The Naxi people in China mainly live in Old Town of Lijiang, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Weixi, Zhongdian, ninglang county, Yongsheng County, Yanyuan County of Sichuan Province, Muli County of Mangkang County of Xizang Autonomous Region and Yanjing Town. The current population is 324,679.
Agriculture is the main economic sector of Naxi people, mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, planting rice, corn, potatoes, wheat, beans, cotton and linen, and Lijiang Horse is famous all over the country. The "Hetao" area of Jinsha River is a famous forest area. There are many kinds of plants in Yulong mountain area, which is known as "plant warehouse" Now there are small and medium-sized enterprises such as machine maintenance, coal mining, power generation, fertilizer, motor and light industry.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Naxi people, under the leadership of China Production Party, successfully carried out land reform and completed socialist transformation, and established Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County on 196 1. After more than 40 years of development and construction, the Naxi nationality has undergone earth-shaking changes, with its own college students and scientific and technological personnel. Lijiang was established in 2003, including Gucheng District, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, ninglang county, Huaping County and Yongsheng County. In the past, there was a shortage of doctors and medicines in Naxi areas, and many diseases and plagues were often prevalent. At present, medical and health personnel are all over the countryside, and epidemic diseases have been basically eliminated, and the people's health level has been significantly improved.
Naxi or Naxi people
[Edit this paragraph] Naxi traceability
When can the upper limit of Naxi nationality living in Lijiang be traced back? From the investigation of the origin of the nation, there are three theories:
First, the aborigines said: mainly based on archaeological discoveries. According to this, Naxi people are the oldest and have the longest life in Lijiang.
Second, the theory of southward migration: According to the research of historian Fang Guoyu, the Naxi nationality in Lijiang originated from the Qiang people who migrated southward from Hehuang area in northwest China in ancient times, and moved to the Dadu River and Yalong River basin in Qin and Han Dynasties, that is, Yanyuan, Muli and Yanbian areas in Sichuan today, then moved westward to Yongning, Zhongdian Bai Di, Lijiang Feng Ke and Daju, and then moved westward to Lijiang Dam. In Qin and Han Dynasties, Mao Niu Yi and Bai Langyi were called; In the Jin Dynasty, Changqu was called Mosha (Su Bu) Yi; In Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was called Mo Mou (Su Bu) Yi. According to "Schumann" written by Tang Fanchu, there are actually many Mo tribes along the Jinsha River in Lijiang County, so the Jinsha River is called "Mo River".
The third is the theory of integration: that is, the Naxi nationality in Lijiang is formed by the integration of aborigines and immigrants moving south. This theory has been recognized by most scholars. Accordingly, the distribution center of Gunaxi nationality gradually completed the great transfer from the east of Yunnan-Sichuan border to Lijiang in the west during the Han and Tang Dynasties.
[Edit this paragraph] Dongba has started.
Naxi people generally believe in Dongba religion, and some people believe in Lamaism, Buddhism, Taoism and natural gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and water, which is polytheistic.
Dongba Sutra is a scripture recited by Dongba, which is called "Dongba Jiu" in Naxi language. Dongba Sutra is the text carrier of Dongba culture and naturally becomes the core part of Dongba culture. Its content is all-encompassing, extensive and profound, and it is called the encyclopedia of ancient Naxi nationality.
Dongba hieroglyphics are called "Senji Land Machine" in Naxi language. There are two kinds of Dongba characters, one is hieroglyphics and the other is Geba characters, which are simplified or recreated from some hieroglyphics. 1957 designed the Latin alphabet.
[Edit this paragraph] Etiquette and taboos
First, etiquette and taboos in daily life.
