Jintan, Zhenjiang Prefecture in Qing Dynasty, at home. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, due to complicated political changes and Lindong Party's lecture movement, it entered the ranks of Jiangnan cultural families. In the Qing Dynasty, there were dozens of scholars in the Yu family, and they were the top scholars in Yongzheng and Qianlong periods respectively. The imperial examination further laid the foundation for the prosperity of family culture. In the Qing Dynasty, the Yu family also made great contributions to the compilation and revision of various books and other national cultural work. In particular, Yu Minzhong, who is a prominent Confucian scholar and concurrently the president of Sikuquanshu, has made great efforts in the compilation and revision of Sikuquanshu.
[Keywords:] Jintan; Yu Minzhong; imperial collection of four
Yu Minzhong's family in Jintan made important cultural contributions in the Qing Dynasty, especially in Kang Yong's reign. Moreover, the work that family members actively participated in at that time still has important cultural significance even today. Their cultural contribution is mainly reflected in their participation in the compilation and revision of many imperial cultural classics. In order to look at this problem more comprehensively, we should first look at the cultural policies of the Qing Dynasty, especially in the early and middle period of the Qing Dynasty, and sum up the cultural activities of family members.
In order to consolidate the rule of the whole country, regain the gentle and honest Confucian culture and attach importance to the guidance of Confucian classics, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty made Sinology reach the peak of history in the Qing Dynasty. In order to prolong the life span of Han Chinese scholars, the rulers of the Manchu Dynasty reopened the imperial examination shortly after entering the customs, and often opened other departments besides the Jinshi Department to recruit talents. For example, in the 18th year of Kangxi (1679), a vast department of Ci poetry was opened, and celebrities such as Zhu Yizun, Wang Wan and Shi were admitted. In the first year of Qianlong (1736), Liu Lun, Pan Anli, Zhu Jin, Yu Zhen and Hang Shijun were selected as the first class and ten as the second class. Four people were selected to take the make-up exam next year. Ganlong also opened the discipline of Confucian classics and Yangcheng horse. Of course, netting and attacking are two sides of the same coin. Punishing the Ming Dynasty as a historical lesson, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty ordered several times to ban literati from forming alliances, and the tight literary network closely linked the intellectual's ideological fate with the rulers' cultural strategies. Due to the importance attached to education, the number of government-run and private academies once surged, and Yunshan Academy, founded by Yu Zhan, the ancestor of the family, became an official school in the Qing Dynasty. The emperors of the Qing Dynasty also liked poetry, calligraphy and painting very much. Kangxi and Qianlong's calligraphy are quite different. The Qing emperor's love for calligraphy even influenced the determination of the number one scholar. For example, Xin Weike (169 1) in the 30th year of Kangxi, after the court examination, Zhang Yushu and others made a preliminary ranking, and Dai Youqi ranked fourth, while Kangxi was honored as the top scholar because of his appreciation of his calligraphy. Therefore, there were many top scholars who could read in Qing Dynasty. Yu Zhen and Yu Minzhong's brother, Lun Dakui, are not only knowledgeable and talented, but also their calligraphy is one of the reasons for winning the prize. The emperor's own poems are also quite divided, and there are many poems handed down from generation to generation in Qianlong. In order to show the cultural policy of Ji Gu's Youwen, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty spared no effort and spent material and financial resources to compile a large number of series, books and even book integration. This was particularly prominent in the Kangxi and Qianlong periods. Collect books, organize, compile and ban books in one. What are the rulers of the Qing Dynasty? Is editing prohibited? The strategy is that compiling and searching books is the way and banning books is the purpose. Every occurrence of literary inquisition and compilation of ancient books are accompanied by a large number of banned books. Wan Li Shu Codex, compiled by He Yukong, was also included in the complete extinction bibliography of the military department during the Qianlong period [1]. Although the number of destroyed books is several times that of Sikuquanshu, the ancient books compiled by the central financial resources and the ancient cultural heritage have been well preserved. The contents of ancient books compiled in the Qing Dynasty involved politics, law, strategy, Confucianism, history, literature, medicine and other fields, and these books left precious classical cultural materials for future generations.
