What exactly is a winger?

Profile is the most important calligraphy method before Tang Dynasty. However, in China and calligraphy theory, there has never been a clear answer about the side pen, and some people even think that the side pen is the side pen. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people's understanding of the center of brushwork was deeply rooted, which was one of the important reasons for the decline of China's calligraphy. If we want to restore the excellent tradition of China's calligraphy, we must have a comprehensive understanding of other styles. In order to really develop China's calligraphy, more people must be able to master the technique of lateral abdomen. Side front is the golden key to open the door of classical calligraphy in Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties. Huang Songting-zhang said: "If you learn books correctly, you will be embarrassed by the statutes;" Taking advantage of the pen, I often work left and get sick right. "Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi made good use of the winger, but they didn't find that he often worked on the left and got sick on the right. Obviously, this understanding of winger is wrong. He regards winger as winger. Wang Ming Shi Zhecun said: "There is no difference between positive and one-sided. I want to attack Zhu Jingzhao recently, so I want to talk about it. Su and Huang Dou are on the side of the front, and Xu and Su sometimes have a trick or two, that is, the right army can't completely waste its grass. Guy wants to stand up and occupy his position, so he can't tolerate himself. " People, Su Like Dongpo and Huang Jiagu, have no reason that "they are all off topic". Obviously, he confused this side with that one. He Tang said: "The front is strong and the edge is beautiful. Wang Xizhi's Lanting took a pencil when he took it. "But I don't know that wingers can be' energetic' and even surpass the center. People who make good use of profile, whether it is "strength" or "beauty", can achieve unparalleled results in other brushwork. Mr. Hu Wensui thinks: "flank is a noun opposite to the front, that is, the center includes two forms: front and flank." "Just changed the center with a pen." "The winger is not mysterious. On the contrary, in actual writing, we all use it unconsciously. It is not the same as winger, but a form of center. "Although he realized that the winger was not a sick pen and thought that the winger was a special form of center, he didn't realize that there was a significant difference between the winger and the center. However, Mr. Ru Gui believes that "the edge of the pen tip is not in the center of stippling, but inclined to one side of stippling, so it is also called an inclined plane. Its advantage is that the front is clearer and it can increase the vitality of stippling. But if it is not used well, it will lead to a flat spine, but it will become a pen disease. Mr. Chen Zhenlian also said: "The so-called" lateral front ",that is," partial front ",is opposite to" center "or" front ". Compared with "middle" and "positive", it refers to a brushwork in which the front tip is on the edge of stippling rather than the center of the front tip. These two viewpoints also confuse lateral front and lateral front, and fail to realize the significant difference between lateral front and lateral front. Mr. Wang said to him, "One side is a pen. When writing, the pen tip walks on one side of the pen path, that is, the side end. The pen on the side is often used to borrow momentum. When writing, the pen tip is horizontal, and the position of ink drops is horizontal. When the potential comes, it turns into the center, and the stroke lines are still three-dimensional. Calligraphy pens have always emphasized "the use of strokes". The mutual use of center and flank can make the written stroke lines clear, vivid and changeable, and avoid monotony. Taking the pen as the lateral front, if the main front and the belly of the pen walk on one side of the stroke respectively, the stroke will be straight and smooth, and the written stroke will be floating and weak, flat and thin, without thickness and tenacity, and become the so-called' lateral front sick pen' that calligraphy does not take. " At first glance, this seems reasonable, but in fact, it still confuses wingers, centers and wingers. People who hold this view, although they see the value of wingers, equate them with centers and fail to see the qualitative difference between them. Mr. Wang Dongling thinks: "The horizontal front is the inclination of the pen holder, and more importantly, the pen tip is inclined to one side of the stroke, and its lines are straight and hairy, while the pen tip runs solid, while the middle part of the brush hair runs empty and its lines are magnificent." This argument actually refers to bias. People who hold this view only write the pen obliquely, which is different from oblique writing. They don't realize that the application of oblique writing is far from simple. From the above analysis, we know that ancient and modern calligraphers' understanding of flank is biased. What is commendable is that Mr. Bai Jiao saw the difference in techniques of flank: "It is wrong to be partial to flank. The strength