Naxi people have the traditional virtues of enthusiasm, knowledge of books and courtesy, and respect for the elderly and love for the young. Naxi people are United and harmonious inside, open to the outside world, absorb each other and treat each other with courtesy, forming a rich etiquette culture. Avoid talking loudly and swearing in public places. Before riding a horse to the village, you must dismount, and you can't tie the horse to the place where you worship heaven. Naxi people attach great importance to credit and loyalty. They generally don't care about the mistakes made by guests because they don't understand the customs and manners of Naxi people, but they attach great importance to equality and credit. Therefore, it is best to communicate with Naxi people directly and explain what they want, and don't deceive them. In an ordinary house, most people like to entertain guests under the eaves gallery during the day and in the main room at night. If it's in a log cabin, it's by the fireplace. Although there is no strict seat division, but pay attention to respecting the elderly and loving the young, men and women are different. For example, on the dining table or beside the fireplace, it is called "Eight Big" or "Gegelu", which is the priority seat for the elderly. Therefore, as long as Naxi people have old people at home, even if the host invites them, they should give the top eight to the old people. When eating, the elderly and elders should take their seats first, and they should not take the initiative to occupy seats. If an old man comes in, young people should get up and give up their seats or take the initiative to say hello. Don't cross your legs when there are old people. Sit up straight when meeting guests and eating occasions, avoid making noise, guessing and ordering food, and don't step on the table rail. When the host is toasting, smoking and eating, he should touch his hand to express his gratitude. Don't knock on the chopsticks, turn over the vegetables and pick them up one by one when eating. Generally, you should ask others to move chopsticks together, first take it once, stop for a while, take a bite and then take the second chopsticks. The head of a chicken should be enjoyed by the elderly, but the feet of a chicken should not be eaten by children. Don't leave leftovers at the bottom of the bowl. If you are sitting on a double stool, you should take care of others when you stand up to prevent others from falling over and causing pain. * * * When eating, if you have finished eating, you'd better stay with others for a while. If you want to leave early, you should greet others with "Please enjoy your meal". When entering a Naxi family, don't beat the dog of the host family, don't beat and scold the children in front of the host or guests, and don't enter the bedrooms of the elderly and women without authorization. In Huping Lake area, you are not allowed to enter the girl's "greenhouse" at will, and don't ask about "xia". The ashes in the stove can't be turned over. When offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors and the god of war, outsiders are forbidden to watch. Avoid crossing the "ground" stone and "color" stone standing at the gate, and avoid crossing the fire pit. Don't sit on the threshold, and don't cut anything on the threshold with a knife and axe. Avoid hunting small animals that enter the house. Frogs and snakes should be sent out respectfully when they enter the house. You can't hurt the bees that tease your ears. Don't cook cats or other wild animals in the kitchen cooker. Don't kill cows, pretend to be horses and pretend to be cocks at dawn; Avoid eating dog meat, horse meat, cat meat and buffalo meat. It is said that they have made great contributions to the ancestors of Naxi nationality, extremely loyal, hardworking, kind at ordinary times, and buried well after death. Don't sing love songs or whistle at home. My father-in-law is not allowed to enter my daughter-in-law's bedroom. You can't sweep the floor after sunset. Guests are not allowed to sweep the floor. Don't close the door immediately when the guests leave, but send them to the door. Women's underwear should not be aired in public, and pants and skirts should not be aired above the passage where the owner enters and exits. Avoid wearing a hat and carry a hoe into the kitchen. Make a fire and go home at night. Don't light the fire inside. Go home at night, advance to the fire pond house, and avoid the bedroom. Don't talk about dreams at night in the morning. Pregnant women can't climb fruit-bearing trees or cross reins or fishing rods. Avoid eating meat without blood. It is forbidden to pollute water sources and cut down water source forests. Avoid backhand to add rice and water to people. Avoid drinking leftover wine and tea that others have drunk. Participants in the "Sacrifice to Heaven" or "Three Festivals" should wash their hands in advance and cross the fireworks lit by branches such as azaleas to show decontamination. Don't wash your feet on New Year's Eve, and don't wash dishes for the reunion dinner. Avoid leaving married women at home on New Year's Eve. On the first day of the first month, strangers are forbidden to enter the house and women are forbidden to get up early. Historically, Naxi people believed in Dongba religion, which is a primitive religion with nature worship as its main content. Dongba religion stipulates that water source forests shall not be cut down; Trees are not allowed to be cut down on the mountain during the growth period; It is not allowed to slaughter pregnant females and young animals; It is not allowed to kill small animals that enter the house; From June to July of 65438 every year, bird hunting, hunting and fishing are prohibited. Do not pollute the water source, do not spit, urinate or take out the garbage in the water source, do not wash dirty things in the river, and take well water in accordance with the regulations.