Yu Jia's cultural contribution in Qing Dynasty is especially reflected in his participation in editing these ancient books. Many people directly participated in the editing work, and many others were selected to work in the corresponding library. The general situation is as follows:
Yu once entered the National Museum of History.
Yu, the biological father of Fang Zhai. Yu Fang and his younger brother took the talent test in six counties, and were rated as first class soldiers. He was called into the Imperial Palace to offer sacrifices, served as the editor of Wuying Hall, and participated in the compilation of books such as Kangxi Dictionary, Pei Yunwen Fu, Zi Shijing, etc.
Yu Zhen and Yongzheng participated in the editing of Zi Shi Hua Ying.
Joy chen was appointed as Jishi Shu, imperial academy, and edited in the library during Yongzheng period. He joined the Wenying Library in Qing Dynasty and participated in the compilation of the Eight Banners.
Yu Ding, the collator and editor of Yongle Dadian, is an academic officer.
Yu, whose real names are Hua Ping, Min Zhongdi and Li Guanguan.
Yu Shining was born in the Ming Dynasty History Museum, and his ci is well known.
Yu Shidi, Jun Fu, from Siku Library.
Yu Changgeng, langxi, a native of Fujian, was copied by the National History Museum.
Yu Minzhong made the greatest contribution to the compilation of ancient books. He has worked in Qianlong for many years. As the first scholar, he had a certain influence on the trend and implementation of cultural policies at that time. He has also served as the deputy director of several libraries, such as the Master Program Museum, the National History Museum, the Four Treasures of the Study Library and the Three Links Library. And directly participated in the compilation and revision of many ancient books, such as: Qin Ding Linqing Lue in the seventh year of Qianlong (1742), Qin Ding Manchu Sacrifice Ceremony in the twelfth year of Qianlong (1747), Qian Lu in the fifteenth year of Qianlong (1750), and in the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong (. In the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong (1774), Zhu Yizun and Xu Baoshan's "Old News of Kangxi Sun" were used as textual research supplements to "Old News of Sun". In the forty-fourth year of Qianlong (1775), the bibliography of Tianlu was set, and in the forty-first year of Qianlong (1776), Wang Shengli's martyrdom was officially recorded. Of course, Zhong Min's most important cultural contribution is that he vigorously promoted and presided over the compilation of Sikuquanshu.
In order to show off their literature and martial arts, rulers often compile a comprehensive book. When Kangxi was in Kangxi, there was a book integration of ancient and modern books, and Qianlong tried to surpass Naizu everywhere. Right hand rule? I naturally don't want to be inferior, but I haven't done such a job in my thirty-seven years in office. According to incomplete statistics, before the compilation of Sikuquanshu, the books compiled by Ganlong imperial edict were: Eight Banners Genealogy, Three Rites and Righteousness Books, Yu Gui, Four Books, Li Xiang Kao Hou, Wen Chun in Tang and Song Dynasties, A Compendium of Ming History, Jin Jian of Medical Zong, Xie Fangshu, etc. Continuation of general examination of literature, general examination of imperial literature, ritual system in Qing Dynasty, ritual ceremony in Manchu Dynasty, weekly book, ritual art book, strategy of pacifying Jinchuan, lecture notes on classics and history, ancient prose class in Western Qing Dynasty, rhyme and collection. Clear rules, imperial ceremony pattern, Qing Dynasty unified annals, continued general annals, extended general annals, imperial general annals, lessons learned, and the strategy of pacifying Zhungeer have been widely edited and edited, as well as Manchu culture.
