Pseudo-engraving is a kind of words fabricated by forgers according to the information in books, which is called pseudo-engraving. Fake lettering is worthless, because it is groundless fabrication. In order to cheat people's trust, fake carvings often lie that they were unearthed somewhere in a certain month. Some cheat people with rubbings, and some simply sell stone carvings together. Such as the stele, the inscription of Zhang, and the epitaph of Tao Hongjing. , is such a fake. There are many fakes of Han steles in Ming Dynasty, and the calligraphy looks very similar. It is easy for people without certain experience to believe that these fakes are true.
Textual research has been very popular since the middle of Qing Dynasty. Later, Ding Haifang wrote a book "Essays on School Monuments", which specifically recorded the lost years of calligraphy and painting of famous monuments, such as "Fang Heng Monument of Lujiang Prefecture" in the Han Dynasty, in which the word "Jiang" was intact and extended in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. A?vagho?a Temple Monument in Northern Wei Dynasty has not been broken so far, and it is a rubbings before Daoguang. Forgers keep their word, and the damaged words or parts of the original tablet are filled with wax. Therefore, all the old rubbings that appear weak and suspicious in textual research, or the paper and ink are not old enough, must be paid attention to, and we must never judge them casually unless we study them carefully.
In ancient times, there were several methods to forge ancient inscriptions, such as re-engraving, pseudo-engraving, wax embedding, dyeing and filling, inscription forgery, photocopying and zinc printing, scraping, ink filling, ink mixing, hot stamping, inking and mounting forgery.
Re-engraving means that the original has been destroyed or has long been lost, so re-engraving is called re-engraving. Because the original stone does not exist, rubbings are extremely rare, or orphaned, or not handed down at all, the value of reprinting cannot be underestimated. However, there are often more than one kind of reprinting, and there are also orders and advantages and disadvantages. For example, the "Yishan Monument" in the Qin Dynasty is said to have been overthrown by Wei Wu, but the people in the city burned it and it didn't spread. Du Fu once said: "The monument of Mount Yi was burned by wild fire, and the carved dates were distorted." It can be seen that there was a copy in the Tang Dynasty, but it is not passed down today. Today, there is only one copy of Xu Xuan, Baonan, Zheng Wen in August of Song Chunhua, which is reprinted in Chang 'an. Later, Chang 'an Ben was carved in Shaoxing, Pujiang, Jiangning, Qingqiu, Zhongshu, Zouxian and other places.
Another reason is that there are people in the world. Because the distance is far from convenient to carry out, or because the handwriting is vague and flawed for a long time, the stone engraver still engraves words on the original stone, calling it a copy. Most of the reprints are hastily carved, and most of the sculptors are illiterate. There are many mistakes in calligraphy and painting, and the original tablet is still there, which is of little value. After Qianlong and Jiaqing, there are many kinds of this kind of engraving, including stone carving, wood carving, gray paint, mud wall carving and so on. Among them, tile ash mixed with raw lacquer or clay plate making is the most popular, because it is light and colorful, easier to turn over, worse than wood and stone carving, and also the most popular in circulation. The names of the second edition range from Qin and Han Dynasties to Four Mountains and Cliffs. Sculpture often extends only forty or fifty copies at a time, and some extend more than a dozen copies. Version is corrupted. So the initial extension was quite realistic, and I didn't recognize it later.
Identification method of fraud:
First, the wall mud book. In this way, the rubbings are spread on the wall, and then carved and written on rice paper, so that the rubbings produced are not handed down from the original tablet, but from the wall. After the extension, the counterfeiters will make the paper old and sell it according to the old extension.
Identification method: the real old monument has weathered and corroded by wind and rain, and there will be thin slices of stone flowers on the monument, which are uneven and irregularly distributed. However, in order to create the uneven effect of stone weathering after most of the wall mud is completed, lime is usually sprinkled on the wall to forge weathering points. If the weathering point of the inscription is uniform, collectors should pay more attention to it, which may be false.
If the stone flower is really concave inward, there will be a white mark on the tablet, which is also commonly known as Yin. However, scattered weathering spots are protruding outward, which is reflected in the inscription as black spots, that is, Yang Wen. This method can effectively distinguish the original extension from the imitation extension. In addition, after years of weathering, cracks sometimes appear on the old monument, which is very natural on the original rubbings, while the cracks on the imitations have obvious decorative traces.
Second, woodcut. This way of carving the original rubbings with wood is usually couplets.
Identification method: woodcut paper is particularly thin, with sharp notches and looks particularly dull.
Third, the original stone carving. If the original tablet has been destroyed, find another stone with similar size and carve the original rubbings on it again.
Identification method: The words carved by this method are easy to make mistakes due to unskilled technology, and the stroke thickness is different from that of rubbings.
Fourth, turn the engraving. First, plaster gypsum on the original board, then remove gypsum, then plaster another layer of gypsum on the surface of gypsum, and remove the second layer of gypsum to form the engraving. Because the original rubbings should be negatives, it is necessary to turn over the plaster that first became positive.
Identification method: After several fixed-die carvings, the strokes such as dots, strokes, hooks and tips are thinner than the original ones, and the size of stone flowers is somewhat different.