1. Han Yu (768-824), one of the eight great poets in the Tang and Song Dynasties, was a writer in the Tang Dynasty. In other words, they often call themselves Changli people, so they are called Han Changli in the world. Born in Heyang (now Meng County, Henan Province), he was under two years old and his mother died. At the age of three, my father died again. Raised by my brother and sister-in-law, my brother died suddenly at the official residence when he was eleven. Since then, Han Yu has lived alone with his sister-in-law and nephew. He studied hard since he was a child and wrote thousands of words in his diary. /kloc-Before he was 0/9 years old, he had read widely and learned a hundred things through the Six Classics. /kloc-I went to Beijing to take the exam at the age of 0/9 and failed the exam three times. It was not until I was twenty-five that I was admitted to Jinshi. Xuan also took the formal exam, but three attempts failed. After living in Chang 'an for ten years, I didn't find a job. At the age of twenty-nine, he decided to leave Chang 'an and go to Bianzhou (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) to be the chief of staff of Dong Jin, the Xuanwu ambassador, and Zhang Jianfeng, the Xuzhou Wuning ambassador. At the age of 35, he returned to Beijing and was appointed as a doctor in four schools. Thirty-six years old, worship the suggestion. Because of the disaster in Guanzhong, he wrote to beg for mercy and was demoted to Yangshan (now Guangdong) rank. At the age of 39, he was recalled as Dr. Guo Zi. At the age of fifty, he was promoted to assistant minister of punishments for his meritorious service with Pei Du.
In the fourteenth year of Yuanhe, he was demoted to the secretariat of Chaozhou (now Chaoan, Guangdong) for admonishing with Buddhist bones. Mu Zong acceded to the throne, returned to Beijing in Taiwan, worshipped imperial academy as a drink offering, served as assistant minister of the Ministry of War, and served as assistant minister of the official department. Known as the Korean official department. Politically, Han Yu neither agreed with Wang's ideas of the Reform School nor opposed the separatist regime in the buffer region. He admired Confucianism ideologically and cared more about people's illness. In literature, he advocated inheriting the prose tradition of Qin and Han Dynasties, opposed parallel prose since the Six Dynasties, advocated prose style, and was an advocate of the ancient prose movement together with Liu Zongyuan. Advocate "literature carries Tao", "integration of literature and Taoism" and give priority to Tao. Learning ancient Chinese advocates "learning its meaning but not its words" (in reply to Liu's letter). Emphasize that the language of the article should be original and serve the expressed ideological content; "You must come from yourself, not from the words of your predecessors" (Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu) and "Do what Chen says" (Answer to Li Yishu). Articles should be concise and appropriate, sentences should be natural and fluent, and words should be "orderly" (Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu).
Han Yu used his rich creation and practice to understand his literary thoughts. Many of his more than 340 beautiful articles are rich in content and novel in style, which are highly ideological and artistic in narrative, discussion and lyricism. Later generations commented on his prose, "Like the Yangtze River, it flows like a mighty river" ("Su Xun on Ouyang Connotation"). His argumentative essays, in particular, are often to the point and combative when propagating his Confucianism. For example, The Original Road, The Original Regret, The Teacher's Commentary and Miscellaneous Comments, among which The Teacher's Commentary is a famous article that resists the coldness of the world and criticizes the disadvantages of the times, with strong feelings and irrefutable arguments. It brilliantly discusses the truth that "a scholar must have a teacher" and the narrative of "a teacher must have a teacher", whether writing people, taking notes or expressing them. For example, Zhang Zhongcheng's biography, offering sacrifices to Twelve Lang, and sending Li Yuan and Pangu a preface. Among them, "Ode to Twelve Lang" is full of affection in the details, and its crying is heartbreaking and touching, and it is known as "the single tune of the Millennium". The article "Preface to Send Li Yuan to Pangu" is lively. With the help of Li Yuan, a hermit, he satirized the meanness, extravagance and greed of the officialdom in the Tang Dynasty, and was praised as the first famous piece in the Tang Dynasty by Su Dongpo in the Song Dynasty. Han Yu is listed as the first of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties", and is mentioned with Du Fu, and is known as "Du Fu's Poems of North Korea". He also made new explorations in poetry creation. The so-called "writing as poetry" is unique and creates the poetic style of "reasoning poetry school" with rhyme.