If the long-cherished wish of writing books in prosperous times is the subjective reason for compiling Sikuquanshu, there is also an objective opportunity, that is, * * * *' s behavior of collecting books and buying books. Ganlong has repeatedly ordered the collection and purchase of books nationwide. The two important periods are six years (174 1) and thirty-seven years (1772). The previous time was mainly to enrich the royal library and collect Confucian works in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Since ancient times, I have visited the legacy. Today, the collection of books in the Forbidden City is a great preparation, but since modern times, there have been more and more works. Such as Yuan, Ming, Chinese and Han Confucian students, studied the Six Classics with a clear understanding and devoted themselves to learning. Pay attention to the governor's interview and pay tribute at any time to save Guangshiqu Tianlu. [2]。 The scope of the last book search was even more detailed: the old books handed down from generation to generation included books with clear treatment, which were related to the world and people's hearts and should be purchased first. If you give full play to passing notes and commenting on laws and regulations, you should also be prepared for the selection of practical ones. For example, celebrities of past dynasties stayed in the scholar's forest to look for a collection of poems and essays. Recently, they were immersed in the history, which was originally elegant. Such as Gu, Chen Zufan, Ren,, all have their own versions, which are not as good as the suppression of words. Should we find out all of them? [3]。 Despite this, the provincial governors did not take this matter as an important task, so the effect was not great. The search for books in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong became an important opportunity to compile Sikuquanshu in the future. After the book search order was issued, Zhu Jun, an Anhui academic officer who was very concerned about book search, put forward four suggestions: First,? Old manuscripts, especially when searching urgently? ; Second,? Director, when will the existing ones be awarded and filled? ; Third,? Should we pay equal attention to recording and proofreading? ; Fourth,? Where must the study of epigraphy inscriptions and atlases be recorded? . On the basis of Zhu Yun's opinion, the implementation method of book search was drawn up after the argument of the minister of the Ministry of War, that is, the manuscript was searched according to the original decree; Collect maps and stone carvings; Organize Yongle ceremony; Recording proofreading, want? According to the four names of Jing Shi Subset, the catalogue contains some volumes and author names. [4]。 And the fourth method, the final result of its implementation is the later catalogue of Sikuquanshu. So Qianlong ordered the West House in imperial academy yamen to be designated as a special place for sorting out Yongle Dadian, and instructed Hanlin official to be responsible for editing, and the sorting work was officially launched.
Although the arrangement of Yongle Dadian reflected the aspirations of scholars at that time, the compilation of Sikuquanshu could not be separated from Yu Minzhong's strong support. The draft of Qing history? "Biography of Yu Minzhong" records:? When I asked for a suicide note, Zhu Jun, an Anhui scholar, asked me to search for the ancient books in Yongle Dadian. Liu Tongxun, a college student, claims to be a non-politician, and wants to talk about it. Zhong Min is good at playing narrator and fighting wits and wits with children's training, so he specially opened the Library of Sikuquanshu, and let Zhong Min be the president and in charge. [5]。 In March of the thirty-eighth year (1773), Qianlong officially decided to start compiling Sikuquanshu. It was a very temporary choice, with the prince and university students as the presidents, Ji Yun and Wei Liu as the editors, and more than 300 people participated. It took 20 years to succeed. There are more than 36,000 volumes in the book, and seven books have been written, which are divided into three parts: Wenyuan Pavilion in Dahuchi, Wen Yuan Pavilion in Yuanmingyuan, Shengjing Wenshui Pavilion, Rehe Jinwen Pavilion, Wen Hui Pavilion in Yangzhou, Wenzong Pavilion in Zhenjiang and Wen Lan Pavilion in Hangzhou. [6]。 The librarian at the top of the catalogue of Sikuquanshu is quite spectacular: curator 16 people, including Prince Yan Yong, Yong Xuan and Yong Xun, as well as Liu Tongxun, Liu Lun, A Gui, Yu Minzhong, Xiao Shenyang and Wang Jihua; Ten vice presidents, including Liang Guozhi, Liu Yong, Wang Jie, Jin Jian, Gao Dong and others, and fifteen chief readers; There are three editors, namely Ji Yun, Liu and Sun Shiyi. An ordinary school official, Liu Fei; 22 officers were transferred from the Hanlin Academy; Wu Yingdian transferred nine officials; Seven investigation officials of the General Managers Association; Collating Yongle Dadian, editing 39 branch school officials, among whom Yu Ding was among them; The school-run province sent six editors to write a suicide note; Huang Qian, textual research editor; Astronomical Arithmetic Compilation and Branch Officer; There are three chief school officials in the calligraphy department; 179 school