China was a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Beautiful words, Muslim lay in the evening. Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) people. Li Guan is a scholar, the master book of the country, the emblem of the exhibition hall to be produced soon, and the promotion of Sheng Da Palace (the organization that manages music). His life is briefly recorded in History of Song Dynasty, A Brief History of Dongdu and Records of Lin 'an County Chun. In modern times, Wang Guowei wrote the book "Mr. Muslim's Legacy" to sort out his life story.
When Zhou Bangyan was young, he was "frugal, not pushing his country, dabbling in hundreds of books" (History of Song Dynasty) and "down and out, dabbling in the history of books" (Story of Du Dong Literature and Art). In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Zongshen became the capital of Buyi Western Merchants (Xiping Music Preface) and entered imperial academy to study. In the seventh year (1084), Zhou Bangyan became "famous in the world" and became a scholar because of his contribution to Biandu Fu (Preface to the Collected Works of Mr. Halal). Since then, Yang Guifei's life has been ups and downs because of this poem. Eight years (1085), the new law was abolished. Zhou Bangyan left Professor Luzhou in the second year (1087) and moved to Jingzhou in the following year. He studied in Lishui County in Yuan You for eight years (1093) and returned to Korea for four years less (1097), and lived in imperial academy for ten years. The following year, Zhezong summoned the Chongzheng Hall and ordered it to recite the pre-fu, except for the provincial orthography. Hui Zong Chao, Li Xueshulang, Kao Wailang and Wei also discussed the presidium of the review ceremony. In the sixth year (1 1 16), Zheng He served as secretary supervisor, and entered the Yi Hui Pavilion and was promoted to Sheng Da House. It can be said that "one gift has earned the relatives of the three dynasties" (preface to the Collected Works of Mr. Muslim). After being implicated in the Liu Min case, he was released to another post and transferred to Shunchang, Chuzhou and Nanjing. Xuanhe died in Nanjing in three years.
Zhou Bangyan's "rich in literature and versatile" ("Solving problems in Zhizhai"), "besides poetry, he is also good at calligraphy" ("The Legacy of Mr. Halal"), and "miscellaneous notes are masterpieces" (below), but he finally covered other articles with words. Among them, "Biandu Fu" is a famous book, which is 7000 words long and has been passed down to this day. The ancient poems "Heaven-sent White" and "Passing the Left Tomb" are awe-inspiring. He is the author of the collection of words "Halal Collection". His ci was recognized as a "negative pronoun name" in the Song Dynasty, which had a great influence. Chen Yu's "Cang Yi Hua Bu Wai Bian" says: "For two hundred years, Yuefu has been the only one." Nobles, bachelors, townspeople and prostitutes all know that beauty is a lovely word. "Zhou Bangyan's" Good Music, Self-tuning "(the original biography of the Song Dynasty) was appointed as the judge of the Great Sage House because it was" good at self-tuning with long and short sentences ". He made a systematic examination, production, finalization and promotion of the music and intonation at that time, and "reinterpreted slow tune, quotations, approaching or moving the palace". His poems are a combination of ancient poems, natural and vivid, skilled, good at description, good at sketching and meticulous in brushwork. " Although his voice is dead today, people who read his words are still angry, self-indulgent, full of voices to promote festivals, and countless people will announce each other, clear and muddy, and pulley-like communication. "There was only one person between the Song Dynasty." (Mr. Muslim's Legacy) Bangyan's poems are mostly about love between men and women, eulogizing things, remembering the past, and embarking on the road of travel and service, with narrow content and low realm. However, they are famous for their artistic creativity, and their words are good at narration, that is, they infiltrate narration into the lyric of scenery, create another realm, form a tortuous cycle, and develop the slow words of Liu Yong and Zhang Xian. In addition, beautiful language and allusions form a rich, elegant and meticulous artistic style. Famous works such as Youth Journey are like water. A few sentences of 565,438+0, not only write stories to reproduce the realm at that time, but also write dialogues, such as meeting the people in the words, smelling their words and vividly describing the characters' personality and mentality, which is really original between the lines. Another article [Youth Travel], "Scattering Light Silk in Clouds", is better written. A poem wrote two stories, only connected by a sentence "Today is a beautiful day, a beautiful house". It compares the reminiscences of love in Two Realms of Life and A Beautiful House with those in Shanghai Beach and Down the Beach, and feels the same sentiment in the two stories: gathering is more meaningful than missing. Another example is the long tune "Flower Offender" and "Low Powder Wall", which pays great attention to care, placement and opening and closing. After Qin Lou, the time, place, characters and feelings have changed several times, which constitutes the context of the emotional development of all events and characters; [Warrior Lan Ling] Willow combines feelings of parting, thoughts of going, residents and travelers, old hatred and new sorrow, people and things, feelings and circumstances. Bangyan's ci is rigorous in rhythm, exquisite in style and innovative in style. Therefore, he is regarded as the master and founder of the metrical school. His highly metrical ci style had a great influence on poets such as Shi Dazu, Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying, Zhou Mi and Zhang Yan in the Southern Song Dynasty. "The end of Su Qin is the beginning of history" (Bai Yuzhai's thorn) opened the school of metrical ci after the Southern Song Dynasty, which is the development history of Song ci.
