,438+00 officials are local officials and historians. They have made remarkable achievements, especially Yan Shu and Wang Anshi, who are worthy of being outstanding figures in Linchuan. Yan Shu was the prime minister, and the Daxing School and the Ming Tombstone by Ouyang Xiu continued the "peaceful and prosperous times" in the first and middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty, which was praised by later generations. When Wang Anshi was in office, he served as prime minister, "changing the world and pushing the new law" ("Song History? Wang Anshi's biography changed the situation of weakness and poverty in the Northern Song Dynasty and made great contributions to later generations. His firm persistence and indomitable spirit of reform still have a far-reaching impact at home and abroad.
In the literary world of the Song Dynasty, Linchuan was also full of talented people, each leading the way. Wang Anshi is one of the most famous writers in the history of China. His prose is vigorous and powerful, and his political views are strong. He is also called "the eight masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" with Korea, Liu, Europe, Su and Zeng. His poems are magnificent, refined and refined, and are called "the four great poets of Northern Song Dynasty" together with Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Huang Tingjian. He and Ouyang Xiu presided over the poetry innovation movement, opposed the flashy style, advocated a simple and clear style of writing, and put poetry creation on the road of healthy development. Yan Shu and his youngest son, Yan, are both outstanding figures in the ci field of the Northern Song Dynasty. They inherited and developed the poetic style of Huajian School in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and created the famous poetic style of Graceful School in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was praised as "the originator of musicians" by later generations. At the same time, there were,, (known as the "Three Kings of Linchuan"), Xie Yi, Xie E (known as the "Two Xie of Linchuan"), Wei Jie, (known as the "Two Dangers of Linchuan") and Chen Shichong (known as the "Two Dangers of Linchuan"), according to a book called "Yincong Hua" and "Fu Zhai Man Lu". Four people know that they are Linchuan people, and the title of the play is' Cao Zhi's seven steps to become a poem, please ask the group to take seven steps as the word'. After five steps, the book "Jiangchengzi" is on the wall:' Xinghua Village Pavilion is full of wine flags, soluble in water, red, crossing the boat in the wild, and Liu Yin is dancing. Looking at the mountains in the south of the Yangtze River, people are far away and the grass is empty. In the sunset, the smoke cage upstairs is fragrant and pale. Remember to meet on the drawings after the New Year. Tonight, only Guanshan Mountain and the moon thousands of miles away are as plain as ever. "Beautiful and meaningful, wonderful feelings and words, known as' five steps into words'. Xie Yi, Qi Xie, Wang Ge and Rao Jie are also called "Linchuan Four Handsome". Rao Jie was also praised as "the first poet monk" by the poet Lu You, and they were all important members of Jiangxi Poetry School. Deng has been engaged in academic research all his life, and has written more than 370 books, such as On the Spring and Autumn Annals, History of the Spring and Autumn Annals, and Ancient and Modern Surnames Book School. His achievements in surname evaluation are particularly high.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, a dazzling star, a generation of famous doctor Chen Ye, rose in Linchuan. He is good at summing up the experience of predecessors and wrote 24 volumes of Women's Prescriptions, becoming the pioneer and founder of obstetrics and gynecology of traditional Chinese medicine. Dare to innovate, advocate surgical external application and oral administration, and treat according to syndrome differentiation. Dare to break through the forbidden zone, take the lead in the observation and research of "Ru Yan" (breast cancer), and make great contributions to the development of traditional Chinese medicine.
Sheng Yu Ming
The class contradictions and ethnic contradictions in the Yuan Dynasty were very sharp, and the society was in turmoil. The only famous figures in Linchuan are Xi Hong, a famous acupuncturist, Zhang Shao, a legal expert, and Zhu Siben, a geographer.
In the more than 100 years after the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the society was relatively stable, and agriculture, handicrafts and commerce developed steadily after a period of recovery. The feudal rulers strongly advocated Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism, and explicitly stipulated that all official, state, county schools and rural private schools in the country should use the four books and five classics as teaching materials. At the same time, they changed the practice of selecting scholars by poetry, fu and strategy in the Song Dynasty, implemented eight-part essays and forced intellectuals to be officials. "The scholar-officials in the atlas are not used by the monarch, and the crime should be copied and killed" (see Ming history? School history). Under the influence of this kind of netting and high-pressure policy, Linchuan talents quickly walked out of the trough and returned to prosperity.
