So Wang Xiang wants to cross the Wujiang River eastward. Director Wujiang Pavilion waited for the boat and said that Wang Xiang said, "Although Jiangdong is small and far away, with hundreds of thousands of people, it is enough to be king. The original gentleman crossed the line in a hurry. Today, I have a boat, and the Han army has arrived, so there is no way to cross it. " King Xiang smiled and said, "What can I do if the sky dies?" ! Besides, 8,000 people crossed the river to the west with Jiangdong's children, and none of them came back today. How can I see them? If you don't say anything, is a person worth it? "It is said that Tingchang said," I know the elders. I rode this horse when I was five years old and I was invincible. I tried to travel thousands of miles a day and couldn't bear to kill it for the public. " So all the riders dismounted and walked to fight the short soldiers. Hundreds of Han troops were killed by Du Ji. Wang Xiang was also created by more than a dozen people. Gu Jianhuan rode Sima Lv Matong and said, "If it weren't for my old friend?" Stable boy said to Wang Yi, "This is also a king." Nye said, "I heard that Han bought my head and daughter, and I am a good man." "He committed suicide. The king took his head, and the rest rode horses to claim the title, killing dozens of people. Finally, the doctor rode Yang and Sima, and the doctor got one each from Lu Sheng and Yang Wu.
After Xiang Yu committed suicide, Han will fight for his remains, otherwise dozens of cannibals will die. Wang Ming was powerful and won Xiang Yu's head, while Lv Matong and Yang Xilu won four generals, including Yang Wu, and each got an organic whole and submitted it to Hanwang. Hanwang was deeply impressed, and sure enough, five people were enfeoffed. Lv Matong was named Zhongshui Hou, Wang Ming was named Du Yanhou, Yang was named Chiquan Hou, Yang Wu was named Wu Fanghou, and Lu Sheng was named Nie Yanghou.
According to historical records, Wang Xiang was defeated and committed suicide in Wujiang River. All Chu surrendered to Hanwang and Liu Bang. Only Lu Xian County didn't surrender. They didn't believe that Xiang Yu was dead. Hanwang led the soldiers of the world to slaughter Lucheng, but Enemy at the Gates, "still listen to the voice of string songs". Considering that they abide by etiquette and justice, they will die for the monarch. He showed King Xiang's head to the people of Lu. Li, the general guarding the city, committed suicide and Lu's father surrendered. Because Chu Huaiwang named Xiang Yu Duke of Lu, after his death, Duke of Lu finally surrendered, and Gucheng area was the base of Xiang Yu, so according to the etiquette of Duke of Lu, Wang Xiang was buried near Gucheng, where he is now, and built an ancestral temple for sacrifice. Hanwang personally mourned and left. It can also be found in Ji Ji (the same as Ji Ji in Zi Tongzhi Jian):
With the death of King Xiang of Chu, Chu surrendered to Han, but Lu was not spared. Han led the soldiers in the world to kill him, and kept the ceremony and righteousness to celebrate the death of the Lord. He held the king's head and watched Lu, Lu's father and brother surrender. When he was named Duke Lu, he died. Finally, the Duke of Lu went down, so King Gucheng was buried with the Duke of Lu. Hanwang went away in tears.
In addition, there are two places that claim to have the tomb of the overlord. One is Phoenix Mountain in wujiang town, Anhui Province, and there is a concubine grave nearby. Legend has it that Wang Xiang was buried here after committing suicide, and because of Xiang Yu's "split" wreckage and bloody clothes, it was called "the cenotaph". After the completion of the mausoleum, someone built a pavilion here to offer sacrifices, which was called "Xiangting". Founded in the early Tang Dynasty, in the third year of Shangyuan (762), calligrapher Li inscribed "The Temple of the West Chu Overlord". In the first year of Tang Huichang (84 1), Li Deyu, the prime minister, prefaced Wang Xiangting Fu, and Xu Xuan, a writer in southern Tang Dynasty, prefaced Wang Xiangting North. In the 29th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 159), the Xiang Yu Temple in Wujiang was named "Ying Hui Temple", which was renovated and expanded for many times. Later, it was repeatedly killed by soldiers and most of the buildings were destroyed. In the seventh year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty (1868), the statue of overlord was rebuilt. During the Cultural Revolution, statues and cemeteries were destroyed. 1984 Five halls were rebuilt, and a bronze statue of overlord was erected in the halls, with a height of 2.66 meters. Hanging on it is a plaque inscribed by calligrapher Tian Yuan, and couplets inscribed by Dani, vice chairman of China Calligraphers Association, calligrapher Lin Sanzhi and Zhao Puchu, vice chairman of CPPCC. Xiang Yu's tomb is oval and built with bluestone. The pines and cypresses in front of the tomb are lush. In front of the tomb, there is a tablet inscribed by Ming Wanli and Zhou, "Tomb of the King of the West Chu". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, poets such as Meng Jiao, Du Mu, Lu You and Wang Anshi also wrote poems here.
