First of all, capital letters, lines, cursive characters and other fonts have been rapidly improved in a wide range of applications; Secondly, there are many great calligraphers with great influence in history, who have irreplaceable significance in the creation of styles and the establishment of models, and have profoundly influenced the development of China's calligraphy history; Finally, and most importantly, calligraphy, as many basic concepts of art, was revealed, which not only formed a theory, but also was put into practice, thus strengthening the artistry of calligraphy.
The development of calligraphy in this period can be described as follows: The Three Kingdoms is a transitional period; The Jin Dynasty (especially the Eastern Jin Dynasty) was in its heyday. Mr. Ma Zonghuo's A Tree Algae Book describes the significance of calligraphy in the Three Kingdoms in this way: Those in the Three Kingdoms also have a great turning point in the book. ? There are two main sources of this book. ? Its specific opinions may be debatable, but it is insightful to reveal the turning point of calligraphy in the Three Kingdoms. We say that its main development characteristics are transitional, which are shown in the following aspects: First, as far as related systems are concerned, many systems formulated by the three countries are important influencing factors for the later development of calligraphy. Secondly, in terms of the evolution of fonts, the development of letters and lines was in the Middle Ages during the Three Kingdoms period. Thirdly, judging from the calligraphers' situation, many calligraphers in the Three Kingdoms period actually grew up in the late Han Dynasty, while many calligraphers who grew up in the Three Kingdoms period entered the Western Jin Dynasty, so the characteristics of inheritance are very prominent.
The development of Wei calligraphy is relatively normal, which is related to the love of Cao Cao, Emperor Wu. There are many calligraphers around him, such as Zhong You, Liang Hu, Dan Wei, Han Danchun and Wei Ji. More importantly, in the tenth year of Jian 'an, the stele ban was promulgated, which curbed the application space of official script, but at the same time it can be said that it provided opportunities for the development of official script. This system was reaffirmed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and played a great role in the development of running script. Zhong You's pioneering contribution in the field of regular script laid a solid foundation for the later two kings and sons. Shu is unknown; Wu has made considerable achievements in cursive script, regular script and official script, especially several important inscriptions are the precursors of regular script.
official script
Mainly concentrated in Wei. The famous inscriptions include: playing Zun Hao, sitting on the meditation platform, Confucius tablet, Cao Zhen tablet, Fan tablet, JI Wang tablet, Wei Sanshi classic and so on. A common feature is a very obvious and tight stylized style: the trend of body shape begins to grow vertically; The formation of strokes has a strong regularity, and some rigid treatment methods have appeared, such as? Silkworm head? Some parts are often decorated with square corners, and the wave tail is often too complete and flamboyant. This situation reflects that in the new historical environment, people's understanding of official script is gradually becoming shallow and simple, and the decline of official script is inevitable. Mr. Qi Gong compared the official script of this period to bagasse, which is very vivid. It can be represented by "playing the trumpet"
Seal character
The number is very small, and there are two famous ones, both of which belong to the State of Wu. One is "Heaven sends God to the North", which is the biography of the emperor; One is "Mountain Monument of Zen Country", which is a biography of Su Jianshu.
Tianfa Oracle Monument, also known as Tianxi Jigong Monument, was written by Wu of the Three Kingdoms. Jin is divided into three sections, commonly known as? Three monuments? Jiaqing was destroyed by fire in ten years. Now the Palace Museum has rubbings of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the history of calligraphy in China, Tianfa Tablet is a very peculiar inscription. In terms of calligraphy, it is neither seal script nor official script, which is somewhere in between. This tablet is written in official script, with a knife head folded horizontally, a wave at the horizontal tail, a needle hanging vertically and a turning point. If there is a cliff, the characters will be magnificent.
The style of "The Mountain Monument of Zen Country" is also unpredictable and fantastic. Some people think that this is the influence of Wu's regional atmosphere, which should be reasonable, but there may be deeper reasons? That is, the decline of seal script itself. As for their artistic value, Zhang Tingji in Qing Dynasty said. Wu's "Tian Ji Gong Bei" is magnificent, calm and cheerful, like breaking an ancient knife, like breaking an ancient hairpin. It has been indispensable since the Han Dynasty, and there can be no second best trace. ? Although it is too famous, the revelation of its aesthetic characteristics can be described as pertinent.
cursive script
The most outstanding cursive writer in the Three Kingdoms period was Emperor Xiang of Wu.