The talents in Linchuan in the Ming Dynasty still took the imperial examination as a ladder. From Hongwu to Chongzhen, 2 13 people were admitted to the Guo Jian Diploma, 364 people were registered as Gong Shi, 302 people were selected in the provincial examination and 166 people were selected in the imperial examination. After passing the examination, 383 people have been admitted as officials, including 4 people, 1 governor, 8 assistant ministers, 3 political envoys, 27 magistrates, 2 1 magistrate, 65,438 prefects, and as many as 65,438+comrades and magistrates. The number of civil servants is 2.9 times that of 130 in Song Dynasty. Officials include central officials, local officials, civil servants, military commanders, internal affairs, diplomacy, righteous men and ministers. The collectivity and diversity of the talent structure "surpassed that of the Song Dynasty" (preface to the County Records of Guli Linchuan).
"Chen, Luo, Zhang and Ai are in front, followed by Tang, Qiu, Shuai and Zhu." Chen, Zhang Shichun and Ai Nanying are all great people in the history of Confucian classics, and their articles are all the rage. They are the four great talents in Jiangnan. Qiu is also known as the three famous people. Qiu Zuoshi's wit in poetry and his use of words to make sentences can often turn decay into magic and bring forth the new. Zhu Wen studied Wang Anshi, with strong bones and strange posture, extensive and profound. He was good at writing poems, which made him feel the scene, and he wrote two praises (ode to Xixia, ode to lectures) and a poem (ode to North and South Beijing), which was deeply appreciated by Ming Shenzong. "Even if the official copies it, the paper is expensive" (Biography of Talents in Ming Dynasty).
Tang Xianzu was an outstanding dramatist in Ming Dynasty. He had a rough life and was very dissatisfied with politics. In the 26th year of Wanli (1598), he abandoned his official position and returned to Linchuan (18). He is engaged in writing, and has completed such immortal masterpieces as The Purple Hairpin, The Rebirth of the Soul, The Story of Conan and The Story of Handan, and is known as "Linchuan Four Dreams". Four Dreams in Linchuan is the highest achievement of Rebirth. Rebirth, also known as Peony Pavilion, is a dramatic masterpiece full of romanticism. For more than 300 years, it has been praised and played for a long time. After the founding of New China, Mei Lanfang, Yan Huizhu, Yu Zhenfei and other famous Peking Opera performers jointly performed his passbook plays "Spring Fragrance Makes Learning Hall" and "A Dream in the Garden", which caused a sensation. Later, it was made into a movie and distributed nationwide. 198 1 and 1982 were put on the stage by the Northern Kunqu Opera Theatre and Shanghai Kunqu Opera Troupe. Continuous performance, the venue is full. Now, this famous historical drama has been translated into Japanese, German, French, English, Russian and other languages, and it has been staged in many countries (regions) with high evaluation. Tang Xianzu is known as "Shakespeare of the East".
In the fields of history and astronomy, the stars are equally brilliant. Xu Fenpeng, a famous historian of literature and history, wrote 20 volumes in his life, which can be compared with Zi Tong Zhi Jian. This book didn't attract much attention in China, but after it was spread to Japan, it was regarded as "George's panacea and the prescription for rejuvenating the country" by the rulers (Zhao Yi's Miscellanies of Revealing the eaves), which played a certain role in the Meiji Restoration. Wu Hao, a famous astronomer, corrected the mistakes of the old armillary sphere through careful observation, precise calculation and repeated experiments, and made a new armillary sphere with more accurate star position, and its manufacturing technology reached the advanced level in the world at that time.
In the Ming Dynasty, Linchuan also produced many upright and patriotic people. Fu Chaoyou, once a disgraced minister, hated evil all his life. He wrote six times to impeach traitors Zhou Yanru and Wenwenren, and was persecuted again and again. The last time he was killed in the golden palace, he would not compromise until he died. Zhu, a patriotic businessman, lives in Japan and is concerned about his motherland. He witnessed the Japanese reactionary forces plotting to invade North Korea and China, and was filled with indignation. He risked his life to sneak back to China three times before and after, secretly reporting the military situation, making the Ming Dynasty prepare in advance, adjusting its deployment in time, assisting North Korea, and winning a military victory against the Japanese aggressors. Fu Chaoyou insisted on the truth, and Zhu loved his country and his hometown, which made the territory gain the reputation of "Renyi Linchuan" from the Ming Dynasty. (Chen Linchuan County Records)
The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty and Republic of China
In the Qing dynasty, although the old imperial examination system was followed, it continued to recruit talents with eight-part essay. At the same time, the number of admission places has been expanded and the new rules of "donation acceptance" have been added. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi (1678), the department of learned poetry was opened to recruit talented people. However, due to the strict control of cultural ideology, it is forbidden for literati to form associations and build literary prisons. Many people regard reading as a fear road, which has a negative impact on the development of Linchuan Cai Township.