1. The tomb of Wuquan Village in Qufu, commonly known as "Wang Ba's Tomb", is located about 100 meters east of the northeast corner of the ancient city of Lu in the Western Zhou Dynasty in Qufu. The diameter of intact soil is about 50-60 meters, and the diameter of existing sealed soil is more than 30 meters, with an inclined height of more than 20 meters. The Qianlong edition of Qufu County Records records that it was built in the east of Lucheng, commonly known as Wang Ba's Tomb, and it is also called the Tomb of the Ancient City in local legends. The Textual Research on Queli Literature compiled by Kong Jifen, the sixty-ninth grandson of Confucius, in the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong recorded: "There is an ancient tomb in the northeast of Qufu City, commonly known as Bawangtou, which is said to be the first cloud of Xiang Yu." There are also legends of overlord stories in the local area, as well as poems written by celebrities. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, there was a poem "Praise of Overlord Grave": "Who knows that when Wujiang was defeated, the Lu people were still on the last minister's day and refused to learn from Han teachers behind closed doors."
So, where is the tomb of Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu in history? The author thinks that it is necessary to explore the real tomb of Xiang Yu according to the earliest historical materials. The earliest historical materials are Historical Records, that is, "Xiang Gong and Lu were buried in the old city", which clearly points out that Xiang Yu was buried in the old city. "Hanwang left in tears" further illustrates the credibility of Xiang Yu's burial in Gucheng. Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, is close to the Chu-Han War and should be the most detailed.
Historical records of ancient cities and related tombs of Xiang Yu
The "Gucheng" recorded in historical books is the later Gucheng, which is now Dong 'e Town in Pingyin County, not Dong 'e County today. Notes in Ci Hai: "In the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Qi cared about clothes, while the State of Qin called Gu Cheng, also called Xiao Gu, and Dong 'e County was established in the eighth year of Ming Hongwu". Gucheng County was established in the Han Dynasty, and the two counties and Dong 'a stood side by side, belonging to Dong 'an County. During the Northern Qi Dynasty, Gucheng entered Dong 'e County (now North Dong 'e Town of Old County). /kloc-in 0/6, Huang Kai, Emperor Yangdi, separated Yanggu County from the original Dong 'e County and named it Yanggu Pavilion, which was the boundary of the original Dong 'e County. Yanggu Pavilion is Yanggu Town of Qi State in the Spring and Autumn Period, located in the east of Wanggudian Village. Because it is located between Gushan (also known as Gucheng Mountain and Huangshan Mountain, north of Dong 'e Town in Pingyin County) and Gucheng (now Dong 'e Town), it is called Yanggu, Yanggu and Gucheng, which is different from Gucheng County in Xiangfan City, Hubei Province. In history, Dong 'e County moved its capital several times due to the flooding of the Yellow River, and moved to Gucheng in the eighth year of Ming Hongwu. There are many records about the tomb of Xiang Yu in Gucheng in history, such as Huang Lan edited by Wang Xiang and Liu Shao in the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms:
Xiangwangzhong is fifteen miles east of Gucheng County, belonging to the East County.
