Kūkai
Japanese Buddhist monk. He went to China in 84 and studied tantric Buddhism in Chang 'an. In 86, he returned to China and founded the Buddhist mantra (also known as "Dongmi"). He is the author of "On the Secret House of Wen Jing" and "The Name of Zhuanli Vientiane", and has preserved many China literature and linguistic materials.
the founder of Shinrikyo Buddhism in Japan. The common name is Saeki, and the young name is real fish. Zan Qiguo (now Xiangchuan County) people. At the age of 15, he studied the Analects of Confucius and the Book of Filial Piety. After that, I traveled to Kyoto, entered the Ming Classics Department of the University, and studied China's classical literature, especially Buddhism. I occasionally read the law of hiding in the void and seeking to smell and hold, and believe in Buddhism and become a layman. In 795, he was ordained by the Toda Temple in Nara. In 84, together with Zuicheng, he sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty to seek dharma, and lived in Ximing Temple at the beginning of Chang 'an. I visited eminent monks all over the country, learned Huayan Sutra from Liquan Temple Prajna and Muni, and learned Siddhartha Sanskrit with Tanzhen. In the following year, he was conceived from the mandala method in Huiguo Tibetan and King Kong circles in Seiryuji East Tower Hospital, and was enlightened by the method of Ayali, so he named himself "King Kong". After Huiguo died, he was ordered by Tang Xianzong to write an inscription. In 86, he returned to China with Buddhist scriptures, scriptures and artifacts, and wrote "Please come to the catalogue". I first lived in Kaohsiung Mountain Temple, Kyoto, and was engaged in the initiation of Buddhism. In 816, Koyasan was founded in Jiyi (now Wakayama County), with the name of Jingangfeng Temple. In 823, the East Temple of Kyoto was granted as the permanent fundamental Dojo of esoteric Buddhism. The name "Dongmi" came from this. He once served as another monk in Dongda Temple, governing the post of a monk in one temple and filling the position of a monk. In 921, the emperor gave him a master of dharma. He is the author of Debate and Reveal Two Religions, Secret Treasure Keys, Ten Living Hearts, Fu Fa Zhuan, and Being Buddha's Righteousness. The famous literary work "On the Secret House of Wen Jing" was published in China in recent years. In recent years, all his works have been compiled as The Complete Works of the Master of Buddhism. In recent years, the governments of his hometown, Shikoku Xiangchuan County, and other four counties have reached an agreement with the Xi 'an Municipal Government of China to establish the "Monument to the Master of the Air Sea" in the old site of Seiryuji to commemorate his study abroad. The Shinrikyo factions in Japan also rebuilt the East Tower.
Jian Zhen (687~763), also known as Jian Zhen (がんじんん) in Japanese, was a monk of the Tang Dynasty in China, a descendant of Nanshanzong Sect, a founder of Japanese Buddhist Sect, and a famous physician.
legalist monks in the Tang dynasty. The common surname is Chunyu, a native of Jiangyang County, Yangzhou (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu). In his later years, he was invited by the Japanese monk, traveled eastward to preach the law, took risks and made trouble, became blind, and finally arrived in Nara. He has made great historical achievements in spreading Buddhism and the culture of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
a monk and a doctor in the Tang dynasty. The common surname is Chunyu, a native of Guangling Jiangyang (now Jiangdu, Jiangsu). When I was fourteen years old, I worked as a novice monk in Dayun Temple, where I learned Buddhism from a Buddhist monk. Later, I went to Chang 'an to be disciplined by Master Hongjing for three years, and then I returned to Yangzhou, where I was knowledgeable. Japanese monks Rong Rui and Pu Zhao came to China to study Buddhism and urged Jian Zhen to preach Buddhism in Japan. Jian Zhen readily agreed, and overcame various difficulties, and succeeded six times. He arrived in Japan in the 12th year of Tianbao (753) with Buddhist scriptures, tools and images. At this time, Jian Zhen was blind, but he still tried to promote Buddhism, spread China culture and taught medical knowledge with his rich experience, especially the spices and drugs he brought. So far, the Zhaoti Temple in Nara, Japan and the Masakura Hospital of Toda Temple still have their remains. Try to cure the diseases of Empress Guangming and Emperor Shengwu. Japan once awarded the titles of "Great Monk Capital" and "Daheshang", and the Japanese people praised him as "the master of crossing the sea". His works include "The Secret Recipe of Master Jian", but it has not been circulated.