During the more than 300 years from the establishment of the Qing Dynasty to Xuan Tong, only 187 people passed the imperial examination, 306 people passed the Gong Shi, 202 people passed the Juren, and 1 people passed the Jinshi. The number of people admitted to Jinshi was 25% in Song Dynasty and 66% in Ming Dynasty. After joining the ranks of officials, 37 people served as court officials (3 in the imperial history, 4 in the assistant minister, 8 in the cabinet 10, 8 in imperial academy, in charge of various ministries 12), and 1 person served as local officials (5 in the magistrate, 9 in the magistrate, 3 in the tongzhi and 73 in the magistrate).
During this period, there were not many senior officials in Linchuan, but now they are outstanding and attract the attention of the world. A famous minister, Gu Li, experienced three dynasties of Kang, Yong and Gan. He was the official governor, the governor of Zhili and five assistant ministers of Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Housing, officials, Ministry of Rites and Ministry of War, who dared to plead for the people and impeach Tian Wenjing, the governor of Henan who was corrupt and perverted the law. Dare to enforce the law impartially and find out that Chen Yuanlong and others embezzled more than 822,000 public funds. Dare to cut the gordian knot, dredge the grain transportation in Jingu and alleviate the grain shortage in Beijing, and achieved remarkable results, and was rewarded by Sejong of the Qing Dynasty for "serving the country and clearing the heart". Li Laitai is a gifted scholar, who is "well-read and good at writing poems" (Notes on Ji Jun's Reading Wei Caotang). In the eighteenth year of Emperor Kangxi (1679), he took the examination of being versatile, poetic and lyrical, and defeated 170 and 80 Confucian scholars from all over the country, which won high praise and won Cai Xiang a reputation again. When Ji Dakui, an official, was appointed as the magistrate of Shifang County, Sichuan Province, he "promoted advantages and eliminated disadvantages and developed production" ("Jiangxi Tongzhi? Biography of Linchuan) is deeply loved by local scholars. Ma is a magistrate in Licheng County, Shaanxi Province, an honest official who is good at solving major cases. Impatience and selflessness, revenge for the victims, was called Ma Qingtian at that time. When Hua Ying Han Wei, a patriot, was the magistrate of Hulan, Jilin Province, he "resolutely banned opium poppy and prevented foreign ships from entering the inland river of Hulan" ("Records of Hulan Prefecture"), which protected the people's interests and safeguarded national sovereignty, and was praised by the public in Northeast China (see "Ji Linzhi").
There is a saying in academic circles that "Neo-Confucianism prospers in the south and literature prospers in the north" (Collected Works of Li Rumin's Ershuilou). Li Bi (a native of Laoshan) and Ji Dakui (a native of Longxi) are both famous Neo-Confucianists born in this area. The former wrote Lu Zi Xue Pu, Zhu Zi Xue Pu in his later years and Yangming Xue Lu, trying to reconcile Zhu's and Lu's theories. The latter is the author of Biography of Guan Yi, who explained and developed Yangming's mind from the perspective of Yi. They are both very accomplished, very
Have an impact. Li Rumin, Calvin, Li Lianyu and Li Ruiqing are all masters of poetry and prose. Li Rumin's article is the best in the world, and he is also called "South-North Lee". Confucianism and Li Lianyu's literature, Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu are all swaying. Li Shangyin, a poet, was an outstanding figure in Jiangxi literature at that time. Li Ruiqing is a famous educator and calligrapher in China. Good at painting with seal script, painting flowers vividly, painting Buddha vividly. Japanese painting and calligraphy circles have spared no expense to buy them, and they are well-known in Japan.
During the Republic of China, although the imperial examination was abolished and new schools were established, but due to frequent wars, industrial and agricultural production was destroyed and education was destroyed, coupled with rapid social changes and various complicated contradictions, only more than 300 people were admitted to universities and technical secondary schools nationwide. There are two lieutenant generals and five major generals in the military field. There are two commissioners in the political circle, 14 county magistrate. Academic professors and associate professors 12 people. The number of people is so small that even the famous scholar You Guoen lamented that "the country has only talents but no talents".
Engaged in science and technology education, there are Wu Yingquan, a professor of commercial law in Peking University, Yi Xilin, a professor of physics in Tsinghua University, Xin Ying, a professor of economics in Sun Yat-sen University, Wan, a blind educator, and Gui, a rural educator. Guiqiao Primary School, founded by Gui, trains talents for Linchuan, Fuzhou, Jinxian, Nanchang, Fengcheng, Dongxiang, Nanfeng, Chongren, Yihuang, Le 'an, Yugan and Gao 'an 13 counties and cities, with peaches and plums all over the world.