The emperor was born in Jiangdu, Guangling (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu). Life and death are unknown. Officials work in Zhongzhou and Qingzhou Secretariat. Zhang Huaiguan in the Tang Dynasty used his eight characters to enter the mystery, Xiao Zhuan to enter the energy and Cao Zhang to enter the spiritual product. Bao Qing Chen Shi said: The cursive script is only like the portrait of the emperor and the pen of Suo Jing, but it is vigorous and dense, almost surpassing the right army. ?
Handed down works include urgent chapter, stubborn post, civil and military official post and so on. , urgent chapter. The existing "urgent chapter" is based on the Yingchang edition of Ye Mengde in the next four years? Songjiang Ben? The most famous one is 1394. Its artistic features were best evaluated by Dou Yuan and Zhang Huaiguan in the Tang Dynasty. Yu Dou's Shu Shu Fu says:? Guangling Ming Xiu, a simple and ancient feeling, is hard to be poor and real, and it is necessary to learn. Like a dragon, like a scorpion, stretched out and recovered. ? Zhang Huaiguan's book "Broken" says: The official script of the right army has a different shape and all the characters; Hugh Cao, in the same form as all the characters, made his own pole. ? It has always been an excellent model for learning from Cao Zhang.
regular script
There are three types of regular script handed down during the Three Kingdoms period: inscriptions, legal posts and bamboo slips.
Inscriptions are concentrated in the state of Wu, including Gulang Monument and Gefujun Monument. Judging from the physical situation, there is also the upright posture of the official script, and the strokes have all disappeared. I don't know whether the font has evolved to this extent or the handwriting is too poor. Qing Kang Youwei thinks? North and South should be traced back to Wu. Think of these two as? Really extreme? , especially GeFuJun memorial tablet? Especially the originator of the book? His theory was later inherited by the researchers of calligraphy history. Fa Tie is mainly the works of Guo Wei and Zhong You. The eldest son was born in Yingchuan Changshe (now Changgedong, Henan Province). Born in the first year of Yuanjia in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he died in the fourth year of Taihe, Wei Mingdi (A.D. 15 1 ~ 230). Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty was then assistant minister of Huangmen, Wei Guan was a teacher, and history called Zhong Taifu. He enjoys a high position in the history of calligraphy in China. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, he was called Zhang Zhi, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi. Sixian? Will you be called Wang Xizhi for a long time? Zhong Wang? . Yang Xin of Liu Song said that Zhong You was good at writing inscriptions, articles of association and notes, and immediately became an official script, regular script and running script. His greatest fame in history is lowercase letters, right? Father of books? The reputation of. At present, his books are mainly in lower case letters, and there are 10 kinds of * * *, namely He Jie Biao, Ji Zhi Biao, Shang Shu Xuan Biao, Li Ming Biao and Huan Biao, Tian Mu Bing Xie Tie, Bai Qi Tie, Chang Ku Tie, etc.
Liang Wudi of the Southern Dynasties thought that leisure was not as far as usual, and commented on his words:? Sadly, Zhong Huan's book is like a cloud, playing in the sea in the upper reaches of the sky, with dense lines. ? Say it again: Zhang Zhihe Zhong You is clever and funny, just like a god. . Yu Jianwu thinks his book? Nature comes first? . Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, thought that although Zhong You? The cloth is thick and dense, and the clouds are winding and comfortable. But only Wang Xizhi is perfect. Don Zhang Huaiguan's book Broken Thinking? True books are quaint, Tao and God are in harmony, so Yuan often comes first? . Say it again: Combining rigidity with softness, there are many differences between strokes, which can be described as profound and boundless, quaint and redundant. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, there has been only one person. ? What is Liu Qingxi thinking? His book is so exquisite that future generations can't reach it? .
Semi-cursive/running/calligraphy (China's calligraphy)
Strictly speaking, the running script can't be found in the Three Kingdoms period. According to the historical records, Zhong Xue's running script was written by Liu Desheng, with a sparse brushwork, but it was not handed down from generation to generation. The existing works close to the running script are bamboo slips unearthed in Wudi, which are the square wood of Wuying Tomb in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. Except for a few strokes such as Si and Chang Heng, there are signs of the remains of official script. No matter the structure or the continuous reduction of strokes, it is the scale of official script. From this point of view, it is possible to form a mature standard running script in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.