officials were punished for writing books; Two officials of Zhuanli Branch; One Cartographic Section Officer; Supervise the three officials; The academician courtyard received twenty officials; There are three officials in the calligraphy department; Wuyingdian has 14 officials; There are three supervisors. In addition, many people who participated in this work did not appear in this title list. Among these more than 360 people, everyone's contribution to Sikuquanshu is different. The purpose of implementing the presidential system is to attach importance to and supervise the compilation work, but these people have high positions and complicated politics, and they are often unable to do so themselves. Gan Long once said: For example, although Wang Yongyan, Shu Hede and Fu Longan were appointed as presidents, they didn't blame them for studying, but let Lian Win manage the affairs of the museum and handle the flag of the Ministry and the yamen of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. These events are so complicated that it is difficult to proofread them carefully. Jin Jian has another department, and this matter is not his responsibility. For Yu Minzhong, although he is a person who should study, Iraq has to deal with military affairs in the Ministry of War, and he has pen and ink in the palace, so he has less leisure time and can't be distracted? [7]。
Gan Long specifically mentioned Yu Minzhong. In fact, Fujian is really busy with government affairs and has several roles. When he was the president of Siku Library, he was also the National Museum of History. Three links? The chairman of the museum? Internally, it should be Yan entertainment, while externally, it is rule. Xiuyan's establishment is often dominated by one person and one hundred people. He stays up all night in public and is diligent and arrogant. [8]。 However, as a scholar with a real sense of mission, Zhong Min knows that this work is not only a boast for the emperor, but also a major event related to the cultural heritage of future generations. From his efforts to refute his colleagues and promote the compilation of the four databases, we can see that he attaches great importance to this matter, and his enthusiasm for this matter remains undiminished even if his leisure time is less. Before he gave it? Mr. Ershan? (Lu),? Mr. Xiaolan? (Ji Yun) Of the 56 letters,? Its earnest and meticulous meaning overflows between pen and ink? [9]。 According to Chen Yuan's statistics, there are 56 notes, including five attached letters, seven without a moon, seven with a moon and thirty-seven with a moon? [9], inferred to be thirty-eight years of Qianlong (1773)? Forty-one years (1776) and four years, when I was hunting Mulan with Gan.
Specifically, the information provided by Notes is as follows:
First, the books collected in the provinces, the revision of Yongle Dadian and the compilation of Sikuquanshu are carried out at the same time, while the central Fujian is hands-on and pays attention to the progress of each link. People all pay attention to the time limit for entering books, the norms for taking books and sending them. What books should be edited and sorted out to prevent the Yongle Dadian from being lost again? How many books should be included at a time and how many times? ,? Although the bibliography is divided into Siku books, it is still not sloppy. It reflects Zhong Min's active and responsible attitude as a host and participant in compiling books. "Letters" also talked about the work he was in charge of at the same time, such as updating Sun Shi's Textual Research and compiling the Four Ku Encyclopedias. He often can't go to two places at the same time, but he dare not be distracted by anything.
Secondly, the selection of books should be scientifically loaded, and the version and author should be verified in detail. For example, discuss which version of a book should be used, which book should be included in the subset of classics and history, consider whether a book should be published, copied and preserved, and question the signed author of a book. Is it a name, a word, an official or a secret? How to determine and correct the problems in the text? There are escape, increase, false words and missing words? Problems, etc., involve all aspects of the problem of compiling books. In determining which books should belong, the difference between publishing and copying, etc. , is particularly hard. Zhong Min pointed out that some books were not clearly classified into the history department and the sub-department, and advocated that Old Events in Wuzhong should be classified into the sub-department, not the history department. However, Hao Yixing's poems originally belonged to the history department, and Zhong Min suggested that they be included in the anthology of Qing Dynasty. ? Shi Xue? ("The History of the Old Five Dynasties") was published separately and not included in the official history. ? If the fruit is beneficial to the people of the world, it will be rare and lasting in the world before the establishment of Fu Zi? Try to set an objective standard to avoid it? Do you have different hobbies? And the differences of opinion that should be published and copied. Moreover, in order to protect the original work, no matter who publishes it or copies it, it must be copied first.