Second, etiquette and taboos in marriage, funeral and childbirth.
In Naxi area, you don't have to attend the wedding reception rashly because of an casual invitation, and you can't miss the opportunity of mourning because of the host's "rejection". Because for Naxi people, help in times of disaster and sadness will be the most reliable foundation of friendship, and even the usual grievances can be eliminated. On the other hand, if you only know how to congratulate when you are happy and don't know how to express your condolences when you are sad, you will be considered a bad person. For weddings, funerals and weddings, the types and quantities of gifts depend on the distance of blood relatives and the depth of friendship. On the day of work, relatives and friends usually send rice, wheat, sugar, wine and some money in public. These gifts are collectively called "human feelings", and they are counted and recorded on the spot by two people, which is called "hanging human feelings" and handed over to the owner face to face after settlement on the same day. Close relatives and friends send clothes, furniture, etc. On internal occasions. If you are a foreign guest or a general friend attending this ceremony, you can hang a little "human" gift money at will to show your mind. Since ancient times, Naxi people have been cremated, and after "changing soil into flow", they have been buried. For the dead, it is generally necessary to recite the scriptures and turn over the undead. The funeral in Lijiang has preserved the national tradition in many ways. As soon as people die, the whole family burst into tears and sent people to send condolences to relatives and friends. Dai Xiao's family knelt at the wake on both sides of the deceased. Relatives and friends who came to mourn bowed or kowtowed to the deceased, or expressed their condolences by crying. Then, I expressed my condolences to my host and asked him to express his condolences. When the deceased is buried in the coffin or cremated, his relatives should avoid being on the scene. Before the funeral, the elders or unit leaders will preside over the memorial service and read the eulogy (or cry). The scene is very sad. People belonging to the same genus must avoid the funeral. Pregnant women are forbidden to lead the way for the dead. The filial piety of men and women does not eat chickens with the souls of the dead. Dongba priests avoid eating sacrifices offered to the dead. In Dai Xiao, people with untidy clothes are forbidden to enter other people's houses. Filial piety does not attend the wedding. Naxi people pay more attention to fertility, and the etiquette of "head guest" is unique: when a baby is born in the host family, the first person who accidentally enters the family is called "head guest" or "pulling life". At this time, no matter whether this person is male or female, old or young, near or far, a beggar, he should be a distinguished guest. The host family should first scoop a spoonful of clean cold water (pistachio water) for the "first guest" to wish the mother and son peace, health and happiness, and then the host will cook rice wine and eggs for the "first guest".
[Edit this paragraph] Marriage custom
Most Naxi men and women engage in social activities during festivals. After young men and women get to know each other, they are arranged by a matchmaker. After the parents got married, the man asked the matchmaker to give the woman a small flower tube, four or six boxes of sugar and two liters of rice at the second wedding. In some places, two pieces of salt are added to indicate engagement. When you are engaged, you should arrange a wedding banquet. The wedding lasts for 3-5 days, and both men and women are engaged. There are eight people on the table, and the next eight people are invited by the groom to sit down on their knees, then play music and serve food. When the third course was served, the wedding began. On the fifth course, the bride and groom propose a toast to the guests. After the banquet, the host and relatives should stand outside the door and close the door for the guests.
In some Naxi areas, there is still a legacy of "robbing marriage". This is also a legacy of an ancient marriage custom, which reflects women's resistance to the patriarchal clan system of living in the husband's family. The wife should stick to the old tradition of living in her mother's house, and the man will rob the marriage to realize his wish to keep his wife at her husband's house. In modern society, "grabbing marriage" is just a form, not a real snatch, but a tacit understanding between men and women, in which "uncooked rice is cooked into mature rice" is used to prevaricate the woman's parents who have objections to marriage.
