Confucius said, "It's better to keep pace with the times, isn't it? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? " Study and study
Ceng Zi said: "I save three times a day: are you unfaithful to others?" Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? "Learning and learning.
Confucius said, "Five out of ten, I am determined to learn; I am thirty years old; Forty without confusion; At the age of fifty, I knew my destiny; I am obedient at the age of sixty; I am still obedient at the age of seventy; I didn't cross the line. " Engage in politics
Confucius said, "Reviewing the past and learning the new can be a teacher." Engage in politics
Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Engage in politics
Confucius said, "OK, come back! A spoonful of food, a spoonful of drink, in the mean lane, people can't bear their worries, and they won't change their fun when they go back. Xian zai, you come back! " Yongye
Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy." Yongye
Confucius said, "It's fun to eat and drink water and bend your arms and pillow it." . Unjust wealth is like a cloud to me. "Shure
Confucius said: "In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Choose good and follow it, but change it if it is not good. " Schul
Zi said in Sichuan: "The deceased is like a husband, not giving up day and night." Zihan
Confucius said, "The three armed forces can win the position of commander in chief, but ordinary men can't win the ambition." Zihan
Xia Zi said, "I am knowledgeable and determined, and I am eager to ask questions and think about them. Benevolence is among them. " Zhangzi
2. Translation:
Confucius said, "Isn't it pleasant to study (knowledge) and then review it at a certain time?" Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? People don't know me, but I'm not angry. Am I not a person with moral cultivation? "
Ceng Zi said, "I ask myself many times every day: Have I tried my best to do something for others? Is it honest and trustworthy to associate with friends? Have you reviewed the knowledge taught by the teacher? "
Confucius said: "I became interested in learning when I was fifteen." At the age of thirty, I can do things independently. At the age of forty, I don't have to be confused. At the age of fifty, I learned what human resources can't control. Sixty years old, I can listen to different opinions. Only when I am seventy years old can I do whatever I want without overstepping the bounds. "
Confucius said, "If you review what you have learned, you can get new knowledge and experience from it, so you can be a teacher by virtue of it."
Confucius said: "if you only study without thinking, you will be confused;" If you only dream about not studying, you will be confused. "
Confucius said, "How noble the quality of Yan Hui is! A basket of rice and a ladle of water, living in a humble alley, others can't stand this kind of poverty, but Yan Hui didn't change his interest in learning. How noble the quality of Yan Hui is! "
Confucius said: "people who know how to learn are not as good as those who like to learn;" People who like learning can't compare with those who enjoy learning. "
Confucius said, "Eat coarse grains all day, drink cold water, bend your arms as a pillow and enjoy yourself." I regard the wealth obtained by improper means as a cloud in the sky. "
Confucius said, "When many people walk together, one of them will be my teacher. I choose his good aspects to learn from him. When I see his bad aspects, I will correct my shortcomings for myself. "
Confucius sighed by the river: "Time is like running water, day and night."
Confucius said, "The commander-in-chief of the three armed forces can be changed, but the ambition of a man cannot be changed."
Xia Zi said: "I read widely and learn from others. I can stick to my ambition, ask questions seriously and think more about current events. Benevolence is one of them. "
3, the Analects of Confucius note:
The Analects of Confucius is a book written by Confucius' disciples and their descendants to remember Confucius' words and deeds. Written in the early Warring States period. There is a saying in History of Han Dynasty: "In The Analects of Confucius, Confucius responded to the words of his disciples, contemporaries and disciples. At that time, the disciples had their own records. The master was a pawn and the master compiled it, so it was called The Analects. "
Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, and many ancient books were burned. The Analects of Confucius was not spared, and it was almost lost. The government of the Han Dynasty collected three different books, namely The Ancient Analects, The Analects of Qi and The Analects of Lu. The Analects of Confucius was discovered by Lu Gong, Emperor of Han Dynasty, on the wall of Confucius' former residence. It was written in ancient pre-Qin characters (tadpoles), and was called The Analects of Confucius in history, with 2 1 article. The Analects of Confucius was handed down by scholars of Qi State, with a total of 22 articles. The Analects of Confucius was handed down from scholars in Lu, with 20 articles. Both The Analects of Qi and The Analects of Lu were written in official script, which was widely used in Han Dynasty. History is called The Analects of Confucius and the Book of Jin. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, on the basis of The Analects of Confucius, with reference to The Analects of Confucius and Gu, it was adapted into Lun and listed as an official school. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, based on Zhang Houlun, Zheng Xuan revised it with reference to the Analects of Confucius and Qi, and it became the Analects of Confucius today. The Analects of Confucius in ancient times has been lost since then.
There are twenty articles in this edition of The Analects of Confucius, the titles of which are taken from the first two or three words of the first chapter of each article, which has no practical significance. Each article includes several chapters, * * * 486 chapters. The full text is recorded, and each event has a short chapter and a paragraph. Confucius coaxed and taught his disciples, or simply said it until he achieved his goal; Or stimulate debate, Kan Kan. The language is vivid, implicit and meaningful, with profound implications and thought-provoking. Many sentences have become proverbs and idioms, such as "If there is a threesome, there must be a teacher", "Know what it is, but don't know why", "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and so on.
