"Bamboo cigarettes are sold for nothing, and Guanhe locks Zulongju. The pit ash is not cold and Shandong is chaotic, and Liu Xiang does not study. " Mao Zedong, the author of this five-character quatrain, once asked his office secretary Link to check whether it was the work of a poet in the late Tang Dynasty. This shows the seriousness of Mao's work. The title of the poem is Book Burning Pit, and some versions are called Book Burning Pit Poetry. Author Jason, some people say it is the late Tang Dynasty, others say it is the Tang and Five Dynasties. In fact, these may have some significance for people who study archaeology or literary history, but they don't matter to us ordinary people.
The main idea of the poem is that Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism. The "bamboo and silk" in the poem refers to the printed matter of the book, which was the carrier of the words at that time. "Zulong" refers to Qin Shihuang. It is said that an old man told Qin Shihuang's men that "Zulong should die", and Qin Shihuang thought that "Zulong" meant himself. "Zulong" is often used to refer to Qin Shihuang in later works, which probably comes from this. "Shandong" refers to the place east of Xiaoshan, especially the Yellow River basin east of Xiaoshan. "Liu Xiang" refers to Liu Bang and Xiang Yu. Liu Xiang also reads a little. Xiang Yu has also read some art books. The poet's original intention should refer to Chen Sheng and Guangwu, but Chen Wu's fame is far less than that of Liu Xiang, and although Liu Xiang has read a little book, it is not much, so two people are used instead. Judging from their words and deeds, they probably haven't read many books on Confucian poetry, otherwise they wouldn't rebel. Seeing Qin Shihuang's trip, Liu Bang said: So should a gentleman. Xiang Yu said: He can replace it. This is obviously not Confucian style.
After Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor, a doctor thought that emperors should be graded. Only in this way can the emperor's industry be guaranteed forever. Qin Shihuang expressed serious disagreement. Later, some Confucian scholars got together to discuss current politics and pretended that the past was not the present, which annoyed their husbands, thus resulting in the notorious burning of books to bury Confucianism. Now it seems that the suggestions of Confucian scholars may not be in line with the actual situation, but some scholars are passionate. In the Han dynasty, the system of enfeoffment was established, and the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion occurred. Jin also engaged in the enfeoffment system, causing the chaos of the eight kings. The difference is that the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms did not hurt the vitality of the Han Dynasty, and after the chaos of the Eight Kings, Jin was in chaos, which was only a temporary corner in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Confucian scholars were buried, books were burned, and Xianyang, the capital, was guarded by Hanguguan and the Yellow River. "Who cares if I believe Chen Libing?" The "princes and grandchildren" of the six countries "resigned from the downstairs hall and came to Qin". Weapons that must be used in rebellion are also "sold as gold people." So Qin Shihuang felt that "the inheritance of emperors from generation to generation." So he built Epang Palace, which is "within one day, between palaces, but the climate is uneven" and "more than 300 miles". Qin Shihuang wanted to break his head. What he couldn't figure out was that only four years after burning books and burying Confucianism, there was a saying that "the hometown of osawa is a banner of righteousness" and "Pei has entered Chang 'an before the new Afang wall is dry". In a blink of an eye, the dream of "a torch, poor scorched earth" and "leveling six countries into one state" came to an end in just a few years. Not those Confucian scholars who like gossiping and decorating the past, but "Liu Xiang" who doesn't study.
Blog from Sun Aiguo.
Personal opinion, this is the understanding of modern people. I think it's best to think in connection with the following questions.
0 1 ideological dictatorship and ignorance policy: ideological rule
The social status and function of intellectuals.
The conflict between Confucianism and Legalism
Defects of Qin Dynasty's Theory of Governing the Country with Law as the Respect
sysytem?of?enfeoffment
The tyranny of Qin Shihuang
Reasons for the outbreak of peasant uprising movement
The sudden demise of the Qin dynasty
The failure of Qin dynasty's ruling policy left a historical lesson for later generations.
The Rising Achievements of Historical Heroes in Turbulent Times —— The Relationship between Reading and Not Reading (Confucianism)
Historical evaluation of historical events and historical figures
The way of national rise and fall
The Choice of Governing the Country and How to Govern Intellectuals
..... Zhang Jie's poem "Book Burning Pit"
Basic information
Jason's Calligraphy Works of Book Burning Pit
[3] The name "book burning pit" was written by Zhang Jie in the late Tang Dynasty.