[Edit this paragraph] Dietary customs
Naxi people eat three meals a day. Generally, we have steamed bread or boiled Baba for breakfast, while Chinese food and dinner are rich, including one or two kinds of stir-fry, pickles and soup. Especially Hui beef soup pot and dry bar. There are many kinds of vegetables in both plain and mountainous areas, and they should be on the market at four o'clock. Potatoes, cucumbers and melon beans are widely planted in mountainous areas, and various famous dishes with local characteristics are made. Such as: steamed Cordyceps duck, shellfish hen, Tianma chicken, etc. Among them, the traditional dish of Naxi nationality "Fermented Tricholoma matsutake" is a special dish made of Tricholoma matsutake cover, filled with minced meat and steamed as a sacrifice, especially for ancestors to eat.
The meat quality is mainly pork, and pork is mostly made into bacon, especially the pipa pigs in Lijiang and Yongning, which can be preserved for several years to more than ten years without deterioration. Take Baba or Baba Temple with you when you go out to work. Sit around the table when eating, and like to move to a sunny place to eat in winter.
Typical foods are: Lijiang ham Baba, linen, Saussurea involucrata, beginning of spring copper hotpot, etc.
[Edit this paragraph] Festival
The main festivals of Naxi nationality are Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Duanyang Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Torch Festival, Farm Tools Fair in the first month, Longwang Temple Fair in March and Mule and Horse Fair in July. Spring Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc. Almost the same as the local Han festivals, Sanduo Festival is the largest traditional festival.
The custom of the Spring Festival
1, Davanasiniu
The Chinese New Year in Lijiang actually started from the twelfth lunar month. There is a more vivid saying in Naxi language: "Dawanashinu". It means that Naxi people have been crazy since the twelfth lunar month. Why do you say that? In fact, this madness is due to buying new year's goods, and Naxi people are as crazy as them.
Once upon a time, as soon as we entered the twelfth lunar month, the whole farmers' market in other places became lively. People are surging in the market like a flood, as if everything is free. Now the madness is much delayed than before, but after the twelfth lunar month, that kind of crazy scene will always appear. It seems that the whole country will go on a shopping spree on New Year's Eve.
2. Brush and pretend to support
As the Spring Festival approaches, there are almost five or six days before Ding Guang 24. Then I will go to the mountain and cut down an evergreen tree, ash tree. Then the whole family cleaned up, brushing cigarettes and cobwebs like ash trees. Its form mainly expresses, brush off bad things, brush off bad luck, clean up, bid farewell to the old year and welcome the new year.
3. Spring Festival couplets
Naxi Spring Festival couplets used to be written in Dongba.
On New Year's Eve, just after lunch, men from every household began to clean the gate, scrape off the old couplets and put up new ones. Of course, women are cooking New Year's Eve dinner.
After the New Year's Eve, take a slow walk and enjoy the Spring Festival couplets newly posted by Old Town of Lijiang, which is very elegant. Although the vast majority of Spring Festival couplets nowadays are full of copper smell, it is even more rare to meet a good pair occasionally.
Naxi people inherit the cultural tradition of Han nationality and attach great importance to Spring Festival couplets. They must ask a calligrapher who they think is good to write a couplet as a symbol of celebration.
4. Shuimi
In Naxi people, no matter on holidays or cooking delicious food at home, they will splash water and rice at the gate along the corner. Water rice is mainly to remove a little bit of various dishes as a meaning, and then mix with tea, water, wine and other foods, and the solar terms are fragrant and splash along the wall. To show respect for ancestors and the performance of a family.
