Geographical survey
Henan is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, bordering six provinces including Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Hubei and Shaanxi. Because most of this land is south of the Yellow River, it is called Henan. Ancient Henan was in Kyushu. Also known as Zhongzhou and Zhongyuan. It is one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation.
The terrain of Henan Province is high in the west and low in the east. As the main peak in western Henan, Funiu Mountain is1000 ~ 2000m above sea level, and is known as the roof of the province. Henan spans the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River and Yangtze River. 1500 rivers crisscross the territory, with 493 rivers, with a drainage area of 1000 square kilometers.
Climatic characteristics
Henan province has a mild climate. Cold and hot changes and dry and wet conditions are mainly affected by monsoon, and the climate in north and south areas has transitional characteristics. The annual average temperature in most parts of the province is 13~ 15℃, and the annual precipitation is generally around 600 ~1000 mm. It gradually decreases from southeast to northwest. 104-June, there is abundant precipitation in various places, which is beneficial to agricultural production.
mineral resources
Henan Province is rich in mineral resources, with 107 species, of which nearly 70 species have been developed and utilized. Henan is one of the few provinces in China that owns coal, oil and natural gas at the same time. Henan's gold reserves rank second in the country. Luanchuan molybdenum mine is one of the six largest molybdenum mines in the world, and its reserves rank first in China.
transport
Henan Province is located in the central and eastern part of China, connecting the south with the north, and connecting the east with the west. It is an important hub of inland transportation in China. Highway traffic extends in all directions; Beijing-Guangzhou, Longhai and Beijing-Kowloon railway lines criss-cross, and the new Eurasian Continental Bridge from Lianyungang, China, Jiangsu to Rotterdam, the Netherlands crosses the whole province. Zhengzhou, located at the intersection of Beijing-Guangzhou and Longhai railway trunk lines, is the largest passenger and cargo transfer station at the eastern end of the New Eurasian Continental Bridge. There are five international container transportation routes from here to Shanghai, Kowloon, Lianyungang, Tianjin and Qingdao Port. At present, there are dozens of flights in Henan, and Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Nanyang airports have hundreds of flights to and from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi and other cities every week.
General situation of economy
Henan is an important producing area of wheat, flue-cured tobacco, cotton and hemp in China, and the output of grain and sesame ranks first in the country. Cotton ranks third in the country. Industrial cities are mainly concentrated along the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and Longhai Railway. Zhengzhou is one of the textile industrial bases in China, western Henan has become one of the five gold production bases in China, and Zhongyuan Oilfield is a big oilfield in China. The comprehensive development of mineral resources has made Henan's industry leap to the forefront of the country, and the traffic situation in Henan Province has been further improved. The long-distance transportation in the province is mainly railway, and road transportation plays an important role in short-distance transportation. Now Zhengzhou is the aviation hub of the whole province, with direct access to major cities in China.
Cultural practices
Henan Province is the most populous province in China. There are 5 1 ethnic groups in the province, including Han, Hui, Mongolian, Zhuang and Miao. Mainly Han nationality, it is one of the provinces with more ethnic minorities in China. Kaifeng is a famous hometown of painting, calligraphy and opera. There have been four major calligraphy schools in history, namely, Su, Huang, Mi and Cai, which are also the birthplace of auspicious symbols of Henan Opera and Henan pendants.
"Capital of Five Dynasties": Zhengzhou
The capital of Henan Province. Located in the middle of Henan Province. It is bordered by the Yellow River in the north, Songshan Mountain in the west and the vast Huanghuai Plain in the southeast. It is one of the birthplaces of the Chinese nation, and there are many cultural sites in the middle and late Neolithic period. It was an important capital of Shang Dynasty 3500 years ago, and was once the capital of Xia, Shang, Guan, Zheng and Han. There are many scenic spots, mountains and cultural relics in Zhengzhou. Zhengzhou, located in the hinterland of Zhongzhou, a thoroughfare of ten provinces, is an important transportation hub in China.