Liu Yong (about 97 1- 1053), formerly known as Sanbian, was named Jingzhuang, ranking seventh, and was also named Liu Qi, a native of Chong 'an (now Chong 'an County, Fujian Province). A famous poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Born in a Confucian family, the youngest son of the assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, a scholar, and the official to the foreign minister of wasteland, it is also known as Liu wasteland. Liu Yong is bohemian and his career is even more bumpy. At that time, people recommended it to Injong, but they had to comment in four words: "Go write lyrics." When his career was boundless, he claimed to be "Liu Sanbian", lingering in karaoke bars and dance halls, addicted to music and lyrics, and was down and out all his life, but was buried by a group of prostitutes.
Political depression, special experience in life, and his erudition and ingenious understanding of melody make this prodigal son "shallow singing" and "strange and daring madness" become a "talented poet" dedicated to his ci. Because Liu Yong is widely exposed to social life, especially urban life, prostitutes and citizens. The prosperity of urban life, the joys and sorrows of prostitutes, their wishes and love between men and women, their own resentment and disappointment, and their separation and love are all important contents of her ci. In addition, there are some works that reflect the miserable life of workers, such as chanting things, chanting history, wandering immortals and so on. Greatly expanded the theme content of the word. Influenced by folk music and folk words, he produced a large number of slow words, which made them mature and kept pace with Xiao Ling. In the expression of words, he is good at sketching; He is good at incisive narration and description; Good at finishing touch, blending scenes, and strong lyrical color; The language is simple and natural, and does not avoid vulgarity, which makes its words unique and widely circulated.
Liu Yong made a new exploration in the content and expression of Ci, which marked a major change in Song Ci and had an important impact on the development of Song Ci. His writing rhythm is harmonious and graceful, simple and light, and he is better at blending scenes. Ye Mengde's "Tale of Summer" said: "Anyone who has a well can sing Liu Ci", which shows its prosperity, while Ji Yun praised in "Summary of Si Ku Quan Shu": "Poetry should learn from Du Fu's poems and Ci should learn from Liu Ci." He is the author of the Collection of Movements, and his famous works include Yulin Ridge, Wu Fengqi, Klang Ganzhou and Wang Haichao. Liu Yong's life can be found in Zhang Zongbian's Chronicle of Linz and Ding Chuanjing's Tales of Song People.
Su Shi
( 1036~ 1 10 1)
Su Shi, Zi Zizhan, was born in Meishan, Sichuan. Dongpo learned a lot from home and abroad since he was a child. 1057 At the age of 22, he became a scholar and an official. During the Korean period, Wang Anshi promoted the new law.
Dongpo stood in a conservative position and wrote to explain the harm of the new law. The book says, "The reason why a country survives or dies is that its morality is shallow and it doesn't care about strength. The reason why it counts is that its customs are thin and thick, and it doesn't care about poverty. If the owner knows this, he knows its weight. " Ask the gods to weigh the weight, respect morality and vulgarity, and not be eager for success and insatiable. After reading the book, Zongshen summoned Dongpo alone to have a talk. Dongpo said to him, "I think your majesty is too eager to seek treatment, too wide-ranging in listening and too keen to join the people." His words implicitly refer to Anshi, so I want the gods to guard against it. "I should think it over carefully," said Shenzong in a terrible and intolerant tone. However, Su Shi's direct admonition offended An Shi and was invited out of the court. When he was in a foreign country, he was often satirized by poetry because of his grievances, which also caused the slander of the villains and was arrested and imprisoned. Anshi wants to commit suicide. God has always cherished his loyalty and pitied his talent, so he could not bear to commit a serious crime, so he was placed in Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei) and became an assistant officer in charge of local military affairs forever. After Anshi's death, Sima Guang became prime minister, and Su Shi returned to the DPRK and was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Hanlin (counselor and secretary officer around the emperor). However, he is always outspoken and hated by powerful ministers. He was exiled to Huizhou (now Huiyang, Guangdong), Qiongzhou (now Hainan Island), Hangzhou and other places, and died in Changzhou in11year at the age of 66. The 338-volume Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty commented on his life and said: "From raising children to going in and out of attendants, we must be loyal to the monarch, which is quite a festival, and the ministers are unparalleled." But for the villain to avoid evil and crowd out, he must not be satisfied with the court. A few words summed up Su Shi's official career and noble personality.