Of course, his poems also have the shortcomings of prose and discussion, which have a bad influence on later generations. Han Yu is also an enthusiastic educator. He can go against the trend at that time and actively guide backward learning. He "learned at the call" and "resisted the face and became a teacher" (Liu Zongyuan answered Wei Zhongli's book "Teacher's Way"), paying special attention to education and training young writers. He said in the article "Answer to Li Yishu": "A strong root is actually ... a loud voice suitable for short speeches and loud voices." The so-called "root" or "qi" refers to the writer's ideological cultivation and personality cultivation, emphasizing the writer's moral cultivation and literary cultivation, which is very important for doing a good job in creation. Today, it still has its progressive significance. Collected works of Mr. Changli, 40 volumes, volume 10.
Second, Liu Zongyuan (773-8 19), an eight-person master in Tang and Song Dynasties, was born in Hedong (now Yongji County, Shanxi Province). In the early years of Zhenyuan, he was a scholar and an official overseer of the empire. During the reign of Emperor Shunzong, Wang was in power. He served as the minister of rites and was determined to carry out political reform. Soon, Wang failed, and he was demoted to Yongzhou Sima and transferred to Liuzhou Secretariat. He lived in the south for fourteen years and died in Liuzhou.
Liu Zongyuan is an outstanding thinker. He carried out political activities with positive enthusiasm and outstanding talent. Although the political reform failed, the situation after middle age was even more miserable, but it gave Liu Zongyuan an opportunity to go deep into life, get close to the people and reflect on history, thus making him an outstanding essayist and poet. He and Han Yu are two main advocates of the ancient prose movement. But in a sense, the positive significance of Liu Zongyuan's ideological progress seems to be inferior to Han Yu's conservative consciousness.
In Liu Zongyuan's poems, there are a lot of poems expressing personal anguish and sadness of leaving home. From these poems, we can see how a man with ideals and integrity was brutally persecuted in an unreasonable dark society! The multi-faceted description of the life of ethnic minorities in southwest China has become a unique novel theme in Liu's poems. There is a very strong local flavor and atmosphere here. As for the short poems depicting natural scenery, such as Jiang Xue and Fisherman, they are well-known masterpieces. He is the author of forty-five volumes of Liuhe Dongji and two volumes of Waiji.
3. Ouyang Xiu (1007- 1072), a famous alcoholic in Tang and Song Dynasties, was also named Liu Yiju and Luling (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi) in his later years. Song Renzong tiansheng eight years (1030) Jinshi, tired of knowing the imperial edict, Hanlin bachelor. During the reign of Emperor Yingzong, the official went to the Tang dynasty and participated in the discussion of state affairs. The Zongshen dynasty moved the Ministry of War ministers and took Prince Shao Shi as the official. A pawn is Wen Zhong. He advocated political and literary innovation. He was not only a supporter of Fan Zhongyan's New Deal in Li Qing, but also a leader of the New Poetry Movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. The creative achievements are also considerable, and poems, words and essays are the best at the moment. He is also happy to reward and punish backward, Su Shi and his son, Ceng Gong and Wang Anshi are all out of his door. His poems mainly focus on romantic feasts, hurting the spring and complaining about parting, showing a profound and beautiful style. Ci collection includes Gong Jin Yuefu by Ouyang Wenzhong and Qinqu by Zuiweng.