at the age of 14, he was accepted as a novice monk by Zhiman, and he was entitled to live in Dayun Temple. In the first year of Shenlong (75), Yi Daoan lawyers were ordained by Bodhisattva. In the first year of Jinglong (77), he traveled to Luoyang and then to Chang 'an. The following year, in Chang 'an actual temple, lawyer Yi Hengjing received a foot ring. Tour two Beijing, study Sanzang. For the law collection, the attainments are particularly deep. Dao An and Heng Jing, who were given precepts for him, are both temporary virtues of law, and they are also re-disciples of lawyers who preached Taoism, the founder of Nanshan Sect. Although he studied under Nanshan Sect, he didn't hold a single opinion. In the Tang Dynasty, in addition to the dominant Nanshan Sect, there were the Xiangbu Sect of Xiangzhou Riguang Temple and the Dongta Sect of Huai Su in West Taiyuan Temple, which were three schools at one time. Since then, Jian Zhen's legal classics brought to Japan in his eastward journey have included the latter two cases. In the course of teaching, three books, namely, Si Fen Lu Shu by Fa Li, Shi Zongyi Ji by Ding Bin (an animal clan) and Doing Banknotes by Dao Xuan, are the main ones, with particular emphasis on two books written by Fa Li and Ding Bin.
He has also made great achievements in Buddhist architecture and sculpture. According to "Biography of Tang Dahe's Journey to the East", Jian Zhen returned to Huainan and taught the precepts. Every time between lectures, temples were built, and statues of Buddha and Bodhisattva were built, which was countless. In medicine, Boda is versatile and has excellent taste. He once presided over the Sada Hospital of Dayun Temple, treated people and personally prepared medicines for patients, and his medical skills were very high.
In the first year of Tianbao (742), Rong Rui and Puzhao, Japanese monks, were entrusted by the Japanese Buddhist community and government to teach precepts in Japan, and Jian Zhen readily agreed. From that year to the seventh year of Tianbao, they led many people to the East for five times, but they all failed due to unfavorable weather and personnel. Especially for the fifth time, it was attacked by evil winds and raging waves, and floated at sea for 14 days, and finally drifted to Zhenzhou (now Ya County) of Hainan Island. On the way back to Duanzhou, Japanese disciple Rong Rui died, and Jian Zhen mourned. Coupled with the heat, he suddenly suffered from eye diseases, resulting in blindness. However, his ambition to spread the Dharma eastward grew stronger and never wavered. For the sixth time in the twelfth year of Tianbao's reign, he finally arrived in Kyushu, Japan, and arrived in Pingchengjing (now Nara) in February of the following year.