Notes on Water Classics by Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty (Volume 8: Saving Water);
Gucheng County borders on the north, with the bank of Jishui in the shade and Yushan in the south for more than 40 miles. Therefore, the "Spring and Autumn Annals" in the small ancient city also ... the county town has Huangshantai. Huang Shigong and Zhang Zifang Period. ..... Three miles northwest of the city, there is a half-destroyed tomb of Wang Yu, with a stone tablet named Wang Yu's tomb. "Huang Lan" goes to the county seat for fifteen miles in the cloud, which is also ridiculous. There is Xiangyu Mausoleum in the southwest of Guyangcheng in Pengcheng today, which is not true. According to historical records, I moved to Lu Shouchu, Hanwang showed the first feather, and Lu Nai fell, so I buried the feather with Lu in the old city, so I would rather call it it. Jishui goes north to the west of Zhoushouting ... north to the east of Linyi County ... Jishui goes north to the west of Pingyin City.
Wang Wei and Lee Tae's Kuodizhi in the early Tang Dynasty;
Yu Xiang Mausoleum is located twenty-seven miles east of Dong 'e County in Jeju and three miles west of Gucheng. It shows that Xiang Yu's tomb was destroyed three and a half miles northwest of Gucheng, and there is Jieshi "Xiangwang Tomb".
Music history of Taiping Universe in Northern Song Dynasty;
Xiang Yu's mausoleum is 70 miles east of Qixian County, and Emperor Gaozu was buried in the old city. Now there is a Xiangyu Mausoleum in the ancient city of Jibei, and there is a tomb here. According to "Han Ji", the feather was beheaded in Dongcheng, and Chu was determined to be immune, but he held a feather head for his father and brother to see at such a time. In Biography of Xiang Yu, five people, including Yang, were buried in this body, and Gucheng buried his head.
Gu s Records of Japanese Knowledge in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties;
"Historical Records" Emperor Gaozu buried the old city with him, that is, "the old city of northern Hebei".
In the Qing Dynasty, Xiangyu Mausoleum, the ancient city of Hongyou, also had the article "Tomb of the King of the West Chu in Dong 'e County" as a gift to Tu Wei, who arrived in Dong 'e County at night. Prince Changbai asked for the tomb of the overlord of the place of Xi Chu. It's sunny and beautiful, and it's full of wind and rain. Yuan Jian realized that the double ridges are clouds. Looking for the monument, I read that General Li died in the king, which was actually buried with him. Howling, history has not been moved, and five generations are in the same column. Let's talk about making Tianheng guest lift the loyalty of Chehu alone, and Peng Yuechen laments the west, which I really hate. The husband is the king of the world, only in Huaiyang. In the old Han Dynasty, Fan Zeng was born in the name of Jane and Xian, and his worries and worries were the same. -Chu state's legacy, buried the friendship of jade alone, the king's lover is here, and the general is loyal. Is the rise of knowledge, a dead man can do it, but it is more difficult for a person to follow than Xing Wang. God knows, why does that man hate it? So I ordered the wine from this village to drink the hero's soul. Master Zhao Chen's outline broke the distinction between ancient times and modern times. It can be seen that the gale of the Korean family has not been relaxed or suppressed. Is to remember.
The geographical locations of the ancient city and Xiang Yu Mausoleum recorded in the above historical books are consistent with the present situation. Dong 'e County Records also includes:
Han xiang yuan Mausoleum is in the south of the county seat, and the Emperor Wu destroyed Chu, while Lu was still guarded by Xiang Yu, so he surrendered to Lu Bing. So he was buried with him in Gucheng. Huang Lan said, "There is a Xiangyu Mausoleum fifteen miles east of Gucheng County." "Water Mirror Notes" said: "In Lisan, northwest of the ancient city, there is a king's grave. There is a deposit in Shijie, and "Huanglan" is not true. The Book Collection is located in the northwest of Lisan ancient city, and covered with water mirrors. It is noted in Hanshu that since the Song Dynasty, Gushu County was called Wang Xiang's burial place by the Song Dynasty, which is untrue.
In addition, it is also recorded in Zi Tongzhi Jian. Dong 'e County Records said that Wang Xiang's tomb was in the south of the county, and the name of "old city" in western Shandong no longer existed in Ming and Qing Dynasties, so it was said to be in the south of the county. The site of the ancient city near Xiang Yu's mausoleum is now the site of the ancient city in the Zhou and Han Dynasties. The "Huanglan cloud is untrue" referred to in the county annals should be based on the geographical location of the ancient city, which is actually "untrue".