Fourth, Wang Anshi (102 1- 1086), a statesman, thinker and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. Character Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival. Linchuan was born in Fuzhou (now Jiangxi). Injong Li Qing Jinshi. In the third year of Jiayou (1058), he advocated political reform, demanding to change the situation of "accumulating poverty and accumulating weakness", implement the policy of enriching the people in Qiang Bing, restrain the merger of bureaucratic landlords, strengthen the ruling power, prevent large-scale peasant uprising and consolidate the rule of the landlord class. In the second year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1069), he took part in political affairs. The following year, he became prime minister, relying on Zongshen to carry out political reform. And support Xihe and other five States to improve the situation of fighting Xixia. The new law was opposed by conservatives. Xining was dismissed in seven years. Re-phased in the following year; After nine years' resignation, he still lives in Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), renamed Gong Jing, and was known as Gong Jing. Obituary of death.
He emphasized that "power changes with time" and opposed conservatism. He was a reformer in China in the 1 1 century. He advocated "absolutely seeking the right, so managing the affairs of the world", and set up a special bureau for scholars and disciples to compile the new meanings of each classic into the final version of recitation. The new meanings of the three classics, Poetry, Book and Zhou Guan, are the most important, and Zhou Guan Xin Yi can especially explain the New Deal theory. His poems and essays exposed the disadvantages of the times, reflected social contradictions, and reflected his political opinions and ambitions. Prose is vigorous and powerful, and it was listed as one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" in the old days. Poetry is vigorous and fresh. Although there are not many words, the style is high, and "Gui Zhi Huajinling Nostalgia" is quite famous. Many of his works, such as Zi Shuo and Zhong Shan Tu Lu, have been lost. Wang's Linchuan Ji, Lin Shiyi and San Jing all contain the remnants of Zhou Guan and Lao Zi Zhu.
5. Su Xun (1009- 1066), a famous essayist in the Song Dynasty, was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now meishan county, Sichuan). According to legend, "Sue started to get angry at the age of 27" and didn't get angry until the age of 27. He failed in the examinations of Jinshi and maocai, which prompted him to study harder, and reached the state where all six classics were known and thousands of words were written in an instant. Song Renzong arrived in Bianjing (now Kaifeng) from Sichuan with his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe in the 4th year of Jiayou (1059). Ouyang Xiu, a bachelor of Hanlin, dedicated his 22 works (namely, Two Strategies, Ten Books on the Right Guard and Ten Books on Balance) to Emperor Renzong, and Prime Minister Han Qi also thought his articles were well written and recommended them to the court. So Renzong asked him to try him at the Scheeren House. But he didn't take the exam on the pretext of being ill. Because of his talent, Injong was awarded the position of secretary and provincial proofreader, and later invited him to attend the ceremony book, which became a hundred volumes of "Taichang Yin Ge Li". He died after this book was written. Su Xun's works include Jia, his son Su Shi (the word Zi Zhan,? No. Dongpo Jushi is the author of Complete Works of Dongpo and Zhi Lin of Dongpo, and Su Zhe is the author of Luancheng Collection. Both father and son are famous for their prose, and later generations are collectively called "three sows".
Su Xun lived in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were sharp and complicated. At that time, the nobles of Liao (Qidan) and Xixia (Tangut, a branch of Tibetan) in the north extended their influence to the mainland and often waged wars against the Northern Song Dynasty. In order to concentrate on suppressing the resistance of the internal people, the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty adopted a policy of humiliation and peace. In the first year of Jingdezhen, Song Zhenzong (1004), it entered into a "love alliance" with Liao, and the Song Dynasty exported silver10002 and 200,000 silks to Liao every year. In the second year of Song Renzong (1042), Liao School and Liu sent envoys to Song Dynasty to divide the land in ten counties south of Jinyang (now Taiyuan, Shanxi) and Waqiao (now Yishui, Xiongxian, Hebei). As a result, the alliance added 100 thousand taels of silver and 100 thousand silks, which was called "Na". As for Xixia, in three years (1043), (the owner of Xixia) wrote to ask for peace, and Song promised to give Xixia 100,000 pieces of silver, 100,000 pieces of silk and 30,000 Jin of tea every year. Losing silver and things to them in the Song Dynasty is tantamount to cutting land and offering cities. After Su Xun arrived in Bianjing, he hated the surrender and concession route of Song Dynasty, and advocated fighting Liao and Xia, which led to the writing of Six Kingdoms.
