1, the former mode
The former model comes from the Biography of the Three Kingdoms, which was written by Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu and Han Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms period (227), before he decided to attack Wei in the north and seize Chang 'an (the site of Chang 'an City in the present Han Dynasty).
In the first year of Zhangwu in the middle of Shu (22 1), Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and Zhuge Liang became prime minister. In the first year of Jianxing in Shu Han Dynasty (223), Liu Bei died of illness and entrusted Liu Chan to Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang implemented a series of correct political and economic measures, which made the territory of Shu and Han prosperous.
In order to achieve national reunification, after quelling the rebellion in the south, Zhuge Liang decided to attack Wei in the north in the fifth year of Jianxing (227), intending to seize Wei's Chang 'an. Before leaving, he wrote to his master, that is, this "model".
With sincere words and in view of the situation at that time, "Example" repeatedly advised Liu Chan to carry on the legacy of his late master Liu Bei, open a shrine, reward and punish strictly, and stay away from his relatives, so as to complete the great cause of "revitalizing the Han Dynasty", which showed Zhuge Liang's strong will to "set the Central Plains in the north" and his unswerving character of loyalty to Shu Han.
2. "Post-mode"
This article was written in the 6th year of Jianxing in Shu Han Dynasty (228 years), one year later than the previous work. At this time, Zhuge Liang's first northern expedition to the Central Plains did not achieve the expected results. In order to remove all obstacles, Zhuge Liang gave this "example of latecomers" to Liu Chan before the second Northern Expedition.
On his deathbed, Liu Bei entrusted Liu Chan to Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang stepped up political, diplomatic, economic and military preparations for the Northern Expedition. In diplomacy, he sent envoys to unite with Wu; Keep a low profile, do not reply to Wei's surrender, and paralyze the enemy country with a low posture.
Politically, the military and political power is highly centralized, "the size of political affairs depends on the light", striving for indigenous landlords, easing the contradiction between subject and object, getting rid of the drawbacks of Liu Zhang's laws and regulations, setting an example, being humble to coachable, and mobilizing the whole country to go out.
Economically, we are firmly related to the people, vigorously develop agricultural production, increase grain output, increase reserves, protect water conservancy projects, develop handicrafts such as salt and brocade, and expand financial resources. Militarily, wait for an opportunity to quell the rebellion in South China, run the army, talk about martial arts and train troops.
After Zhuge Liang's southern expedition, the Northern Expedition of Wei was put on the agenda. Northern expedition to Wei is the consistent policy of Liu Bei Group. Liu Bei's ultimate goal is to seize the world.
Zhuge Liang, in view of the gradual recovery of Wei's economy, the long delay is not conducive to Shu, and the early Northern Expedition can give full play to its advantages in governing the country and the army. Moreover, after his death, no one in Shu can jump into the Central Plains to compete with the great powers.
Therefore, it is believed that only by using the body can we hope to nibble at Wei, eventually defeat Wei, and repay Liu Bei's kindness. Therefore, we are determined to launch the Northern Expedition, and we will "use troops without fighting and show our strength time and again" to the end.
In the fifth year of lite (227), Zhuge Liang presented his "power" to Liu Chan and immediately led his army to Hanzhong. In the spring of the sixth year of Jianxing (228), Zhuge Liang set out to explore Qishan in the north. Wei Xi's Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding counties opposed Wei's return to Han.
After the Shu army occupied Longyou three counties, it ended the first Northern Expedition with the failure of Jieting and Ji Gu. In the winter and November of the same year, Wei entered in a big way, Cao Xiu was defeated by Lu Xun, a general of Wu, and Zhang Hedong went down, and Guanzhong was extremely weak. Zhuge Liang thought it was time to attack and prepared the whole division to send troops to attack Wei.
However, many ministers in Shu were content with pleasure, suspicious of marching, and produced many criticisms. To this end, Zhuge Liang once again went to the table, painstakingly determined to crusade; Righteousness and sternness refute the mistakes of criticism. Because this time, it is the watch after the first time, so later people call it "after the teacher."
3. "Shanzhai"
Also known as "Longzhong Dui", it is selected from Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Zhuge Liang Biography". In 207 AD, Xu Shu recommended Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei. Liu Bei went to Longzhong and visited Zhuge Liang's hut. Zhuge Liang received Liu Bei in the hut and analyzed the world situation.
After Zhuge Liang came out to assist Liu Bei. This "Longzhong Dui" is a record of Zhuge Liang's talk about the world events at that time in Chen Shou's "Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang".
From the winter of 2007 to the spring of 2008, Liu Bei, who was stationed in Xinye at that time, visited Zhuge Liang three times at the suggestion of Xu Shu, but it was not until he came to power for the third time. Zhuge Liang analyzed the world situation for Liu Bei, and put forward the strategic idea of taking Jingzhou as his home first, Yizhou as his geographical location, and then the Central Plains. ?
When Zhuge Liang first entered the political arena, he painted a strategic vision for Liu Bei in the form of Longzhong Dui. Many people can recite this historical masterpiece. Among China's ancient strategic thoughts, Longzhongdui has exemplary value.
4. The Book of Commandments and Nephews
This article was written by Zhuge Liang to Pang Huan, the son of the second sister. In this letter, Zhuge Liang taught him how to aspire, how to cultivate oneself and how to become a useful person. Pang Huan, the word, was once the official to the county satrap.
This article by Zhuge Liang is only more than 80 words, but it has a deep connotation. As young people, we should not only have lofty ideals and ambitions, but also have concrete and feasible measures to realize them and the perseverance to overcome difficulties and eliminate interference.
Otherwise, the ideal may become a fantasy, or even unconsciously lower itself to the point of mediocrity and vulgarity. This letter from Zhuge Liang is about this truth.
If a person is ambitious and determined, plus careful thinking and then put into action, he may succeed in the increasingly fierce social competition.
On the contrary, it is doomed to fail. Zeng Guofan also taught his children to be "ambitious, knowledgeable and persistent" in family training. Resolutely not dirty; With knowledge, we know that knowledge is endless, and we dare not be self-sufficient by one.
Nothing is impossible if you have perseverance. The views of these extraordinary people have condensed their life experiences in the book, which have the same effect.
5. The Book of Commandments
The Book of Commandments is a letter written by Zhuge Liang, a statesman in the Three Kingdoms Period, to his son Zhuge Zhan before he died. From the text, we can see that Zhuge Liang is a noble and knowledgeable father, and his inculcation and infinite expectations for his son are all in this book.
Through the words of wisdom, rationality, conciseness and preciseness, the full text expresses the father's love in the world, which has become a famous piece of self-cultivation and determination of future students.
20 16, this article was selected as a new Chinese textbook of People's Education Press.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Zhuge Liang