The ancient city is a famous city in history. During the Warring States Period, the adultery scandal between Qi Xianggong and his half-sister Wen Jiang (Lu Huangong's wife) happened here. They used to play here for more than a month. In the spring of the thirty-second year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, Duke Zhuang of Lu sent Ding Fu to build a city for Guanzhong as his private town called Xiaogu. During the period of Lunuo and in AD 3, Lu Xigong made two alliances with Duke Qi, Duke Song, Jiang Guoren and Huang Guoren in the old city to discuss the crusade against Chu. 1 1 In the summer of, he and his wife Jiang met Qi Hou here. In the spring of 28 years, the State of Qi captured Gucheng because of Chu and joined forces with the State of Jin to resist Chu. In April this year, Jin and Chu fought in Chengpu, and Chu was defeated. 8 jin j came back after a few days in Gucheng. Lu Wengong 65438+In June 2007, Lu Wengong and Qi were in Gucheng. In July, Duke Wen of Lu returned to his hometown from the valley.
In the winter of Lu 14, Gongsun's return to his father was held in Gucheng. He also met Yan and talked with him about Lu's etiquette and music. Lv Chenggong 17 1 1, Doctor Qi rebelled against Gucheng. When Qin Shihuang was emperor, the whole country was divided into 36 counties, and Gucheng belonged to northern Hebei county. In Emperor Gaozu 12, Prime Minister Sean followed the emperor to the north of China. He got this yellow stone at the foot of the ancient city and used it as a treasure hall.
We can still see the ruins of this ancient city, which is located at the east of Wanggudian Village in the old county 1000 meters. It is basically a square, 800 meters from east to west and 900 meters from north to south. Surrounded by mountains in the east, south and north, there are two east-west landscape ditches passing through the site. The soil is a mixture of yellow clay and mountain slope deposits, and the thickness of cultural layer is between 1.5m and 4.5m. The objects exposed on the surface include sand pottery fragments, sand Tao Ge feet, mud-gray pottery pieces, bean bowls, braised clods and a large number of mussels, and there are large ash pits left, which are Shang and Han sites. This site is about a "small valley" in the Spring and Autumn Period. Near Xiang Yu's mausoleum, it is also an ancient Shang and Han ruins area, 80 meters from east to west and 0/50 meters from north to south/kloc. It is a mountain terrace with a cultural layer of about 6 meters thick. The physical objects exposed on the surface are mussel slices, reddish-brown mixed sand Tao Ge feet, and the mouth of muddy gray pottery urn. Some of them are decorated with rope patterns. It proves that this area was a residential area in the early days, and it also proves the real existence of the ancient city in history. The existence of Xiang Yu's mausoleum, an old county and township, is not a historical fact, but only a burial of Xiang Yu's head. In ancient times, if a person was beheaded, head burial would prevail. It is as old as the tomb of the soldier God Chiyou. After the defeat of the Yellow Emperor in the Chiyou Cup, he was taken to the Yellow Emperor's army and killed under the drum. In order to prevent him from becoming a demon, the Yellow Emperor dismembered Chiyou's body and buried it in different places to prevent him from rebelling underground. So today, there are human-god tombs in Yuncheng, Shandong, Julu County, Hebei, Cheng 'an, Shanxi and Yuncheng. However, there are many historical records in the past dynasties, "in Kanxiang Township, Shouzhang County, Dongping, which is 70 feet high and is often worshipped by the people in October. The air there is as red as crimson silk. People call it the Chiyou Banner because it is where his head is buried. In ancient times, people often offered sacrifices to Chiyou in October. There are no sacrifices elsewhere, such as his shoulders and moustache. The so-called wooden corpse was also unearthed in the ancient city of Loulan. Only the head, body and lower limbs of the deceased were carved out of wood, and wooden sticks were used instead of arms. This is the case. If a person from his hometown dies in a foreign land, relatives and friends can only take his head back to his hometown and bury it in a tree. This is the first and represents the human soul. So this is the real Xiangyu Mausoleum. As for Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, he also praised Xiang Yu as a hero. It is not known whether he is worthy of a complete body.
