Official script is basically evolved from seal script, mainly changing the round strokes of seal script into square folds, which makes writing faster, and it is difficult to draw round strokes when writing with pigments on wooden slips.
Official script is also called "official character" and "ancient book". It is a font produced on the basis of seal script to meet the needs of convenient writing. The seal script is simplified, and the uniform circle lines of the seal script are changed into straight strokes, which is convenient for writing. Official script can be divided into "Qin Li" (also called "Guli") and "Han Li" (also called "Golden Calendar"). The appearance of official script is a great change in ancient writing and calligraphy.
Official script is a common solemn font in Chinese characters, with a slightly flat writing effect, long horizontal drawing and short straight drawing, and pays attention to "swallow tail of silkworm head" and "twists and turns". It originated in the Qin Dynasty and reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Calligraphy is known as "Han Li Tang Kai". It is also said that official script originated in the Warring States period.
Official script is relative to seal script, and its name originated from the Eastern Han Dynasty. The appearance of official script is another great change of China characters, which brings China's calligraphy art into a new realm, is a turning point in the development history of Chinese characters, and lays the foundation for regular script. Official script is flat, neat and exquisite. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, stippling such as skimming was beautified as upward provocation, with different degrees of severity and artistic beauty of calligraphy. Styles also tend to be diversified, which is of great artistic appreciation value.
According to legend, the official script was compiled by Cheng Miao who was not in the prison of Qin Dynasty. By eliminating complexity and simplifying, the font becomes round and square, and the strokes become straight. Changing "Lian Bi" into "broken pen" and changing lines into strokes makes writing more convenient. "Li Ben" is not a prisoner, but a petty official, that is, a small official in charge of documents, so in ancient times, official script was called "Zuo Shu". Lishu prevailed in Han Dynasty and became the main style of calligraphy. As a start-up Qin Li, seal script has many meanings, and it has been continuously developed and processed. It broke the writing tradition since the Zhou and Qin Dynasties and gradually laid the foundation for regular script. Under the unification of the thought of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", the official script of the Han Dynasty gradually developed into the dominant script, and at the same time, cursive script, regular script and running script were derived, laying the foundation for art.
Development of official script
In the past, it was generally believed that the origin of official script was "playing many things, but it was difficult to seal, that is, official script was called official script". However, it has recently been pointed out that the word "Li" also means "affiliated" and may be a derivative of seal script.
Li Qin
In the process of "writing in the same language", Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si to create Xiao Zhuan, and also adopted the official script compiled by Cheng Miao. Xu Shen of the Han Dynasty recorded this history in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "... Qin burned books, purged the old people, officers and men made outstanding contributions, were promoted to military service and defended, and there were countless officials and prisons. At first, it was an official script, for the convenience of agreement. " As an official script, Xiao Zhuan's writing speed is slow, which turns official script into a square fold and improves writing efficiency. Guo Moruo used "the greater achievement of Qin Shihuang's reform of writing was the adoption of official script" to evaluate its importance (the development of the debate on ancient Chinese characters in the slavery era).
Hanshu (a popular writing form in Han Dynasty)
At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Qin Li's style was still used, but it began to change greatly in the Xin Mang period, resulting in the writing method of stippling. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lishu had produced many styles and left a large number of stone carvings. Zhang Qianbei and Cao Quanbei are the representative works of this period.
Han Li has the beauty of waves and strokes. The so-called "wave" is that the left line of the stroke is like a meander, and it becomes left in the later regular script; The so-called "stroke" only opens the right pen, which looks like a "dovetail" pen. When writing a long horizontal line, the pen begins to cut into the "silkworm head" facing the front, with the pen in the middle having a wave distance and a tail at the end. In this way, in the use of pens, the methods of square, round, hiding and revealing are readily available, and the pen gesture is flying and elegant. Structurally, there is a vertical square of Xiao Zhuan, which first becomes a square and then becomes a horizontal square. Han Li has a powerful, extensive, neat and flexible bearing. The reform of official script to seal script includes two aspects: stroke and structure. The method of official transformation has become square. Turn it into a straight curve. Correct the strokes and disconnect. Save the stroke structure and so on. Among them, it is most important to take the potential horizontally and keep the natural state of writing with a brush. Take the potential energy horizontally, send the pen left and right, and the up and down movement is limited. Finally, the eight-point brushwork of sweeping left and picking right is formed. The softness of the brush makes the strokes of Chinese characters have a thick and thin Fiona Fang. Hidden dew and other changes. And word spacing. Narrow line spacing is also a major feature of its composition.
Han Li is exquisite in silk paintings, lacquerware, portraits and uranium mirrors. In the inscription, it shows its broad momentum and unique charm. There are two main forms of existence in Hanli: stone carving and bamboo slips. Most of the official scripts in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are regular script. There are many calligraphers in the official script of the Tang Dynasty, such as Xu Hao. Song Yuanming's official script can hardly inspire Han Li's brilliance. Until the Qing dynasty. Han Li recovered. Yu Nong, Deng,, how. Don't achieve anything.
The second peak of official script
After Wei and Jin Dynasties, calligraphy, cursive script, running script and regular script formed and developed rapidly. Although the official script has not been abandoned, it has not changed much and there has been a long silence. In the Qing Dynasty, in the wave of the revival of stele study, official script was re-valued, and famous calligraphers such as Zheng Xie and Jin Nong appeared, who made innovations on the basis of inheriting Han Li.
The evolution of official script-the change of official script
The evolution of official script is called "official change", which is a link between the past and the future and plays an important role in the formation of cursive script and regular script.
Official script nouns
Guli
Jinli
Li Qin
Hanshu (a popular writing form in Han Dynasty)
Sasuke
eight
Li Cao
Willie