6. Su Shi (1037-1kloc-0/01), one of the eight great poets in Tang and Song Dynasties, was born in meishan county, Sichuan. In the second year of Song Dynasty, when Ren Zongjia was studying, Wang Anshi promoted political reform. He held different political views, so he was sent to Hangzhou, Mizhou (now Zhucheng County, Shandong Province), Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places as local officials. Later, Luo Zhi, a member of the New Party, was imprisoned in the literary inquisition, and the Wutai Poetry Case arose from this. He was imprisoned in the historical court, rescued and released from prison, and was demoted to Huangzhou (now Huanggang County, Hubei Province) as the deputy envoy of Yingyong. After the old party came to power, it was recalled as a bachelor of Hanlin and a minister of rites. However, he did not agree with the old party and was excluded as a local official in Hangzhou and Yingzhou. When the qualitative change new party came to power again, Su Shi was demoted to Huizhou (now Huizhou, Guangdong) and Danzhou (now Danxian, Hainan Island). After Hui Zong acceded to the throne, he was pardoned to the north and died in Changzhou. Su Shi is a talented artist. He has made outstanding achievements in poetry, poetry, prose, calligraphy, painting and other artistic fields. His poems have a wide range of themes and dare to reflect real life. His ci opened up the realm of ci, and his style was both bold and graceful. His prose is free, flexible, lyrical and natural. Complete works of Dongpo.
Seven, eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties-Su Zhe (1039-1112) Meishan people in Meizhou (now Sichuan). In the second year of Jiayou (1057), he was a scholar with his brother Su Shi. God is the emperor of the dynasty and the official of the three divisions. He was promoted in Henan for opposing Wang Anshi's political reform. When he was a philosopher, he was called the secretary of the provincial school. In the first year of Yuan You's reign, he advised Right Division and served as an official, imperial adviser, minister and assistant minister. Later, due to the suffering of Zhezong and Yuanfeng, I learned about Ruzhou and moved to Leizhou for resettlement. Hui Lizong moved to Yongzhou and Yuezhou. Later, he was reinstated as a doctor in Taizhong, and then returned to Xuzhou as an official. Self-styled welcome legacy. A pawn, a stone man One of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties, he is as famous as his father Xun and other disciples. Good at writing raiders. Gong can also write lyrics, including fifty volumes of Ji Cheng in Lu 'an, twenty-four volumes of Postscript in Lu 'an, ten volumes of San Ji in Lu 'an and twelve volumes of Cheng Ying Evonne in Lu 'an.
Ceng Gong (10 19- 1083), one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, was born in Nanfeng (now Jiangxi) of Jianchang Army, and was a scholar in the second year of Jiayou (1057). He fully accepted Ouyang Xiu's idea of writing ancient prose first, and paid more attention to Tao than Ouyang Xiu. Therefore, among the eight writers, Ceng Gong's prose is not full of emotion and literariness. However, Zeng Wenyu is good at discussing, and his political essays are simple in language, incisive in argument and tortuous in reasoning, such as The Book of Xie Ren of Shang Ouyang, The Book of Shang Cai, The Preface of Ang Lee's Second Life and The Preface of Li An. Similar to Ouyang Xiuwen, narrative is often discussed. For example, Blood Donation and Ink Pool both talk about the past and the present in their narratives. Ceng Gong can also write poems. There are more than 400 poems in existence today, among which the achievements of the Seven Wonders are relatively high, but they are covered up by words and are not paid much attention to. Today, Yuanfeng Banzi has published 50 volumes of works with four series of shadow editions.