Jian Zhen was warmly welcomed by the ruling and opposition parties in Japan. Xuan awarded the Bodhisattva Ring to Japanese emperors, empresses, princes and others; Awarded or granted to more than 44 people, such as the novice monk; Give new precepts to the old precepts of 8 monasteries. It is only in Japan that there has been a formal inheritance of jurisprudence. Jian Zhen is revered as the ancestor of Japanese Legalists. He and his disciples adopted the most advanced techniques in the Tang Dynasty in terms of construction, statues and murals, which added splendor to the formation of the artistic climax in the Tianping era in Japan. For example, the Zhaoti Temple complex in Tang Dynasty is a masterpiece left by Jian Zhen and his disciples. The whole structure and decoration reflect the characteristics of Tang Dynasty architecture, and it is the largest and most beautiful building in the Tianping era in Japan. Before Jian Zhen's death, disciples also made a portrait of him by using the latest technique of dry paint clip. Japan is regarded as a national treasure. In February, 198, in order to enhance the friendship between the two peoples for generations, China-China friendship groups sent the seated statues back to Beijing and Yangzhou for Japanese people and Buddhists to pay their respects. Most of Jian Zhen and his disciples are good at calligraphy. When they went to Japan, they carried the original works of Wang Xizhi and his father and son, which influenced them. Up to now, the Japanese people still love China's calligraphy art. At that time, most Japanese Buddhist scriptures were introduced from North Korea, and mistakes were inevitable. According to "Continued Japanese History", the Emperor once entrusted Jian Zhen to correct the errors of classics. Jian Zhen's most outstanding contribution to the Japanese people is the teaching of medical knowledge, and he is regarded as the ancestor of medicine by the Japanese people. Japanese tofu industry, catering industry, brewing industry, etc. also believe that their industry skills are all granted by Jian Zhen.
In the second year of Tang Baoying (763, the seventh year of Japanese Tianping Baozi), Jian Zhen died in Zhaoti Temple in Tang Dynasty on the sixth day of May. Disciple Stowe described his six journeys to the East, and the biography of Tang Dahe's expedition to the East, which was embellished by the famous Japanese writer Zhenrenkai, has been passed down to this day.
[ Edit this paragraph] Born and ordained
After Tang Wuhou hung down the arch for four years (688), Jian Zhen was born in Yangzhou, with a common surname of Chunyu. In 72, Jian Zhen entered the Dayun Temple in Yangzhou as a Shami, in 76, he was ordained by the Bodhisattva, and in 79, he entered Chang 'an with the Taoist Zen master, where he was ordained by the foot. During his stay in Chang 'an, Jian Zhen was studious and inquisitive, did not stick to sects' opinions, read a wide range of books and visited eminent monks. Apart from Buddhist scriptures, he had certain attainments in architecture, painting, and especially medicine. In 715, he returned to practice in daming temple, Yangzhou. In 733, he became a local Buddhist leader and abbot of daming temple, and more than 4, people were taught by him. At that time, people praised him as "between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River"
[ Edit this paragraph] and made six trips to the East
In 742, Rong Rui and Pu Zhao, Japanese monks studying abroad, arrived in Yangzhou, imploring Jian Zhen to teach "real" Buddhism to Japan and teach it to Japanese believers. At that time, all the monks in daming temple were "silent and unresponsive", and only Jian Zhen said that "it was for the sake of legal affairs, so why not cherish one's life". So I decided to cross to the east.
[ Edit this paragraph] Six times of eastward crossing
In the winter of 742, Jian Zhen and 21 disciples, together with four Japanese monks, went to ji ji Temple in Donghe near Yangzhou to build a ship and prepare for the eastward crossing. At that time, Japanese monks held the official letter of Prime Minister Li Linfu from his brother Li Linzong, so the local official Yang Zhou Cang Cao Li CuO also gave assistance. Unexpectedly, a disciple of Jian Zhen, Dao Hang, joked with a younger brother, Ruhai, saying, "Everyone is highly respected and the industry is eliminated. If you learn as little as the sea, you can stop. "If you believe it, you are furious, and you falsely accuse Jian Zhen and his party of collaborating with pirates in shipbuilding and preparing to attack Yangzhou. When pirates were rampant, an interview in Huainan alarmed Ban Jingqian and sent people to detain all the monks. Although they were released soon, they ordered the Japanese monks to return to China immediately, and the first trip to the East died.