Seven Dynasties: Kaifeng
Kaifeng, the capital of song dynasty for short, is one of the seven ancient capitals in China. Located in the east of the province, with an area of 6,247 square kilometers, it governs 5 districts and 5 counties. Kaifengfu was founded in the Spring and Autumn Period. More than 2,600 years ago, Zheng Zhuanggong built a granary city in the south of Kaifengfu, aiming to open up the frontier. Because of Kaifeng's superior geographical location and developed land and water transportation, the Wei, Liang, Jin, Han, Zhou, Northern Song and Jin Dynasties in the Warring States Period were all located here, which is called the Seven Dynasties in history. Kaifeng is located in the alluvial fan of the Yellow River, and its terrain inclines from northwest to southeast. The main rivers in the city are Yellow River, Jia Luhe, Wohe River and Huiji River. Kaifeng has a humid climate with four distinct seasons, which belongs to the continental monsoon climate of warm temperate zone. The main industries in this city are wool spinning and daily chemical industry. Agriculture mainly produces wheat and cotton. Kaifeng has Suoguo Temple, Iron Tower, Longtingtang, Yuwangtai and Shanshan-Gansu Guild Hall.
"one of the seven ancient capitals": Luoyang
Luoyang is famous for its north facing the Yellow River. With an area of 15429 square kilometers, it is one of the seven ancient capitals of China. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty (Wu Zetian), Hou Liang and the Hou Zhou Dynasty successively settled here, and the capital was established in 934. It is the capital with the second longest capital in the history of China, known as the "Capital of Nine Dynasties", and gradually declined after the Five Dynasties. The main rivers in the territory are Yellow River, Luohe River, Yihe River, Jianhe River and Ruhe River, which belong to warm temperate monsoon climate. The main mineral deposits in Luoyang are coal, yellow iron, bauxite, limestone and Yingshi. Machinery industry is the main industry. Agriculture mainly produces wheat, cotton and apples. Luoyang is called Peony City. Peony is the city flower of Luoyang, and it has been said since ancient times that "Luoyang peony is the best in the world". Peony Festival is held around April 20th every year. The White Horse Temple in the city is the first temple built after Buddhism was introduced into China.
"one of the seven ancient capitals": Anyang
Anyang is located in the northernmost part of Henan Province. It is located at the junction of Shanxi, Hebei and Henan provinces, with Taihang Mountain in the west, Zhanghe River in the north and North China Plain in the southeast. One of the seven ancient capitals of China, called Yindu in ancient times, is a world-famous site of Yinxu. Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed here is the oldest writing in China. More than 4,000 years ago, two emperors, Zhuan Xu and Di Ku, among the three emperors and five emperors in ancient China, established Anyang as their capital. In14th century BC, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital here and established the first stable national capital in the history of China. During the Warring States Period, it belonged to Wei and was later occupied by Zhao Xiang, king of Qin. Set up Anyang County here. There are many cultural relics in Anyang. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronzes were unearthed in Yin Ruins. Including the famous Simuwu Dafang Ding.
Shaolin Temple
Shaolin Temple in Luoyang, located at the northern foot of Shaoshi Mountain in the east of Songshan Mountain, is a famous Buddhist temple. It is famous for Shaolin boxing. Shaolin Temple was founded in the period of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. There are 500 Luohan murals and Shaolin Temple boxing murals and other precious cultural relics in the temple. In 527 AD, the Indian monk Dharma initiated Zen here. In history, Dharma was called the ancestor of Zen, and Shaolin Temple was called the ancestral hall of Zen. There are more than 300 stone carvings preserved in the temple since the Tang Dynasty, especially the one that the Tang King told the Bishop of Shaolin Temple is the most precious.
the White Horse Temple
Most of the existing temples were built in the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1556). The main buildings are the Heavenly King Hall, the Thousand Buddha Hall, the Pilu Pavilion, the Ursa Major Hall, the Bell Tower and the Drum Tower. The most precious statues in the temple are the three buddhas, two generals, eighteen arhats and other dry lacquer statues in the Yuan Dynasty. In addition, there are clay sculptures of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, classic inscriptions of Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and Yun Qi Tower, Tianzhu Monk's Tomb, Burning Classroom and other historical sites. There are also two tombs of Morton and Zhu Falan photographed by Tianzhu monks in the temple.
"Among the Five Mountains": Songshan Mountain.
One of the Five Mountains in China. It was called Taibaoshan before the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Period, Song Gaoshan was called the Different Mountain. The Western Han Dynasty was identified as one of the Five Mountains, called Zhongyue. Located in Dengfeng City, Henan Province. Peak elevation1491.17m. It stands between low mountains and hills, with great momentum and many temples. It is a place where feudal emperors often patronize Zen sacrifices. There are 18 ancient buildings on the mountain, especially Shaolin Temple, Zhongyue Temple, Songyang Academy, Tallinn and Stargazing Platform.
