Judging from the well-known proverb "Three heads are better than one, Zhuge Liang", Zhuge Liang's wisdom is only the degree of cleverness, not great wisdom. Of course, whether Zhuge Liang has great wisdom can not be judged simply from a folk proverb, but from a careful analysis of the historical background. Because many of our stories about Zhuge Liang are from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but they are always told by novelists, which is not credible. There are actually two kinds of history, one is the history of folk cognition, that is, folklore or novels. The other is history in the history books. The latter is relatively credible. So, what is great wisdom? Zhuge Liang is called a politician and strategist, and he should have the wisdom to match this title. This is great wisdom. The so-called great wisdom is not to engage in some small tricks, such as wooden cows and horses. The prime minister should have the position of prime minister. The Prime Minister is not an inventor, let alone the Minister of Science and Technology. Let's take a look at what the history books say about Zhuge Liang. The history book that records Zhuge Liang's deeds is mainly the History of the Three Kingdoms. The author Chen Shou's rigorous historical attitude is recognized by academic circles. With Pei Songzhi's comments, the record of Zhuge Liang is reliable. Look at Zhuge Liang in politics first. In Longzhong Dui, Zhuge Liang made a thorough and correct analysis of the future trend of Liu Bei Group. The basic idea of Liu Bei's future development is to unite Wu against Cao, form a tripartite confrontation, and then successfully build the country. But what about the actual implementation? It should be said that before the tripartite confrontation, this basic national policy was implemented in place, especially before and after the Chibi War, which was the honeymoon period of cooperation between the two sides. However, since the tripartite confrontation, the two sides began to fight in secret. In fact, Sun Quan Group does not want Liu Bei, a big boy, to be bound from time to time. Until Guan Yu's most brilliant time, he fought fiercely with Cao Cao. Sun Quan attacked him from behind, caught him off guard and wiped out the mighty Guan Sheng in one fell swoop. Liu Bei was furious and attacked Wu with the strength of the whole country. As a result, the battle of Yiling was defeated, and Shu was greatly weakened. At the same time, Liu Bei died for it. It can be seen that the basic national policy of uniting Wu against Cao has not been implemented. As the prime minister, Zhuge Liang should bear the main responsibility. On the other hand, our reflection on this basic national policy is actually problematic. The problem is unchanging and not advancing with the times. Before the tripartite confrontation, Liu Bei had no place to stand, and it was right to unite with Soochow to gain living space. Because Liu Bei's strength is not enough to counter Cao Cao at this time, he must unite. However, when the situation has formed a tripartite confrontation, no one can eat anyone. Even with the strength of the two countries at that time, it was impossible to defeat Wei. It is very wrong to carry out the national policy of uniting Wu against Cao at this time. The wise move should be how to recuperate, develop economy and strengthen national strength among the three countries, and then go to the Northern Expedition when the time is ripe. In this regard, we can compare and analyze the experience of Xixia dynasty. Xixia dynasty was founded in 1038, and confronted Liao and Northern Song Dynasties at the earliest. After the Liao and Northern Song Dynasties were wiped out by the Jin Dynasty, they confronted the Jin and Southern Song Dynasties again, and lived for 189 years, longer than any regime that confronted them. Moreover, relatively speaking, it rarely goes to war with countries that are opposed to each other, and most of them sit quietly and watch the tigers fight, and even profit from it. We know that Yang Jiajiang in the Northern Song Dynasty mainly conquered Liao, while Yue Fei in the Southern Song Dynasty mainly fought Jin. This requires high survival wisdom and political wisdom. In fact, at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xixia established the basic national policy of not offending Liao and Northern Song Dynasty, and Xixia was able to take the opportunity to develop. On the contrary, if Liao or Jin wanted to fight Song, they needed the support of Xixia. On the other hand, if the Song Dynasty wanted to win Liao or Jin, it also hoped that Xixia would support it. In this way, Xixia defeated Liao and Northern Song Dynasties