The appellations of ancient emperors include king, emperor, posthumous title, temple number and year number. For example, the emperor calls himself "I", others directly call him "Your Majesty" and "Long live" to his face, and privately call him "the official", "Supreme" and "Everyone". The practice of modern ministers or empresses addressing the emperor as "everyone" is recorded in ancient works.
Cai Yong, the father of Cai Wenji in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a famous writer and calligrapher. He wrote in his book "Arbitrariness", which introduced the royal etiquette system in the Han Dynasty, "The emperor said that he was in his place ... and he was very close to his attendants, calling him' everyone'". It can be seen that at least in the Han dynasty, the emperor has been called "everyone" by his personal attendants.
Li Baiyao, a historian in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in The Biography of the Northern Qi Dynasty and Andrew Wang Yanzong that "no one in the camp can move, so I can break it with military forces." This sentence comes from the mouth of Gao Yanzong, the imperial clan of the Northern Qi Dynasty, that is, the "five lords" King Ande in the previous hit drama "Warrior Lanling". As the cousin of Gao Wei, the ruler of the late Northern Qi Dynasty, he was invincible in the battle of Pingyang. In times of crisis, he proposed to his cousin to lead the troops to defeat the enemy, which was not adopted by his late master.
So, did the Tang Dynasty continue to call the emperor "everyone"? Tang Xinyu is a book that records the words and deeds of historical figures in the Tang Dynasty. The author is Liu Su, who wrote it during the reign of Emperor Xianzong of Tang Zhongzong. "Cool Endurance" records Wu Zetian's torture of the king and the king. After Gao became Wu Zetian, he had been to the queen and the imprisoned place, and he felt very sad about their situation. Wuhou learned that each of them was beaten with a hundred sticks, their hands were amputated, and they were thrown into the jar, called "bone drunk", so he asked the imperial secretary to read them the imperial edict. The kind king and queen said, "I hope everyone will live forever. Zhao Yi has been loved by the emperor for a long time, and it is my responsibility to die." Xiao Shufei, a fiery character, cursed Wu Zetian and said, "I hope I can be a cat in my next life and a mouse of Wu Shi in my next life, and I will strangle her for revenge today", which left a psychological shadow on Wu Hou. The title of "Everyone" of the Queen here reveals her deep feelings for the emperor Li Zhi, and also shows that the emperor was still called "Everyone" during the Tang Gaozong period.
After Li Yu, the grandson of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, ascended the throne in Tang Daizong, eunuch Li Guo Fu said arrogantly to the emperor, "As long as you sit in the palace, things will be solved by an old slave like me." This incident was recorded in Li Zhuan, a Book of the New Tang Dynasty compiled by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi in the Northern Song Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Feng Menglong also wrote about "everyone" in his collection of notes and novels "Awakening the World, Constant Words, Emperor Yang Di's Tour": "If everyone has a plan, they will kill their son and let him die in clothes." Before being killed by Sima De and others, Yang Chang thought that his father, Yang Di, wanted to kill himself and put on clothes to die. Cao Yin, a famous minister of Kangxi Dynasty in Qing Dynasty and Cao Xueqin's grandfather, also called the emperor "everyone" in the poem "On the 29th day of the first month, I drove into Luyuan and bowed to the south to celebrate the Ji", which revealed the close relationship between the author and the emperor and reflected the temporary prosperity of the Cao family from the side.
It can also refer to aristocratic families.
"Everyone" also refers to feudal officials and other nobles. In "Left Five Years", some people are listed-"Ji Xiang, Xing Dai, Uncle Poultry, Uncle Jiao", saying that these people are "everyone". At this time, the meaning of "everyone" is linked to the packet system. At that time, it was still an era of "under the sky, is it the land of the king, and the land is the shore, is it the minister of the king?" Later, with the disintegration of the feudal system, great changes have taken place in the social form and structure, and the word "everyone" has gradually been used to refer to aristocratic families and extended families. In Wu's famous satirical novel The Scholars in Qing Dynasty, Zhuang Zhuojiang heard that Du had a garden and flowers in Jiangbei, but actually lived in a riverside house in Nanjing. He was surprised and said, "Your family is everyone." Why do you want to move here? ".We now describe a person as a" good family "and a woman as a" good family ". Here, "good family" also means seeing the world.
Famous writers and experts
Wang Fuzhi, a thinker in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, said in Preface to the Grandson of the Court that the literary and art circles' comments on the topic of "everyone" began when people who talked about poetry praised Li Bai and Du Fu. Du Li is naturally a rare figure in the kingdom of poetry. Scholars in the Ming Dynasty classified several famous prose writers in the Tang and Song Dynasties as "eight great writers in the Tang and Song Dynasties", which was quite positive. In every era, there will be "everyone" who is familiar with a certain field and has made a breakthrough, and the emergence of "masters" who can integrate and carry the Kunlun of Chinese culture and the spiritual backbone is logical.
Everyone (gū): a courtesy title for a woman or a daughter-in-law's address for her mother-in-law.
In ancient books, it is sometimes pronounced as "big" Jia (gū), which was originally a respectful title for women. Ban Zhao, the daughter of Ban Biao, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the sister of Ban Gu and Ban Chao, is a famous talented woman with a deep family background. Han and Emperor called Ban Zhao into the palace many times, making the queen and nobles regard him as a teacher and posthumous title "everyone". Because she married Uncle Cao in the same county at the age of fourteen, she was also called "Cao Dajia" by later generations. Later, it was extended to the name of the daughter-in-law to her mother-in-law. The Biography of Song and Sun Shuji records a story of filial piety. During the Song Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sun Sa was imprisoned for not joining the army on time, and his younger brother Ji Sun was willing to go to prison instead of his younger brother. Ji Sun's wife Xu also said to her husband, "You are the head of the family. How can you put the blame on your brother? Besides, before everyone died, I entrusted my brother to you. Now my brother is not married and married. You already have two children. What is the regret of death! " Later, the family's righteous act moved the court, pardoned Sun Sa's sin and gave Xu Shi twenty silks. "Everyone" here means "mother-in-law". It is wrong for some netizens to understand "everyone" here as "aunt" or "family".
Personal pronoun: everyone within a certain range
This usage is suitable for all ages. Du Xunhe, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in the last two sentences of his poem "Double Ninth Festival": "Everybody clap your hands and sing loudly, and don't go back before the sun goes down." So popular, concise and easy to understand, I thought it was from today's mouth at first reading. Of course, we use it casually in our life. At the moment when "drunkenness" and "willfulness" are popular in the circle of friends, will you feel at first glance that "everyone goes to the party together and is willfully drunk"?