of the winger is still in the picture. Take advantage of the trend, so avoid being straight and losing strength. You can understand this truth by playing Zhong Wang's post. Sometimes there are one or two cursive scripts in Xu Su. " However, when he was alive, he did not have a deeper understanding of the flank. What he said, "I followed the trend, so I avoided the straightness and lost my strength" only shows that he still needs some time to use the flank. What is a winger? Before the Tang dynasty, it may not be a problem. Because the hard brush was widely used at that time, the writing habit of inheriting brushwork and sitting on the floor was relatively stable, and the brushwork was relatively unified in the whole environment. People hardly knew that there were other brushwork besides their own writing methods, just like eating chopsticks. If there is any difference between scholars, it is only the quality of stippling under the same brushwork, so calligraphy theory seldom discussed the profile at that time. According to the literature I have studied, it was Zhang Tang Huai Guan who first explicitly talked about flank. When discussing the method of uncovering the pen, he said: "The flank is flat. The foot of [man] and [heaven] is like a bird's paw. " In other words, the left and right sides can be used as flanks. In fact, the king of Jin has talked about the flank. He said, "There are other ways to learn cursive script. Slow down and hurry up ahead, the font is like a dragon snake. Hooks are constantly connected, and the edges are still undulating. The pens can't be even, and the size should be the same. " Among them, "lateral fluctuation" is the effect of lateral front. The most detailed discussion of the side front is the Eight Laws of Yongzi left by an unknown person in the late Tang Dynasty: "The side can't be flat, when it is side, when it is right." The formula is this: first uncover his right wrist, and then gently squat down his front. If the situation is tight, you take the opportunity to stumble and take advantage of it. Illness leads to failure, and excess leads to vulgarity. The husband's side is the son of heaven, taking advantage of the trend, revealing the potential from the strength and serving the music. Q: What's the point if you don't talk about it? As the saying goes, it is named after saying that the pen front cares about the right and judges that it is in danger. If you just say something, you won't know that there is no possibility of falling back ahead. If you look around, you won't be able to get past the enemy. Therefore, if the edge is not dangerous, it will be dull, and if it is dull, the corner will be hidden, and the god of the book will be lost. The brushwork says: "The pen falls from the side, the ink is heavy, and Xu Ruolu is beneficial." Although what he said is "lateral potential", it is actually the key issue of lateral attack. In addition, he also talked about the use of wingers when discussing "angry potential" and "predatory potential". If we do more in-depth research, we can even conclude that the "eight-character method" is the flexible use of wingers. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been fewer and fewer people who are good at calligraphy creation with side edges, and even fewer people can explain it clearly. Just in such a period, some calligraphers were keen on the study of brushwork out of their fascination with brushwork before the Tang Dynasty. However, due to the lack of in-depth understanding of the writing habits and tools before the Tang Dynasty, this kind of research on brushwork can only be marginal, and the conclusion is even completely opposite. After textual research, the word "center" first appeared in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty. Probably at that time, there were also positive front theory and partial front theory. As for what is a winger, there are also some different views. However, the confusion in theory, different people have different understandings and expositions of the same word, which has set obstacles for future generations to understand the use of pens and even misled them. The so-called center is to keep the nib in the middle of calligraphy and painting, and the direction of the nib is basically the same as that of the pen. The actual effect of the center is that the pen tip runs on the center line of stippling, and the force is uniform after spreading, so the ink delivery is symmetrical and appears round and steady. The disadvantage is that the three-dimensional sense of the pen is slightly poor, especially when writing thick lines, the front is difficult to gather, and it is easy to become a phase of ink pigs. The so-called oblique front refers to the pen-carrying method in which the pen tip is biased to the stippling side, mainly because one pen tip touches the paper surface. The actual effect of oblique front is that the ink color is easy to be thick and light, and the stippling is smooth and rough, even uneven. The advantage is that it can increase the variation of linear mass, but the disadvantage is that the linear horizontal force is timid and lacks roundness and calmness. Both the center and the winger are in the writing state of stippling and translation, but the