and remained at loggerheads with Southern Song and Jin Dynasties for more than 100 years. During the Three Kingdoms period, Shu existed for 43 years, while Wu only had 59 years. Wei only existed for 46 years, all because of the Sima family. The combined history of the three countries is not as long as that of Xixia. Among them, Shu has the shortest existence time and is the first country to be eliminated. If everyone had actively developed the economy, opened up to the outside world and invigorated the country, the balance of power among the three countries would not have been broken, the history of the three countries might not have been so short, and Shu would not have perished so early. Therefore, from the perspective of Liu Bei Group's strategy, the early stage was correct, but the implementation was not good. It is unwise to follow the times in the later period and stick to the rules. As a prime minister, Zhuge Liang has no foresight and is strategically wrong. It is hard for us to say that people who have no strategic vision are people with great wisdom. Then, why didn't Zhuge Liang keep pace with the times and change the enterprise development strategy in time? I think the main reason is that he can't manage, he can't authorize, he is busy with daily management chores and has no time to consider big strategic issues. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, on one occasion, an envoy from Shu went to the military camp of Wei. The wily Sima Yi made no mention of Shu's military affairs, only asked Zhuge Liang about his diet and daily life. Alex is also inexperienced. I honestly told Sima Yi that my prime minister was working hard and complaining, and he had to personally deal with "staying up late and being fined more than 20". Moreover, "he can't eat a few liters", he eats grass, but the milk is squeezed out! Sima Yi immediately concluded that "Liang will die." Sure enough, Zhuge Liang soon died in Wuzhangyuan. For the prime minister of a country, it is necessary to personally deal with the fine of 20 yuan, which shows that he is very attentive. If you are so careful, you will go to bed later than the young lady and get up earlier than the rooster every day, so you will rest for a few hours. If you are tired, how can you have time to think about the strategic issues of the enterprise? Besides, he also makes a small invention from time to time, so he has no time to think about military plans. In addition, Zhuge Liang's employment is also very problematic. First of all, there is something wrong with Guan Yu's use. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are both close friends of Liu Bei's "strange bedfellows", but in fact they both have serious personality defects. In the words of "The History of the Three Kingdoms", it is "being afraid of being good to soldiers, being arrogant to literati, flying in love with gentlemen and ignoring villains". Comrade Guan Yu, in particular, is politically immature and lacks basic political consciousness and general demeanor. But it was such a person who was sent to Jingzhou to guard the border, which was a very important post. Later, the land was destroyed and Guan Yu lost his life. There are two things that can prove that Guan Yu has personality defects. The first is the attitude towards Ma Chao. After Ma Chao defected to Liu Bei, it was a good thing, but Comrade Guan Yu was narrow-minded and wrote to Zhuge Liang, "Who can a super man be with?" . In the face of such immature letters from the masses, Zhuge Liang didn't realize the seriousness of this thought, didn't understand the great righteousness, didn't give him the ideological education of "Theory of Three Represents", didn't correct it in time, and defended it instead. He wrote back that Ma Chao and Zhang Fei were tied, not as good as General Guan. The Prime Minister completely abandoned the "Four Cardinal Principles" and began to muddle along. The Prime Minister became a peacemaker. The five tigers and generals are even more unique. He regards the letter from the central leadership as a "guest", naive as a preschool child and politically immature. The second thing is Sun Quan's proposal. On one occasion, Sun Quan came to propose for his son, which is a once-in-a-lifetime good thing and can further consolidate the relationship between Wu and Shu. Comrade Guan Yu, on the other hand, ignored the basic national policy of uniting with Wu to resist Cao and forgot the importance of United front work. After several victories, he was on cloud nine. He even hurt people and said, "How can a tiger girl marry a dog?" Don't do absolute things, causing Wu Shu to turn against him. Later, Guan Yu's failure in Maicheng