Dongpo's family is a Buddhist. He told himself that his father, Su Xun, and his mother, Shicheng, "are kind and honest and believe in the Three Treasures. Influenced by his family, Dongpo came into contact with Buddhism from an early age. In the poem Ziyou Birthday, he said, "I studied in the imperial tomb with you, and we got help from Lao Dan Sakyamuni. ".It shows that I started reading Buddhist books with my disciples as early as childhood. After the death of his parents, Dongpo donated calligraphy and painting at home and his mother's jewelry for the purpose of Buddhism to cross over for his parents. He also wrote a eulogy saying: "The Buddha is full of river sand and has a great sense of roundness. I think upside down, in life and death ... may my parents and all living beings be in the west, and they will be blessed wherever they meet. Everyone has a long life, and they didn't go or come. " (Biography of the lay man) Biography 26)
During his official residence, Dongpo walked with the eminent monk * * wherever he went, and learned Buddhism from him. Dongpo met many Buddhist monks in his life, among which the most closely related ones were Lin Dong Changzong, Dajue Huailian, Yuquan Chenghao and Fo Yin Yuan Zen Master. Su Shi's famous Buddhist sentence "The stream sounds long and the mountain is not clean;" Speaking of 84 thousand at night, how can I look like a person in the future? "This is a poem written by him and Chang Zong's On Ruthless Ci (Volume 17, Five Lights Meeting Yuan and Su Shi's Lay Man in the Inner Han Dynasty) to show his views on Zen. Dajue Huailian was a Zen monk that Dongpo met during his stay in Hangzhou. Later, they became friends abroad. When I was in Jingnan (now Jiangling, Hubei Province), I heard that Zen master Chenghao in Yuquan had an organic front, which was difficult for ordinary people to meet. Dongpo, who has never been conceited, wants to have a personal competition. On one occasion, he went out of the house incognito and visited the temple. Cheng Hao asked, "What's your official name? Dongpo replied: "The surname scale is the scale to measure the elders in the world." Master Hao shouted, "How heavy is this shout?" Dongpo was speechless, so he apologized and respected him and took it as a lesson. (ditto) During his relegation to Huangzhou, Dongpo established a close relationship with Fo Yin Liyuan and left many anecdotes. On one occasion, Dongpo was the first to bow and said, "On the first day in the sky, it was radiant; Eight winds can't blow, sit on the purple lotus. " Thinking that he embodied profound Zen kung fu, he sent his son to Fo Yin Zen Master who lived across the river. After reading it, the Zen master approved the word "fart" on it and asked people to take their son back. Dongpo was angry when he saw the criticism, so he crossed the river by boat and came to see the Zen master himself. He immediately asked the Zen master why he had added swearing words. The Zen master laughed and said, "The eight winds can't blow, and the fart has crossed the river. Dongpo suddenly realized that he was ashamed and amazed. (See Lai Yonghai's Buddhism, Taoism, Poetry and Zen, Chapter 6, Volume 16, Five Lights Meeting Yuan and Yunjuyuan Zen Master)
Dongpo has been a vegetarian since he arrived in Huangzhou, chanting scriptures and Buddha every day. There is ankokuji in the south of Huangzhou, and Dongpo will worship once every few days; Burn incense and sit still every time, and repent. After a long time, I feel empty and happy. In his later years, he had nothing but a statue of Amitabha beside him, saying, "I'm going to die." "("Biography of the layman "26). After all, I was a monk in my last life. Before he died, he asked his family to bury him as a monk. (Classic of Buddhism in China, p. 649)
Dongpo was a great poet in Song Dynasty. His optimistic and heroic poems are closely related to his thorough meditation. He compared learning poetry to learning Zen, and the realm of poetry is equivalent to the realm of Zen. "Every good sentence has Zen meaning" (after Li Shuduan wrote a poem) is his writing experience. Many of his poems also go deep into the essence of Zen. For example, the poem "The sound of a stream is full of words and the mountains are not clean" mentioned earlier introduces Buddhist language into the poem and integrates Buddhism and Zen with "mountains" and "streams", which has a unique charm to read. Qian, a scholar in A Qing, said: "After the Northern Song Dynasty, scholars who were proficient in literature and taught others took the concept of children as the highest principle." (Collection of Junior Students in Muzhai, Volume 83) Sixty-nine of Qian Zhongshu's Records of Talking about Art also leads to a foolish saying: "The Song people are good at Zen, which one is Su Like Zi Zhan". Dongpo's Zen has a great influence on later scholars, and all the "four sons of Su School" studied in Zen.