[ Edit this paragraph] Six times to Dongdu II
In January 744, after careful preparation, Jian Zhen and other 17 monks (including the hidden Rong Rui and Pu Zhao), together with 85 hired "craftsmen such as carving, casting, writing, embroidering, writing and engraving tablets", and more than 1 people set out again. As a result, before going out to sea, she was shipwrecked in Langgoupu, the Yangtze River estuary. As soon as the ship was repaired, it went out to sea, and was hit by a strong wind and floated to a small island in Zhoushan Islands. Five days later, everyone was rescued and transferred to Asoka Temple in Yuyao, Mingzhou (now Ningbo, Zhejiang) to settle down. After the spring, temples in Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), Hangzhou, Huzhou and Xuanzhou (now Xuancheng, Anhui) invited Jian Zhen to give lectures, and the second trip to the East ended.
[ Edit this paragraph] After the lecture tour, Jian Zhen returned to Asoka Temple and prepared to make another trip to the East. The monks in Yuezhou learned that in order to retain Jian Zhen, they accused Japanese monks of hiding in China, with the purpose of "luring" Jian Zhen to Japan. So the government put Rong Rui in jail and sent him to Hangzhou. Rong Rui pretended to be ill on the way, pretending to be "sick" before he could escape. The third trip to the east was over.
[ Edit this paragraph] Six times to the East
Since it was inconvenient for Jiangsu and Zhejiang generations to go to sea, Jian Zhen decided to buy a boat from Fuzhou and set off from Asoka Temple with more than 3 people. When I first arrived in Wenzhou, I was stopped. Originally, Jian Zhen's disciple Ling You, who stayed in daming temple, was worried about the master's safety and begged the Yangzhou government to stop him. The Huainan reporter sent someone to intercept Jian Zhen and his party back to Yangzhou. I can't cross the east for the fourth time.
[ Edit this paragraph] Six times of Dongdu Wu
In 748, Rong Rui and Pu Zhao came to daming temple again and begged Jian Zhen to go to Dongdu. Jian Zhen immediately led 14 monks and 35 craftsmen and sailors, and set off from Chongfu Temple on June 28th in the lunar calendar, heading east again. In order to wait for the downwind, Jian Zhen and his party stayed in Zhoushan Islands for several months after leaving the Yangtze River, and could not go to sea until November. In the East China Sea, the ship was hit by a strong north wind. It drifted continuously for 14 days before it saw land. It was only 16 days before it landed. It was found that it had drifted to Zhenzhou (now Sanya, Hainan) and settled in Dayun Temple. Jian Zhen stayed in Hainan for one year, bringing a lot of Central Plains culture and medical knowledge to the local area. Up to now, there are still Jian Zhen relics such as "Sunbathing the Classic Slope" and "Cave in the Big and Small" in Sanya. .
After that, Jian Zhen returned to the north, passed through Wan 'an Prefecture (now Wanning, Hainan), Yazhou (now Haikou, Hainan), Leizhou and Wuzhou, and arrived in Shi 'an County (now Guilin, Guangxi). He lived in Jian Zhen, Kaiyuan Temple in Shi 'an for another year, and was welcomed to Guangzhou to give lectures. When passing through Duanzhou (now Zhaoqing, Guangdong), Rong Rui died of illness in longxing temple. In Guangzhou, Jian Zhen was tempted to go to Tianzhu and was comforted. After the summer, Jian Zhen continued to leave, and when he passed through Shaozhou, he resigned as usual. When he left, Jian Zhen swore that he would not go to Japan. This is not what I want. " At this time, Jian Zhen's blindness was caused by the acclimatization and the fatigue of the journey, and he was mistaken by the quack. After Dayuling, Jian Zhen's great disciple Xiangyan sat down in Jizhou (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi), and Jian Zhen was very sad. Then Jian Zhen passed Lushan Mountain, Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) and Jiangning County, Runzhou (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and returned to Yangzhou. The fifth eastward crossing is over.