was closely related to his personality defects. He has always looked down upon his subordinates. At the critical moment, his men, Elk Fang and Fu Shiren, not only failed to send reinforcements, but even defected to the enemy, making themselves beheaded. Alas! The second is the misuse of Masu. "Ma Su exaggerates, but can't be of great use" is Liu Bei's last words. Unfortunately, "brightness still means something else". At such an important moment of the first Northern Expedition, Ma Su was appointed as a pioneer officer. At that time, everyone thought that Wei Yan was the pioneer. However, Mr. Zhuge used a nobody who had never led a soldier to fight, and made the lowest mistake that a military commander should not have made, which led to the first Northern Expedition. Then there is the use of Wei Yan. Zhuge Liang always seems to dislike Wei Yan. In the words of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Yan has an anti-bone in the back of his head. However, Wei Yan never rebelled in his life. It is hard to understand that Zhuge Liang dislikes Comrade Wei Yan so much. You know, Liu Bei spoke highly of Wei Yan. After Liu Bei made Chengdu his capital, everyone thought that it must be Zhang Fei who was guarding Hanzhong, but Liu Bei appointed Wei Yan, "one army was surprised." This shows the importance attached to Wei Yan. Because Hanzhong is a strategic place in the transition of Wei, it belongs to the border. During a Northern Expedition, Wei Yan suggested that Zhuge Liang, the prime minister, take the Meridian Valley by surprise, but Zhuge Liang, who had been cautious all his life, refused. It is said that Wargo attacked Shu from the meridian valley and became the king of national subjugation. And the use of Yang Yi. Yang Yi's Zhuge Liang himself has a correct evaluation. To say that he is "narrow-minded" means that he is narrow-minded and has a poor mentality. But it is such a person who has a low opinion of himself. It is incredible that he was entrusted to "retire" after his death. Moreover, Yang Yi has always been at odds with Wei Yan, and the danger of letting such a "narrow-minded" person take care of the affairs can be imagined. As a result, Wei Yan and Yang Yi killed each other, Wei Yan was finally ruined and Shu suffered heavy losses. But Yang Yi did not come to a good end, as Zhuge Liang judged. Later, because of the problem of work treatment, I was swayed by considerations of gain and loss, unbalanced mentality and full of complaints. I even said, "When the Prime Minister died, if I took the army to Wei, I would rather be so evil in my life!" It's regrettable. "May be Yang Yi really anti-bone. As a result, he was arrested by the public security department according to law and ended his life by suicide. Unfortunately, Yang Yi and Zhuge Liang are not well informed. There is also Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition, which failed twice because of human error. The first time, Ma Su was misused, and the fourth time, Li Yan was misused to misrepresent the imperial edict, which led to the failure of the Northern Expedition again. Five northern expeditions, two of which were due to personnel problems, and the frequency of such mistakes was very high, below the rank of prime minister. Moreover, Zhuge Liang, as the prime minister, also lacks the cultivation of talents. The folk saying that "there is no general in Shu, and Liaohua is a pioneer" is a true portrayal. As for his successor Jiang Wei, he is also an ordinary person who has no ambition to serve the country and no talent to serve the country. Zhuge Liang was brilliant, and he went to Qishan five times without defeating Wei. Jiang Wei didn't judge the situation, didn't recuperate, and continued to carry out the great proletarian cultural revolution to the end. It is conceivable whether he will win. After Zhuge Liang's death, in the first four years, Jiang Wei was honest because he didn't have real power and was restrained by a very sensible Fei Yi. Shu lived a relatively quiet and peaceful life for several years. In the next 25 years, Jiang Wei began an endless northern expedition to Wei, and it was impossible to win until Shu was destroyed. This comrade Jiang Wei is also stubborn, which shows that what teachers teach what disciples. " After years of fighting, his achievements will not stand, and Jiang Wei will "never return to Chengdu." In fact, as a man who surrendered from Wei, it was difficult for him to gain the approval of Shu. This can also be said to be a difficult problem left by Zhuge Liang to the ministers of Shu. In the end, Jiang Wei got into a fierce battle with Zhong Hui at the front. The family Wargo had already taken it