As for the "Tomb of Overlord" and "Tomb of Overlord" in Anhui, Hezhou and Qufu, it was related to Xiang Yu's suicide in Wujiang and Lucheng (Qufu) at that time. Some ancestors pointed out that these two cemeteries are the "crown tombs" of Xiang Yu, but they are not the real Xiangyu Mausoleum. This is the tomb of the overlord in the old county and township, which is empty for future generations to commemorate or imagine meeting according to legends and stories. Another example is Cheng in the Tang Dynasty. After his death, he was buried with Zhaoling in Shaanxi, but his tomb was in his hometown, near Lashan Village, only his clothes were buried, and it was later thought to be built in memory of him.
The relationship between Dongping and Xiang Yu
Today's Dong 'e and other old counties and townships were once one of Xiang Yu's base areas. Because of the importance of Dongping's geographical location, that is, "Qilu in the east, Yan State in the north, Zhao Wei in the west and Linjiang in the south", it has become a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties. For hegemony, most of them took Dongping. Xiang Yu, the overlord of Chu, took Dongping, that is, southwest Shandong, as one of the base areas and swept the Central Plains.
Xiang Yu was born in the fifteenth year of the first emperor (the first 232 years) and was from Suqian City, Jiangsu Province. He is more than eight feet tall, can lift the tripod, and is more talented than ordinary people. Xiang's family was General Chu, hence the name Xiang. His grandfather Xiang Yan was an official in the Qin Dynasty, and his father was Xiang Liang. When Qin Shihuang visited Huiji and passed through Zhejiang, Xiang Yu met the King of Qin and said to Xiang Liang, "We should replace him." This shows that Xiang Yu is ambitious.
In the first year of Qin Ershi (the first 209 years), Xiang Liang and his uncle Xiang Yu revolted in Huiji, and their ranks grew gradually, plotting to usurp the throne and making Xiong Xin, the eldest son of Chu, Chu Huaiwang. Journey to the south, enter Qilu. Camfrog (a salt-free county in Dongping) was captured first, and then the troops of Qi Jiang Tian Rong and Tsukasa Tsuyoshi Che went to rescue Dong 'e (a county in Dongping), defeated Qin Jun in Dong 'e, and defeated Qin Jun near Dong 'e, which was the starting point of the strength of the Chu army in World War I in Dong 'e. The Chu army was based in Dong 'e region, stationed troops in the city and struck Qin Jun four times. Xiang Liang wanted to unite the Qi army to the west, but Tian Rong refused to send his troops because of the relative position of Qi, so Xiang Liang sent Pei Gong Liu Bang and Xiang Yu to attack Yang and massacre the city. Continue westward, take Puyang, attack Dingtao, capture cities along the way until Qiu Yong, and then turn around and attack the Yellow River.
The battle of Dingtao, that is, in October of the third year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (2 17), Xiang Liang was killed. Chu Huaiwang appointed his favorite general as the upper general and Xiang Yu as the lower general, and sent troops to save Zhao. Other generals belonged to Yi Song, known as the champion of Qing Zi, and Xiang Yu was slightly out of power. The troops arrived in Anyang and stayed for 46 days without moving forward. Xiang Yu thought that the situation of Zhao was critical. "Chu should attack from outside, Zhao should attack from inside, and it will be broken." He immediately took up the battle. Yi Song thought it would be better to sit on the mountain and watch the tigers fight. Whoever wins or loses is beneficial to the Chu army, so he scoffed at Xiang Yu: "The husband is determined and sharp, and his righteousness is not as good as the public; Sitting and moving is not as good as justice. " Because he ordered the army to say "fierce as a tiger, ruthless as a sheep and greedy as a wolf", all those who did not listen to the order were beheaded, thus threatening Xiang Yu. Yi Song was selfish, because there was no prime minister in Qi, so under the influence of the Chu army, he sent his son Song Xiang to Qi as prime minister and personally sent him to the salt-free drinking high meeting. It was cold and rainy, and the soldiers were cold and hungry. Xiang Yu said, "We joined forces to attack the State of Qin, but he didn't last long. At this age, hunger and cold, foot soldiers eat taro, and the army has no food, but it is a high drinking meeting. If Qin takes Zhao, it will be strong. Ding Tao was defeated for the time being, Wang Huai was restless, and the whole army gathered in Yi Song. National security is at stake. Today, I don't care that soldiers and I are private people, not ministers of a country. "In the early morning of November, Xiang Yu suddenly broke into the tent and beheaded it. Externally, he said that Song Yi and anti-Chu secretly made me punish him. All the generals are dressed in gorgeous costumes, so they dare not take a fork in the road. It is said that at the beginning, the family established Chu, and now it is a riot, so I support Xiang Yu's acting general. So Xiang Yu seized power and sent people after Yi Song's son until he was killed without salt. In desperation, Xiang Yu was appointed as a general, and both Dangyang Army and General Pu belonged to Xiang Yu.