5. New Year's Eve dinner
Before the New Year's Eve, put several bowls of rice on the table, usually three bowls, or according to the number of relatives who have left, the rice should be full. Then the whole family kowtowed in that direction once to show their respect for their ancestors, the memory of the deceased and the significance of family reunion. For Naxi people's New Year's Eve, after getting up, the old people will warn the children not to play or touch iron utensils or bamboo on this day, because if they touch iron or bamboo, they will be full (playing with iron utensils) or empty (playing with bamboo). New Year's Eve dinner is too important for every Naxi people, so they can only eat it in their own homes, and married daughters can't go back to their parents' homes. New Year's Eve usually has pig's head meat and rooster (must be cut) meat. Naxi dialect is called "Bugu is excluded". Life is getting better and better these two years. It doesn't matter what we eat. What matters is the atmosphere of family reunion.
After the New Year's Eve, I began to wash my feet, which means "catch up on everything in the coming year". It seems that our ancestors didn't wash their feet every day before, so they should wash their feet on New Year's Eve.
After washing your feet, it's time to give lucky money to your children at home. In recent years, the market is bullish. During the Spring Festival, friends and other relatives just stood by.
In my childhood impression, the bowl of greasy pig's head was soaked in black bean sauce, which was really delicious.
6. The first day
On New Year's Day, that is, after New Year's Eve, from 00: 00 on New Year's Day, we will set off firecrackers in ditches, ponds or water sources to catch up with the latest water, new weather and health in the new year. Then get up early and open the door completely, which means that the new year's financial resources are rolling in. The first day represents a new beginning and what will happen in this year, so men, women and children don't do anything to be happy on the first day, which symbolizes the happiness, happiness and beauty of this year.
7. Sweep the grave
Naxi people pay great attention to etiquette and respect their ancestors. Grave-sweeping is generally written, and the local language means to visit the grave and pay a New Year call. Naxi people's New Year greetings are long and big, no matter far or near. But the first thing to worship is ancestors, customs and respect. So generally speaking, the attributes of the next day are incompatible (Naxi tigers don't go to the grave), so the attributes of the first day are compatible in advance the next day. Naxi people have the custom of sweeping graves during the Spring Festival. The cemeteries of various families are generally beautiful places. So if there is a chance to go to the grave with Naxi friends, consider it a scene. In fact, it is also like this. Naxi people can't find a sad atmosphere when they sweep graves. Generally, they go up the mountain in the first or second day.
9. Spring visitors
In fact, spring outing is a gift for Naxi people, because there are also New Year greetings among Naxi people, which means bringing some local products (rarely in modern times) to families older than relatives. There is no need to pay homage to the seniors, and then please return those seniors in the form of spring guests. Naxi people have the habit of treating guests during the Spring Festival, especially if there are newlyweds at home-including those who got married after the Spring Festival last year. If the family is big enough, the newlyweds will suffer, and they may have to catch many meals a day during the Spring Festival. You must also bring gifts such as rice and sugar. Invite more guests by the way. If the family is big enough, please invite a newly married couple, and there may be as many as three or five tables. In addition, the important targets of the invitation are ethnic minorities working in the field. Ask him if he might have to wait in line Your first day and my second day will go on until the day when people have to leave. Fortunately, the Spring Festival holiday is long enough now.
10, set off firecrackers
This is consistent with Chinese culture.
1 1, it will be a great club on the fifteenth day of the first month.
The Spring Festival didn't really end until the fifteenth day of the first month. In addition to eating Yuanxiao like other places, Naxi people also have an important festival called "Bangbang Festival", which was originally used to buy and sell agricultural furniture and fruit trees. These things are still being bought and sold in recent years, but the protagonists have basically turned into flowers, especially orchids. The market is basically on Zhendong Road, nearly one kilometer long and crowded with people. Those who like to join in the fun can feel at home Very interesting festival.
12, gathering performance
During the Spring Festival, there will be high platforms and various performances in Sifang Street. In the evening, there will be folk dances in many places with Little Square, including Sifang Street or in front of hotels. Visitors can take part because the dance steps are extremely simple and it is nothing to learn once. Jump is to play in this atmosphere, free of charge.
13, Dongba Sacrificial Ceremony
This is the most important ritual activity in Naxi traditional culture, and Naxi people are called "people who worship heaven". Now this kind of religious ceremony is not done much, and it may still be carried out in remote Naxi areas.