Xin Qiji (1 140- 1207) was born in Licheng (now Jinan City, Shandong Province), died in the Northern Song Dynasty 13, and was born in the Jin Dynasty. He was educated in national consciousness and patriotism since he was a child, determined to recover lost land and serve the motherland. In the autumn of the 31st year of Shaoxing (1 16 1), Emperor Yan invaded the south on a large scale, and a peasant uprising led by Geng Jing broke out in the north. Twenty-two-year-old Xin Qiji also organized an anti-gold team of more than 2,000 people, revolted in the southern mountainous area of Jinan, and soon joined the rebel army led by Geng Jing as the "secretary in charge". In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing, the traitor Zhang Anguo killed Geng Jing and surrendered to Jin Ying. At that time, Xin Qiji was ordered to cross the river and contact Nanlai to jointly resist gold. On his way back, he heard the news. He immediately led only fifty people around him, flew into Jinying, captured Zhang Anguo alive, and gathered more than 10,000 remnants of the rebel army to go to the Southern Song Dynasty.
After Xin Qiji went south, he confronted the forces of compromise and surrender in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the first year of Song Xiaozong Avenue (1 165), after 67 years, I wrote Ten Comments on Meiqin and then Nine Comments. He wrote many times to discuss the recovery plan and refute the pessimistic argument, but none of them were adopted. On the contrary, he was sent by the imperial court to suppress the peasant uprising in the south. After Xin Qiji went south, he successively served as local officials in Jiankang, Chuzhou, Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan. During his tenure, he did some good things for the people; At the same time, do some military preparations for the northern expedition as much as possible. From the age of 42, he was demoted and lived an idle life for 20 years. Used in his later years, he became Zhenjiang and was dismissed. Finally, he failed to realize his ambition of restoring the Central Plains and died in lead mountain. Sixty-eight. Xin Qiji is the most famous poet in the Southern Song Dynasty and one of the most important writers in the history of China literature. Because the great ideal of recovering lost land and resisting gold to save the country could not be realized, he used ci as a literary weapon to struggle and express his complicated feelings. His important poems show a strong desire to recover the Central Plains and reunify the motherland, reflect a strong determination to make contributions and serve the motherland, criticize the wrong policy of turning to the left and compromising and surrendering in the Southern Song Dynasty, and express the grief and indignation of wasting one's time and being ambitious. He also wrote some works praising the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland and describing rural customs. Of course, some works also reflect the author's vulgar thoughts and negative emotions, such as binge drinking, expressing feelings for mountains and rivers, and pursuing fame and fortune.
Xin Qiji inherited and developed the bold and unconstrained ci style initiated by Su Shi, further expanded the theme and expression of ci, and broke through the boundaries of poetry, ci and prose. He is good at using poetry and prose as words, and often uses metaphors and metaphors to make the words euphemistic and implicit, with a gloomy charm. Although his poems are mainly bold and unconstrained, there are also many beautiful and graceful works. Symplectic words also have obvious shortcomings, mainly because sometimes there are too many allusions, which leads to obscure meanings and difficult words to understand; Other words are too dull, lacking true feelings and losing the charm of words.
Xin Qiji is a poet with great influence in the history of literature. At that time, with Xin Qiji as the core, a large number of bold poets mainly expressed patriotic thoughts. Xin Qiji has made indelible historical achievements in expanding the content of Ci and developing the artistic expression of Ci. However, while expanding the uninhibited style of ci, there is also a bad atmosphere in the ci world in which shouting and roaring replace image thinking.