Thirdly, the problem of centralized collection is the biggest problem in compiling Sikuquanshu. At that time, for the sake of speed, someone advocated it? Will the collection department do it or not? Zhong Min, as president, can't change the compilation principle of the emperor's quick success and instant benefit, so he can't read 100 books in January, so there are? That's it, indefinitely? Sense of urgency. But even so, Zhong Min tried his best to make every collection perfect, without perfunctory but never let go of every question. Among them, in a letter, Lin Bu? The shadows are horizontal, the water is shallow, and the evening is fragrant. What is the original of this poem? Whose poem is it? Who missed it in the book? , listed in the name of Wei Wang? Egrets are in desert rice fields, and mango birds are singing in trees in midsummer? What the hell? Whose poem is this? This situation needs to be seriously implemented. So his attitude is true? Cautious? It is his enthusiasm for this matter and the sense of responsibility of the former principal that also let us see the academic vision and academic ability that have been concealed by high positions for a long time.
Fourthly, constructive suggestions are put forward on the standardization and taboo principle of abstracts. Discuss how to write the summary of each department and the general summary, so as not to be cumbersome. On the issue of taboo, Zhong Min suggested that the method of missing pen can be used when writing names and places. Just follow the usual style or write macro words? . Although there are some differences between the standard of Sikuben and the proposal put forward by Zhong Min, many principles have been followed.
As can be seen from the above, it involves? The revision of style, the difference between department and residence, the standard of taking, and the law of making statements [9]? Wait, all aspects are very sensitive. From the detailed problems recorded in the compilation process at that time, we can sum up the gist of running the book at that time and the mistakes caused by it: first, we had to be hasty because we were quick; Second, there is no violation, so it should be deleted; Third, you should ask whether there are any mistakes in the submitted calligraphy and painting, not whether there are any mistakes outside the submission. [ 10]。 Because the emperor is eager for quick success and instant benefit, the biggest problem in compiling large series is to seek speed. When Gan Long ordered the compilation of Siku Quanshu, he had been in office for 38 years and was 63 years old. In order to see the results of book revision as soon as possible, he ordered the compilation of the Summary of Sikuquanshu shortly after the opening of the book. Write the whole book, extract the essence and make a summary. Its style, like the example of the whole book, is extremely popular, so why not get its essence? ,? President Yu Minzhong and Wang Jihua specialize in this matter? [ 10]。 Wang Jihua, Jin Jian and Gao Dong are the chief executives of Yao Hui. They were not included in the appointment list in December of the forty-fourth year of Qianlong (1779), but they made indispensable contributions to the book. If Zhong Min, like other people at that time, thought that the compilation of SikuQuan Shu was not an important work and didn't care much about everything in SikuQuan Shu, perhaps the compilation and final result of SikuQuan Shu were very different from what is presented to us today. But unfortunately, Yu Minzhong didn't see the final appearance of Siku Quanshu, and he was already dead. Even "Four Ku Quan Shu Hui Yao" was completed in December of forty-four years after his death.
[References]
[1] Wang Bin. An overview of banned books in Qing Dynasty [M]. Beijing: China Bookstore Press, 1999: 453.
[2] Qing Shi Lu? Record of Emperor Gao Zongchun (II): Volume 134 [O]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986: 94 1.
[3] Qing Shi Lu? Record of Emperor Gao Zongchun (XII): Volume 900 [O]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986: 5.
[4] Huang Aiping. Study on the Compilation of Sikuquanshu [M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 1989: 19? 20。
[5] Zhao Erxun. Clear manuscript: volume 3 19 (biography 160) [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1977: 10750.
[6] Zhao Erxun. Draft of Qing history: (annals 120? Yi) [m]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1977: 4263? 4264。
[7] Qing Shi Lu? Record of Emperor Gao Zongchun (12): Volume 953 [O]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986: 9 17.
[8] Yu Minzhong. Su Yu Tang Ji [O]. In the 11th year of Jiaqing: "Su Yu Tang Ji Wang Xu".
[9] Yu Minzhong. Yu Wenxiang's Notes (Copy) [o]. Beijing: National Beiping Library, 1933 Photocopy: Postscript of Yu Wenxiang's Notes.
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[10] Qingshi Road? Record of Emperor Gao Zongchun (12): Volume 934 [O]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986: 568.