Haipo will be located in the place where Naxi people live in Yongning, Yunnan. There is a mysterious and beautiful Lugu Lake. On both sides of the lake, there is a magnificent mountain peak-Lion Peak. Lion Peak is a goddess named "Ganmu" in Naxi myths and legends. Her beauty charmed male gods everywhere. But like the Naxi people in Yongning, she has no fixed husband and lives a free and occasional life of unmarried men and women. Every year, on the 25th day of the seventh lunar month, all mountain gods go to Yongning to have fun with the goddess Ganmu and receive blessings. Later, on the 25th day of the seventh lunar month, Naxi people gathered in Lugu Lake Circle to attend the annual sea slope meeting. People sang and danced and had a good time. On the one hand, they cheered for the goddess, on the other hand, they sacrificed to her with a grand ceremony, praying for her to bless the people's safety, harvest crops and prosperity of animal husbandry. Young men and women also took this opportunity to exchange notes.
Sanduojie
Sanduo Festival is a traditional festival of Naxi nationality in Lijiang, Yunnan. It is held on the eighth day of the tenth lunar month every year. According to legend, in ancient times, three ancestors of Naxi nationality once possessed demons here. Since then, every year on the eighth day of the tenth lunar month, people gather in three temples to worship three protectors. Sacrifices include whole pigs, whole sheep, chickens and fish.
During the festival, Naxi men, women and children enjoy flowers in the spring, and young men ride horses for horse racing. The winners are favored by girls. After dinner, people sat around the campfire, and the singing and dancing Naxi girls danced the cheerful Li Ali.
[Edit this paragraph] Clothing
The clothing of Naxi men in Lijiang area is the same as that of the local Han nationality. Naxi men wear sheepskin shawls in winter, while Zhongdian area wears robes, knee-length fat leg pants, sheepskin pockets and leggings. Men in Ninglang, Yongning, Yanyuan and Muli wear shorts and trousers, and men in Ninglang also like to wear bracelets. Old people wear linen collarless robes, plus green cloth vests and belts. In recent decades, more and more people wear Tibetan clothes.
The dress of Naxi women varies from region to region. Naxi women in Lijiang wear knee-length, wide waist and big sleeves, plus a vest, a pleated waist, a pair of trousers and a sheepskin shawl. Naxi women in Ninglang wear short shirts, while Naxi women in Lijiang wear the traditional pleated skirt of "one-star Dai Yue", wearing sheepskin, blue cloth headscarf, earrings and bracelets made of gold, silver and jade, and like to wear "sheepskin belt" or "waist seal". Sheepskin belts are made of cotton, each about four and a half feet long and two inches wide. They must be used in pairs. The girdle is exquisite and can only be worn on holidays. It is a pair of cotton belts about three feet long and two inches wide, embroidered with potted chrysanthemums and two dragon playing beads. Naxi women in Yongning weave a thick fake braid with the hair on yak's tail, and then wrap a big circle of blue and black silk thread on the wig, which hangs down to the waist.
Every festival, Naxi women will wear traditional national costumes and their favorite costumes-seven-star shawls. This shawl is colorful and beautiful. Made of a whole piece of black sheepskin, the upper part is sewn with a 6 cm black woolen cloth edge, and the sun and moon patterns embroidered with silk thread and the "seven stars" with two shoulders arranged in a row. People call this shawl "Dai Yue wearing a star". It symbolizes the hard work of Dai women. This shawl is both decorative and very practical. Naxi women are not used to carrying their shoulders when working, but prefer to carry them on their backs, so shawls can be used as shoulder pads. One thing can be used for two purposes.