original work
Book burning pits, bamboo and cigarettes are sold for nothing, and ancestral homes lock the river. Liu Xiang didn't study before the Grey Cold Shandong Rebellion. [4]
works appreciation
This poem satirizes and mercilessly condemns Qin Shihuang's tyrannical behavior of burning books in view of the turmoil at the end of Qin Dynasty. In 2 13 BC (the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang), Prime Minister Li Si was adopted as a memorial service and ordered to collect and burn Confucian poems, books and hundreds of books nationwide. Those who don't burn for 30 days after the order are punished as hard labor to build the city, which has caused a cultural catastrophe in the history of China. The book burning pit is said to be the cave where books were burned in those days. The former site is on Lishan Mountain in the southeast of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. Jason wrote this poem because he was there, moved by his eyes and his feelings. Poetry touches on the theme from the beginning. In the first sentence, the contradiction was revealed in slightly exaggerated language: bamboo and silk turned to ashes and disappeared, and Qin Shihuang's imperial industry also perished, as if his world was burning in the book burning pit. This sentence is mixed with narration and discussion, which is bright and dark, real and virtual. "Bamboo Cigarette Pin" is a real text, with images visible. "Bamboo and silk" is the material for writing books in ancient times, which refers to books here. "Imperial industry is empty" is empty writing. This kind of alternate expression of reality and reality is very attractive. The meaning of the second sentence "the imperial occupation is empty" goes further, saying that although the river is dangerous, it cannot defend Qin Shihuang's palace in the capital. "Guanhe" mainly refers to Hanguguan and the Yellow River, but it also includes other passes and rivers, such as Sanguan, Xiaoguan, Jinghe, Weihe, Xiaoshan and Huashan. Jia Yi commented on Qin: "Qin thought that mountains and rivers were solid, and it was also a country with four blockades." It is said that "river closure" summarizes all the geographical obstacles that can be relied on. Although there are many mountains and rivers around Xianyang and Qin Dou, they still can't be closed. Therefore, On Crossing the Qin Dynasty says, "Qin people don't guard against danger, beams don't close, halberds don't stab, crossbows don't shoot. Chu Shi went deep and fought in Hong Men, and the barriers were not difficult. " No matter how strong the "fence" is, it can't stop the insurgents from marching. The poem sums up the historical facts of the turmoil in the late Qin dynasty and even the death of Qin dynasty with the phrase "sealing the river and locking the ancestors", which is concise and profound; And the image is now out, and the abstract concept of "imperial industrial deficiency" is written with emotion and scenery, description and comment, which is very memorable. "Zulong" refers to Qin Shihuang. The substitution of "Zulong" for "the first emperor" here is not simply the pursuit of allusions, but the need for expression and performance. A legend is recorded in Historical Records of Qin Shihuang: In the thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang, a man of God said to the messenger of Qin State, "Zulong died this year." The messenger reported back to the first emperor, who listened and said nothing for a long time. Later, he explained himself: "The ancestors of dragons came first." Qin Shihuang wanted to be the ancestor of the "dragon" for generations. At this time, the river changed hands, and the word "Zulong" was reversed, which added new ideas and became a wonderful satire on Qin Shihuang, and it was tortuous and literary, in line with the charm of poetry. The third question is to further judge the matter of "burning books" with historical facts. Qin Shihuang, Li Si and others regarded "books" as a curse, and believed that burning books could eliminate disasters, and the world was peaceful from then on. As a result, it backfired, and the victorious Qin Dynasty soon fell into a precarious situation. "Not cold" is an exaggeration to highlight the absurdity of burning books. In fact, it was four years since Chen burned books and Guang raised the flag for the first time in osawa Township. The last sentence expresses opinions and feelings. Shandong rebellion lasted for a period of time, and the Qin Dynasty finally died at the hands of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu. One of the two men has been in the market for a long time, and the other is a professional. Neither of them is a scholar. It can be seen that "book" is not necessarily a curse, and "burning books" is not necessarily an effective measure to consolidate "the inheritance of later emperors" (on Qin Dynasty). Saying that "Liu Xiang doesn't study" can destroy Qin's "burning books" is simply a teasing tone, which contains extremely spicy irony. Starting with "bamboo and silk" and ending with "book", the ends are connected like rings, which is round and natural. It is really not easy for argumentative poetry to analyze things and show images. This poem adopts a comic expression: revealing contradictions and putting Qin Shihuang in a position of self-denial. This writing seems euphemistic and calm on the surface, but in fact the attitude of opposition and hatred is very clear. If this is the expression of "complaining without anger", then it is also a successful artistic technique. [4]
Brief introduction of the author
Zhang Jie was a poet in the late Tang Dynasty. Originally from Tonglu (now Tonglu County, Zhejiang Province), he moved to Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province). In 874 A.D. (15th year of Xian Tong), it was famous for its poems, but it was tried and tested. Then I ran aground and didn't know where to go. Because of the ups and downs of life, Zhang Jie's poems are full of criticism. In 877 AD (the fourth year of Gan Fu), Gao Xiang, assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites, paid tribute to Shao Anshi whom he knew as a scholar, but he fell behind again, so he angrily wrote the poem "Looking at the Happiness in the East" to stab the shortcomings in the late Tang Dynasty. The poet has seven methods and created his own variation, which was imitated by people at that time. Fang Gan praised his poem: "Although brocade is used in the old machine, it is more novel to pick up samples." (Jinshi Zhang Qi). The Complete Tang Poetry recorded 26 poems and compiled them into one volume.
Source Baidu Encyclopedia