Han culture Han people created splendid culture and art in ancient times, with distinctive characteristics.
The Han nationality has a history of more than 5, years, and its cultural classics are extremely rich.
for thousands of years, many representative figures and works with far-reaching influence have been produced in politics, military affairs, philosophy, economy, history, natural science, literature, art and other fields.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the achievements of various schools of thought and scholarship were in harmony with the ancient Greek civilization of the same period; The three philosophical systems, represented by Confucius, Laozi and Mozi, formed a prosperous situation in which hundred schools of thought contended.
By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was carried out, so Confucianism, represented by Confucius and Mencius, became orthodox and ruled the Han nationality's thought and culture for more than two thousand years. At the same time, it affects other ethnic minorities to varying degrees, and even countries adjacent to China.
In military theory, Sun Tzu's Art of War was published as early as the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
In natural science, the achievements in astronomy and mathematics have always attracted the attention of the world, such as Zhang Heng and Zu Chongzhi, who have been recognized as world cultural celebrities.
In terms of literature, the creation of poetry and prose occupies a prominent position, and many writers and works with high artistic achievements have emerged, such as novel creation, which gained great development in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West, The Water Margin, The Scholars and Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio are all famous.
In painting, calligraphy, arts and crafts, music, dance, drama and Quyi, many famous artists have emerged.
In the long-term historical development, the Han people are good at learning and absorbing the strengths of other ethnic groups, and gradually formed their own unique cultural and artistic style.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a lively situation in which a hundred schools of thought contended, and the achievements of various schools of thought and scholarship reflected the ancient Greek civilization at the same time.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (141 ~ 87 years ago), the policy of "ousting hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was implemented, so Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius became the dominant ideology, which ruled the ancient thoughts and culture of the Han nationality for nearly 2, years. At the same time, it influenced other ethnic minorities and even the neighboring countries of China to varying degrees.
In ancient military theory, Sun Tzu's Art of War was published as early as the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
in the early years of the western Han dynasty, 182 art of war were sorted out, especially the Seven Books of Wu Jing, which has been a compulsory reading for martial arts since the Song Dynasty, and concentrated the essence of ancient military works.
Paying attention to historiography is also a prominent feature of the cultural history of the Han nationality.
Since Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, there have been biographical historical books in all dynasties, and the famous Twenty-four History has been formed in Qing Dynasty. The chronological style is represented by Chunqiu, Zuo Zhuan and Zi Zhi Tong Jian. All kinds of other historical records, ancient history, miscellaneous history, local chronicles, historical theory and other official and private writings make China the country with the richest ancient historical documents in the world, most of which are written by Han scholars.
In natural science, the achievements of astronomy and mathematics have always attracted the attention of the world, among which Zhang Heng (78 ~ 139), Zu Chongzhi (429 ~ 5), Yi Hang (683 ~ 727, Zhang Sui) and Guo Shoujing (1231 ~ 1316) have been universally recognized as world cultural celebrities.
Ancient agronomy often includes many achievements of ancient science and technology. According to incomplete statistics, over 2 years, there are more than 37 kinds of agricultural books that have been scattered and spread to this day, among which, The Book of Bi Sheng, Qi Min Yao Shu, Wang Zhen Nong Shu and Nong Zheng Quan Shu are representative works of ancient agronomy.
In the development of ancient Chinese literature, the development of poetry occupies a prominent position. For example, there are many writers and works with high artistic achievements, such as the Book of Songs, Chu Ci, Yuefu, Tang Poetry and Song Ci, while Qu Yuan (about 34-278 BC), Li Bai (71-762 BC), Du Fu (712-77 BC) and Liu Yong (about 988 BC).
There are famous ancient prose in Qin and Han Dynasties, which was initiated by Han Yu (768 ~ 824) and Liu Zongyuan (773 ~ 819) in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, and went to Ouyang Xiu (17 ~ 172), Su Xun (19 ~ 166) and Ceng Gong (119 ~).
The creation of novels developed greatly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West, The Water Margin and The Scholars. Short stories such as Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio are well-known.
Many minority writers also use Chinese to create works, resulting in many famous writers and masterpieces, among which Dream of Red Mansions is the most outstanding one.
There are many other famous artists in painting, calligraphy, arts and crafts, music, dance, drama and folk art, and they have made amazing artistic achievements.
In the development of these arts, it is especially shown that the Han people are good at learning and absorbing the strengths of other ethnic groups, so as to develop their art and form a unique style.
It has a long history in compiling some great books.
In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Bei Tang Shu Chao, Yi Wen Lei Ju, Tai Ping Yu Lan, yuan gui, etc., especially Yongle Dadian and Book Integration in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, can be called world-famous ancient encyclopedias, which not only show the brilliant achievements of ancient China culture with Han culture as the main body, but also show the spirit of cooperation and mutual learning between ancient Han scholars and minority scholars.
Han nationality has its own language and writing. After 3 years of evolution, Chinese characters have developed into simplified Chinese characters.
The language of the Han nationality, commonly known as Chinese, belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family and is one of the oldest and richest languages in the world.
Chinese is divided into eight dialects: Northern, Wu, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hakka, Northern Fujian, Southern Fujian and Guangdong.
Modern Chinese Putonghua is based on northern dialects, with Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation.
Chinese language originated in ancient times, and the current Chinese characters evolved from Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Shang Dynasty and inscriptions on bronze in Shang and Zhou Dynasties more than 4, years ago.
For thousands of years, Confucianism, which is formed by the ideology of Confucius and Mencius, has always had a profound influence on the Han nationality.
Phonetic Chinese has four tones: 55 (flat tone), 35 (flat tone), 214 (rising tone) and 51 (falling tone).
The science of studying Chinese phonetic system is "Chinese Phonology", which was founded in the 5th century A.D. and has a history of more than 1 years.
Chinese vocabulary The lexical features of Chinese are as follows: first, monosyllabic meaning, that is, one word and one sound express a meaning, which constitutes a morpheme (morpheme) and is used independently.
Second, morphemes have strong word-building ability, including compound words with original meaning and linked words without original meaning.
Third, pay attention to the word order in words. Different word orders have different meanings.
Grammar of Chinese The first grammatical feature of the Han nationality is that the word order is fixed, and sentences are generally formed according to the word order of "subject-predicate-object".
in typical sentence patterns of modern Chinese, the attribute is usually placed in front of the noun it modifies, and the adverbial is usually placed in front of the verb it modifies.
The second is the application of function words, which plays an important role in Chinese grammar.
Thirdly, the customary expression and understanding of Chinese is often not restricted by the morphological elements in the grammar theory introduced from the west in modern times, but by the principle of "legality of meaning".
The so-called "legal meaning" is the rule of logical meaning.
Chinese characters are square characters independently invented and gradually evolved, which are composed of strokes.
At present, the original Chinese characters are the graphic characters honored by Dawenkou culture pottery and the carved characters on Longshan culture pottery in Henan Province, which are called Wen Tao.
in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, there were Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, and Daxun (also known as Qiwen) in the Warring States Period. In the six countries, there were bamboo and silk characters, Xiaoxun and Lishu in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and wiped books (also known as real books), cursive scripts and running scripts after the Han Dynasty.