[Edit this paragraph] Astronomical calendar
According to more than 20 volumes of Dongba Sutra, there are dozens of proper nouns about ancient astronomical phenomena. In Genesis, there are also the names of Ren Lao, Su Tuo, Nile, Ji A and others who specialize in meteorology, astrology and calendar. From the classics such as Bagetu and the Origin of the Chinese Zodiac, Naxi people have long had a clear concept of the four corners (similar to the gossip of Han people); The calculation method of determining the orientation of twenty-eight lodges and sixty flowers by combining yin and yang "Jing Wei" ("Five Elements") with the zodiac; Created a calendar with the full moon as the fixed month, 30 days per month, 12 months per year, 360 days * * *, and recorded the days, months and years with the zodiac. From the observation of astronomical phenomena and biological activities, people have also found out a set of rules about wind, rain, flowers, snow and the activities of cuckoo, wild duck, geese and white crane, so as to distinguish the characteristics of the four seasons and not miss the farming season.
[Edit this paragraph] Naxi folk houses
Naxi folk houses are mostly civil structures, and the common forms are: three squares and one wall, four entrances and five patios, front and rear courtyards, and one entrance and two courtyards. Among them, three squares and one wall are the most basic and common folk houses of Naxi nationality in Lijiang.
The so-called "three squares and one wall" means that the rooms are higher and the rooms on both sides are slightly lower. Add a wall to make it look clear and harmonious. Structurally, the main house, one side, three sides and one zhaobi are generally higher, facing south and facing zhaobi. Mainly for the elderly; The east and west rooms are slightly lower, for the next generation to live in; Patio is used for living, mostly paved with bricks and stones, and often beautified with flowers and plants. If there is a house facing the street, residents will use it as a pavement. Rural houses with three rooms and one wall are slightly different from towns in function. Generally speaking, three squares have two floors. The main square facing east and the wing square facing south live downstairs, and the upstairs is used as a warehouse. The square facing north is used as the stable downstairs, and the forage is stored upstairs. The patio is not only used for living, but also for production (such as drying millet or processing grain), so the patio in rural areas is slightly larger and the ground is relatively flat, so there is no masonry. The deep "cornice" at the upper end and the "surface slope" with a certain radian avoid heaviness and dullness, showing a soft and beautiful curve. The wall leans inward appropriately, which enhances the sense of stability of the whole building. The surrounding walls were not laid to the top, and a "leaky window" was installed above the floor windowsill. In order to protect the board from rain, most of the eaves extend outward, and both ends of the beams exposed from the gables are covered with skirts, which are called "wind-fire walls" locally. In order to increase the beauty of the house, some also add railings to make it a corridor. Finally, in order to weaken the mutation of "hanging eaves board" and the monotonous atmosphere of gables, the technique of "hanging fish board" is skillfully used, which not only protects the beams, but also enhances the artistic effect of the whole building. Through the layout treatment of the main and auxiliary rooms, facades, walls, cornices and "hanging fish" decorations, the whole building is uneven and echoes vertically and horizontally, forming a balanced, symmetrical and changeable exterior, showing the superb architectural level of Naxi nationality.
In addition, the most striking feature of Naxi folk houses is that there is a spacious mansion (that is, an veranda) in front of every house, regardless of urban and rural areas. Xia Zi is one of the important parts of the Naxi folk houses in Lijiang, which is inseparable from Lijiang's pleasant climate. So Naxi people moved some functions of the room, such as eating and meeting guests, to the mansion. As far as architectural design, architectural style and art are concerned, the Naxi folk houses in Dayan ancient city are the most distinctive. The ancient city is located on Lijiang Dam, with Xiangshan and Jinghong Mountains in the north and Lion Mountain in the west, and the east and west sides are cheerful and vast. In the city, Yuquan water flowing from the foot of Xiangshan flows from the northwest of the ancient city to the foot of Yulong Bridge, which is divided into three tributaries: Xihe River, Zhonghe River and Donghe River, and then divided into numerous tributaries, which flow through the streets of the ancient city. Taking advantage of this favorable natural condition, the streets of the ancient city are neatly and freely arranged into an informal grid, with the main street near the river, the alleys near the canal, the roads extending with the bend of the canal, and the houses being combined according to the height of the terrain. Among these houses, the houses facing the street are mostly paved, or the owners manage some small commodities themselves or sublet them to others.