Xiang Yu killed the champion of Qing Zi, and had a great influence on Chu, commanding the whole army and being famous as a vassal. Xiang Yu inspired the Chu army, so that "Chu soldiers should be soldiers, Chu soldiers called for action, and the princes and troops were afraid." Cross the Zhanghe River, cross the rubicon, and defeat Qin Jun, with Xiang Yu as the leader of the governors, and summon the governors and generals. When they entered the military gate, they all walked on their knees, and no one dared to look up. From then on, Xiang Yu really became the general of the vassal, and all the vassals were subordinate to him.
Later, Xiang Yu captured Xianyang, Qin Dou, claiming that Wang Huai was king, enfeoffed the world and made the general a vassal. Later, Xiang Yu relied on the land of Dongyuan to counter-rebel, collected all the territory of Qilu, and then took Shandong as the largest base area in the Central Plains. After Liu Bang left Chu and was called Hanwang, Chu and Han fought and fought many times near Dongyuan. For example, in 205 BC, Xiang Yu led the troops to "go to Chengyang (now Heze), enter Gucheng, and fight Tian Rong in northern Hebei", and then "break the Han army, the Han army left, enter the valley and Surabaya, and kill more than 100,000 Han soldiers". However, Xiang Yu was defeated by Liu Bang because he was "proud of his merits, bravely pursuing private wisdom, and did not learn from the lessons of the past". In the fifth year (the first 202 years), the great-grandfather Liu Bang committed suicide in Wujiang (now Hexian County, Anhui Province), at the age of 3 1 year. Wang Ming took Wang Xiang's head, and other cavalry trampled on each other for Wang Xiang's body. Dozens of people were killed because of the fight. Finally, the card shark rode Yang and Sima, and the card shark Lv Sheng and Yang Wu each got a limb. Five people get together and put their limbs together. Exactly. Thus, Xiang Yu's land was divided into five pieces.
Scholars, poets and administrative officials of past dynasties also paid their respects, such as Yu and Wang in Song Dynasty, Zhao Bangyan in Ming Dynasty and Gu in Qing Dynasty. Among them, Zhang Fang, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, has two poems about the tomb of Xiang Wang, one of which is: "One hundred and twenty Qin orphans, eight thousand sweeping Kunwu. There is a barren grave around the mountain, and there is no water around Qingxi. For thousands of years, flowers and plants have been fascinated by the past, and elves of different generations want to be men. Li Junzheng is in the autumn, and the history of spring is unknown and asks the old man. " Yu Yue, a native of Deqing who was born as a Jinshi in the Qing Dynasty, also wrote in the poem "Xiangwang Tomb" that "I have given my head to the guests, and there is still a soul fighting for death". Every time I go to Tomb-Sweeping Day, the villagers will gather here to pay homage. Xiang Yu started from the folk, destroyed Qin in three years, enfeoffed the princes, and called himself "overlord". Although his position is short, he is "unknown recently". His heroic deeds of "pulling out mountains with great strength and inspiring the deaf" have also been passed down through the ages. "Life is a hero, and death is also a ghost hero. I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong. The heroic story "Bold and Beautiful" was written by Chinese and foreign scholars as Farewell My Concubine. Political harmony and cultural prosperity, celebrity culture effect is an important resource that can not be ignored in China's efforts to promote tourism with cultural relics, promote economy with tourism, and dig deep into the history and culture of Dongping ancient culture.