[ Edit this paragraph] Six times to the East, and finally
Jian Zhen became famous because he traveled all over half of China. In 753, Japanese envoys Fujiwara Qinghe, Kibi No Asomi Makibi, Chao Heng and others came to Yangzhou, once again imploring Jian Zhen to join them in the eastward journey. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty believed in Taoism and wanted to send Taoist priests to Japan, but Japan refused, so Jian Zhen was not allowed to go to sea. Jian Zhen secretly took a boat to Huangsipu, Suzhou, and transferred to a ship that sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty. There were 24 people accompanying him, including 17 monks and nuns. On November 16th, the fleet set sail for sea. At this time, Puzhao also came to Yuyao. On November 21st, Jian Zhen's boat was separated from Chaoheng's boat. On December 6th, the remaining two boats ran aground, and on December 2th, he arrived in Satsuma, Japan. The sixth eastward crossing was finally successful.
[ Edit this paragraph] After Jian Zhen arrived in Japan, he was treated with great courtesy by Kejsarinnan Koken and Emperor Shengwu. On February 1, 754, Fujiwara Nakama, a senior official, personally greeted him at Hanoi House. On February 4, Jian Zhen and his party arrived in Nara, where they argued with another local Buddhist monk, "Little Monk Capital", and were awarded the title of "Chuandeng exorcist".
According to the wishes of Shengwu and Xiao Qian, Jian Zhen, as a high-ranking monk of the Legalist Sect, should take the responsibility of regulating Japanese monks and put an end to the phenomenon of sheltering Buddhists, which was prevalent in Japanese society at that time, in order to avoid the taxation of hard labor. Therefore, Xiao Qian decreed: "From now on, teach precepts and be a monk". However, this has aroused the opposition of Japan's own "self-sworn precept" faction, especially Xian Jing of Xinghua Temple and others, who strongly opposed it. Therefore, Jian Zhen decided to hold a public debate in Kofukuji. During the debate, Jian Zhen made concessions and admitted that "self-sworn precept" could still exist, but as a formal recognized formal precept, there must be three teachers and seven certificates. As a result, Xian Jiing and others were impressed and abandoned the old precept. Jian Zhen then set up an altar in Dongda Temple to ordain about 5 people, including Shengwu, Empress Guangming, and the royal family and monks under Xiao Qian. In 756, Jian Zhen was named as the "Great Monk Capital", commanding all monks and nuns in Japan, and established a formal discipline system in Japan.
However, in 758, Kejsarinnan Koken, the main supporter of Jian Zhen, lost power in the court struggle and was forced to abdicate to Emperor Chunren. Accordingly, Jian Zhen also suffered from exclusion. In 758, Emperor Chun Ren dismissed Jian Zhen as the "Great Monk Capital" in the name of "fidgety in politics" and gave Jian Zhen the official residence of the former Crown Prince Daozu, who was defeated in the court struggle. The following year, Jian Zhen's disciples made a temple in the official residence, and Chunren named it "Tang Zhaoti Temple", and Jian Zhen moved here from Dongda Temple. Chunren also decreed that Japanese monks must go to the Tang Zhaoti Temple to study before being ordained, making the Tang Zhaoti Temple the highest institution of learning for Japanese Buddhists at that time. On May 6th, 763, Jian Zhen passed away in Zhaoti Temple in the Tang Dynasty. Before his death, his disciple was Jian Zhen Muying, who had a lacquer statue, which has been handed down from generation to generation.
in 764, Kejsarinnan Koken suppressed Hui Mei's rebellion and reigned. Jian Zhen's disciples, Stowe and Fajin, became the "Big Monk Capital" one after another, and the Tang Zhaoti Temple was expanded and became a national treasure in Japanese architectural history. The under the temptation Altar created by Jian Zhen has also become the only place where Japanese Buddhist monks were formally ordained before the establishment of Tiantai Sect in Japan. Jian Zhen is also honored as the ancestor of Japanese Legalists.
[ Edit this paragraph] Historical evaluation
Jian Zhen not only brought Buddhist scriptures to Japan, but also promoted the spread of China culture to Japan. In Buddhism, medicine, calligraphy and other aspects, Jian Zhen has a far-reaching influence on Japan.
[ Edit this paragraph] Evaluation of Buddhism