"One of the Four Ancient Academies": Songyang Academy
Songyang Academy is located at the foot of Taishi Mountain in the south of Songshan Mountain. Built in the eighth year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (484), it was originally Songyang Temple. In the Song Dynasty, it was changed to Taishi Museum. It is a government-run academy with a long history and a large scale, and it is one of the four ancient academies in China. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, masters of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, gave lectures here. There are three cypress trees in the hospital, and only two are left, which is one of the older cypress trees in China.
Yin ruins
Located on the Huanshui River in the northwest suburb of Anyang, Henan. China's capital ruins in the late Shang Dynasty. At the end of 14 BC, Pan Geng, king of Shang Dynasty, moved to Anyang, Henan Province, and was called Yin at that time. Until the demise of Shang Dynasty, it was called Yindu 273. After the Shang Dynasty was destroyed by the Zhou Dynasty, it was reduced to ruins, which is the origin of today's Yin Ruins. The first person who discovered Oracle Bone Inscriptions was the epigraphist Wang. He found many knife-carved symbols on the keel, which is a kind of Chinese medicine he blindly ate. After research, it was finally confirmed that it was Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It is concluded that Anyang, Henan Province is the capital of the Yin Dynasty.
yangshao culture sites
Yangshao cultural site is an important Neolithic site in China, located at the south platform of Yangshao Village, 8 kilometers north of Mianchi County. Yangshao site is surrounded by water on three sides and Shaoshan in the north, with an area of 300,000 square meters and a cultural layer of 4 meters thick. It was discovered in 192 1 year, and was excavated in 195 1 year, and abundant data were obtained. It confirms the inheritance relationship between Yangshao culture and Longshan culture, which has a history of about five or six thousand years. Unearthed cultural relics include stone axes, shovels, hoes, spinning wheels, bone cones, bone needles, pots, pots, bowls and other pottery, most of which are painted with colorful patterns.
Peiligang culture
Peiligang culture is the earliest Neolithic culture in northern China. Yu 1977 was discovered in Peiligang, Xinzheng, Henan Province. Mainly distributed in the central part of Henan Province, represented by the cultural relics unearthed in Peiligang, it reflects the cultural outlook after the early Neolithic age. There are village relics such as house foundations, kiln sites, cemeteries, etc. in the Peiligang site, and there are more grinded stone tools than beaten stone tools. Agriculture is dominant, aquaculture has also appeared, and pottery industry has a certain scale. There are also remains of microlithic tools in Peiligang culture, which shows that it is related to the remains of Mesolithic tools represented by Jing Ling in Henan and Shayuan in Shaanxi. It is the predecessor of Yangshao culture, together with Laoguantai culture, Li Jiacun culture and magnetic mountain culture, so it is collectively called "pre-Yangshao culture".
Marquis temple
At present, there are nine temples of Wuhou in China. Nanyang Wuhou Temple is second only to Chengdu Wuhou Temple. The mountain gate with the golden plaque of "the dragon of the ages" is the starting point of Wuhou Temple. Climb the stairs, cross the stone tablet square and Xianren Bridge engraved with "Three Visits by Han Zhaolie", and face the main building of the temple-Dabai Hall. Behind the main hall is Zhuge Cao Lu, fluffy as an umbrella, simple and beautiful. This is the place where Zhuge Liang studied in seclusion. In addition to the thatched cottage, there are other scenic spots such as Gubaiting, Liangfuyan, Ye Yun Temple, Ningyuan Building, Companion Terrace, Sangutang, Xiaohongqiao, Laolong Cave and Kneeling Stone, which are known as the Ten Scenes of Wolong.
"One of the Three Grottoes in China": Longmen Grottoes.
Longmen is located in the south of Luoyang 12km, and grottoes are densely distributed on the cliffs on both sides of Yishui, with a length of1000 m. Together with Dunhuang Grottoes in Gansu and Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, it is also called the Three Treasures of Ancient Buddhist Grottoes in China. The grottoes were dug in the Northern Wei Dynasty before and after Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang (494), which lasted for more than 400 years after the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Han Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty. According to statistics. There are more than 2 100 caves and niches in the east and west mountains. There are more than 40 pagodas, more than 3,600 inscriptions and more than 65,438+10,000 statues in the whole mountain. Guyang Cave, Binyang Cave and Lianhua Cave in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Qianxi Temple, Wanfo Cave, Kanjing Temple and Fengxian Temple in the Tang Dynasty are all representative caves. Past 1400 years. Longmen Grottoes suffered from natural weathering and man-made destruction, which was seriously damaged. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, this ancient art treasure house has been properly protected.