The Analects of Confucius is good at showing characters through the description of expressions and voices. The center of the description in The Analects of Confucius is Confucius, "Confucius' elegant demeanor overflows with aphorisms" (Wen Xin Diao Zheng Longsheng); There are not only static descriptions of his manners, but also vivid descriptions of his personality and temperament. In addition, centering on Confucius, The Analects of Confucius also successfully created the images of a group of Confucius disciples. Such as frankness and recklessness, Yan Yuan's virtue, Zi Gong's intelligence and eloquence, Zeng's naturalness and refinement, etc. His personality is vivid and lifelike. Confucius taught different students in accordance with their aptitude, taking into account their different qualities, advantages and disadvantages, and the specific situation of studying in Germany. It embodies the valuable spirit of tirelessly teaching people. In Yan Yuan, it is mentioned that both disciples asked about benevolence, and Confucius had different answers: Yan Yuan said "self-denial is benevolence", Zhong Gong said "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", and Sima Zhong said "the benevolent keeps his word". Yan Yuan has profound knowledge and education, so he should take the outline of Benevolence and elaborate on Zhong Gong and Sima Zhong. Another example is to ask "Steven Zhu Xing? Confucius replied to Luz, "If your parents are still here, how can you smell it and how can you do it?" ! Because it is also a human being, it retired. "You Ran replied," Steven will do it. " Because "seeking also retreats, so advancing also retreats". This is not only a question of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, but also full of Confucius' high sense of responsibility to his disciples.
The Analects of Confucius has a wide range of contents, involving politics, education, etiquette, economy, literature, the view of heaven and epistemology. It embodies the most basic thought of Confucius' ethical system. The core of this system is "benevolence", and the means and way to implement "benevolence" is "ceremony". What is benevolence? Confucius said, "Self-denial and courtesy are benevolence. A day of self-denial and self-denial, the world is benevolent. " ("Yan Yuan") That is to say, as long as you restrain yourself and make your words and deeds conform to the ceremony, it is benevolence. Once you keep your word, people all over the world will praise you as a kind person. It can be seen that "benevolence" is not innate, but the result of "self-cultivation" and "self-denial" acquired. Confucius also put forward the external standard of benevolence, namely "fortitude, fortitude, simplicity and modesty" (Lutz), namely firmness, decisiveness, simplicity and modesty. At the same time, he also put forward five standards of practicing benevolence, namely "courtesy, generosity, faithfulness, sensitivity and kindness" (Yang Huo), namely, modesty, generosity, faithfulness, diligence and kindness. He said that respect for others will not lead to insults, generosity to others will win everyone's support, honesty to others will trust them, hard work will succeed, and kindness to others will command the people well. Confucius said that those who can practice these five virtues can be regarded as benevolence.
In Confucius' view, benevolence is the foundation of being a man and occupies the first place. Confucius said, "Disciples are filial, and younger brothers are younger. They sincerely believe that they love people all the time, but they are kind. I have spare capacity to study literature. " ("Xue Ji") Again: "Are people ruthless, like courtesy? People are heartless, so what are you happy about? " ("Bashu") This shows that it is meaningful to study and learn rites and music only on the basis of benevolence. Confucius also believed that only the benevolent can treat others selflessly and gain people's respect. Confucius said, "Benevolent people can be good and hateful." (Liren) "There are thousands of horses in Qi Jinggong. On the day of his death, he said the people were immoral. Boyi and Shu Qi starved to death under Shouyang, which people now call. " (Historical Records) fully demonstrates the value and strength of benevolence.
The Analects of Confucius has a far-reaching influence on later generations' thoughts and academics. In the Han Dynasty, it was regarded as a biography or record of the Five Classics. When Emperor Wendi was a scholar, he was honored as a classic of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Since then, The Analects of Confucius has been highly praised by the rulers of past dynasties, becoming the standard of right and wrong in words and deeds, and even being hailed as "half the Analects of Confucius ruling the world". The Analects of Confucius has played a great role in the casting process of the Chinese nation's morality, culture, psychological state and national character. Sima Qian said: "I read Confucius' books and want to regard him as a person." "From the king to the saint in the world, there are many, many, before and after Dou Rong's death. Confucius's cloth has been handed down for more than ten generations, and scholars have lived in it. Since the Emperor and the Prince, China's words and six arts have compromised with the master, which is the most sacred! "
There are many annotations on The Analects of Confucius, including The Analects of Confucius by Yan in the Three Kingdoms, A Brief Introduction to The Analects of Confucius by Liang in the Southern Dynasties, The Analects of Confucius by Xing in the Northern Song Dynasty, The Analects of Confucius by Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty, The Analects of Confucius by Liu Baonan in the Qing Dynasty, The Analects of Confucius by Liu Baonan and the Analects of Confucius by Yang Bojun today.