line quality is essentially different. So center and winger are two relative concepts. Profile is a relatively independent brushwork system and a special brushwork with hard pen. It is neither oblique nor positive, and it is not necessarily related to the oblique pen. The so-called "lateral front" means that the writer's pen-lifting mode matches the elasticity of the pen, and the pen-lifting direction is staggered with the pen placed on the paper, resulting in torsion. In other words, it is a way to make the main hair and auxiliary hair alternate with each other on the front of the pen. The best way to achieve this kind of writing style is to let the writer move his big arm and write like a hand mill. The essentials of learning the flank are as follows: 1. Use a hard brush (it is recommended to use a purple or hard double-strand brush, Samma, Badger and bristle brush); Second, don't move your wrist (when you are a beginner), don't move your fingers, and move your arms; Third, use the side potential to start and close the pen and run through it; Fourth, bring up the rear is strong and will not be crushed to death. Fifth, it is also beneficial to read more famous inscriptions in Jin and Tang dynasties and follow them attentively. In addition, you can communicate face to face with the club's book club if you have the conditions. According to my experience, if the hand can feel the involuntary vibration of the pen holder, or even hear the sound of wiping, the method is correct, especially when writing big characters. Song Jiangkui once said: "I have tasted all the ancient masterpieces and I am all shocked by them, such as when waving." The "stippling vibration" he said here is a common phenomenon in the lateral abdominal journey, and it is not deliberately caused by lifting pressure. But later, some calligraphers described this "stippling vibration" as lifting pressure, and people who are not good at lifting flanks can understand the mystery. My years of experience have also proved that the pen perpendicular to the paper does not affect the use of the side edge, and the pen is obviously inclined, but it is easy to write the line as the side edge. Therefore, it is unnecessary to write with an inclined pen for the side edges. There is no necessary connection between the use of flank and what kind of writing method is adopted. Because the key to the use of the lateral front lies in the way the pen tip moves when it touches the paper, which is the so-called "lateral potential". "Side potential" is not achieved by tilting the pen holder, but by taking potential in the air. To a certain extent, the flank is actually the amplification, extension or flexible application of the "side" method in the "eight-character method". We know that lines can present rich and moving power, have independent aesthetic value, and can show something broader than our senses. The best way to achieve high-quality lines is to naturally expand and rotate the contour. It is different from the front elevation translation, because the lines written by elevation translation can only produce two-dimensional visual experience at most. The practical function of the lateral front is that the brush strokes form a large friction force with the paper surface, and the conical brush strokes contact the paper surface in turn and leave the paper surface in turn during the brush strokes. The motion of the front hair rubbing the paper in turn is like rubbing a hemp rope, that is, the front hair rolls clockwise or counterclockwise on the paper, and the front hair on the paper is constantly rolled out. The lines it produces are three-dimensional, the strokes are layered inside, and the edges are slightly rough, which is the effect of leakage marks and cone painting sand. The writer can feel the pen on the paper, which is called Qi Li. The lines written are long, slow and tense. Obviously, the texture of the stroke lines written by the side pen is different from that of the middle pen and the side pen. However, people who are not good at controlling the flank, the texture of brush strokes is either close to the central effect or the inclined surface effect, which can not produce a three-dimensional visual experience. The application of lateral front can not be separated from the torsion in front. When the winger is used well, the twisting trend of the pen tip is particularly obvious. A good winger will not only "side" but also "twist". Moreover, because the width of the flank is arbitrary, not only narrow and beautiful lines can be written, but also wide and thick lines can be written, so the line expression ability of the flank is stronger. For example, those lines in Han bamboo slips that are wide, beautiful and quite tense cannot be realized without using wings. Some people may say that some strokes in Han bamboo slips can be biased. The oblique front can really write that shape, but it is flat and faint, lacking sense of delay and strength, tangible and far-reaching. Anyone who uses hard hair knows that the biggest problem that is easy to appear in hard hair writing is "throwing muscles and showing bones". The main reason of "throwing tendons to expose bones" is that the hardness is elastic, difficult to control and easy to jump during turning.