by surprise, bypassed the sword gate, and Shu, whose national strength had already been exhausted, was easily eliminated. It is quite fair for The History of the Three Kingdoms to evaluate Jiang Wei's "poor judgment in playing with countless wanderers". With so many mistakes in employing people, it is difficult for us to agree with the great wisdom of the prime minister of Shu, who "died with all his heart". Let's look at Zhuge Liang in the military. I don't know how to measure whether a person has military talent, but at least he should have many immortal great victories. By this standard, Zhuge Liang can do anything. In Zhuge Liang's life, in terms of time, the most brilliant battle he may experience is the battle between Battle of Red Cliffs and Yiling. But in the life-and-death battle at Chibi, Zhuge Liang only played the role of lobbying Sun Quan, which was at best a diplomatic activity, not a military action. Moreover, Battle of Red Cliffs is basically Zhou Yu's masterpiece and has little to do with Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei Group. After the battle of Yiling, Zhuge Liang did not attend for some reason. If you participate, I wonder if history will be rewritten. Zhuge Liang's most outstanding military action in his life was the Northern Expedition represented by the five mouths of Qishan Mountain. Unfortunately, Qishan went out five times and didn't win once. The first time was the best, winning Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding. But the actual situation is, "at first, Liu Bei was the only one in Shu." When you are ready to die, you become silent at a few years old, so you are slightly unprepared. "People were unprepared and Zhuge Liang was caught off guard. It can also be seen that Zhuge Liang was not famous at that time, unlike The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In fact, these three cities were not shot down, because they came too suddenly, and the Shu army came menacingly and frightened Wei, so people surrendered. But in the end, because Masu lost the street pavilion, he withdrew and did not achieve substantive results. The next four times also ended in failure for various reasons. For the last time, Zhuge Liang was blocked by Sima Yi and could not move forward. He was very angry. Wutong Qishan has a detail, which is basically a line, at least the general direction is the same. In the meantime, Wei Yan has actually seen that it is impossible to play according to the rules. We should start from the meridian valley. Unfortunately, Zhuge, the clever prime minister, was confused and did not adopt it. I don't know anything about war, but I think it's similar to gambling on singles and doubles. You can't always shout singles and doubles, but keep changing. Sun Tzu's Art of War says that the odd and the right should be combined in the war, and "virtual is real, but it is virtual", but this Zhuge gentleman wants to be unyielding and always fights Wei from Qishan. It can be said that Zhuge Liang's five trips to Qishan were all repeated battles and defeats, and he knew that he could not. His spirit of repaying the kindness to Liu Bei is commendable, but he really didn't show any military talent. This point is clearly stated in the History of the Three Kingdoms. Zhuge Liang "has been moving the masses for many years and failed." Making changes is not his strong suit! "In fact, in folklore, Mr. Zhuge, who is resourceful, is" good at governing tolerance, short-sighted and resourceful, and good at governing the people ". "These comments in the" Three Kingdoms "let us find that it is incredible that a person whose wisdom is embodied in the people should be" short-sighted ". As can be seen from the above analysis, it is difficult for us to conclude that Zhuge Liang has great wisdom. As a prime minister, he must show the wisdom of a politician, but he didn't; As a commander-in-chief, he should have shown outstanding military talent, but he still didn't. Zhao Fan, a Qing man, wrote a couplet in Wuhou Temple in Chengdu: "If you can attack your heart, you will be defeated. Since ancient times, you have known that soldiers are not good at fighting; It is the best evaluation of Zhuge Liang's life to judge the situation and combine leniency with severity. In the future, we should think deeply about governing Shu. Then why does he still enjoy such a high reputation among the people? Mainly because he repaid Liu Bei's spirit. Although I know I can't do it, I still insist on carrying out the great proletarian cultural revolution to the end as always, and "do my best until I die." It can be seen that it is inappropriate to say that Zhuge Liang is the embodiment of wisdom.