2. Around A.D. (BC 1600), the leader of Shang Dynasty (Tang Cheng) defeated Xia Yi in Mingtiao (now Fengqiu, Henan Province), destroyed Xia Dynasty and established Shang Dynasty (BC 1300), and Wang Shang (Pan Geng). Shang's sphere of influence is east (sea), west (Weishui), south (Yangtze River) and north (Liaohe River). Handicrafts such as (bronze smelting and casting), (jade making) and (wine making) in Shang Dynasty have developed. The Shang Dynasty ruled for more than 500 years, and the last king was Zhou Wang, who brutally set himself on fire and died.
Lesson 5 The Rise and Fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty
1. In the late Shang Dynasty, the (Zhou) clan in the Weishui Valley gradually developed. About (1046) years ago, (Zhou Wuwang) and (Ji Fa) defeated the Shang Dynasty in (Konoha), perished the (Shang) Dynasty and established the (Zhou) Dynasty, with their capital in (Haojiang).
2. Zhou Wuwang implements the enfeoffment system: the purpose of enfeoffment system: (in order to control the vast area of the country), the object of enfeoffment system: Zhou Wang allows its own (children, relatives, heroes and descendants of some ancient emperors) to establish enfeoffment system in various places. This system is called (enfeoffment system) in history. A * * * sealed (7 1) countries, including (Lu, Qi, Yan, Jin and Song), and the monarch was called (monarch) (generally called vassal). Shandong is called Qilu land, which is related to the enfeoffment system. Monarchs all over the world support Zhou Wei (the son of heaven).
3. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and contradictions within the ruling group all became acute. (Zhou Youwang) During his administration, all kinds of contradictions intensified unprecedentedly. (77 1) years ago, the (remnant Rong) clan invaded (Haojiang), Zhou Youwang was killed, and the Western Zhou Dynasty ended.
4. (84 1) years ago, that is, the first year of * * *, the history of our country began to have an exact date.
Lesson 6 Spring and Autumn Hegemony
1 year (770 years ago), (Zhou Pingwang) moved the capital (Luoyi) (now Luoyang, Henan), and the history of China entered the (Spring and Autumn) period. The Spring and Autumn Period refers to (770 BC-476 BC).
2. The reasons for the hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period are as follows: ① The decline of kingship and the serious crisis of Zhou Wang's rule; (2) Some countries are powerful; (3) In order to seize more land, property and population, and strive to be the hegemon of the world and other countries.
3. Five generals in the Spring and Autumn Period (Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu, King Gou Jian of Yue). What was the reason why Qi could dominate the world in the Spring and Autumn Period? Geographical advantages: Located in the northern part of Shandong today, it is rich in fish and salt and developed in economy. It is a big country in the East. Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister and carried out reforms to make the national strength of Qi more powerful. Qi Huangong played the banner of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries". )
The symbol of Qi Huangong's hegemony is (Kwai Meng). After Chu Jin's army (the Battle of Chengpu), Jin Wengong occupied a dominant position. The relevant idiom is (to be outside the house). The idiom related to Chu Zhuangwang's hegemony is (blockbuster). The king of Chu is very ambitious. The related event is (winning the Central Plains). He Lv, the king of Wu, appointed a famous strategist (Sun Wu) to reform the internal affairs and strengthen the army, and became the fourth.
5. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, "rites and music conquered from the emperor". In the Spring and Autumn Period, "Rites and music were conquered from all over the country". What does this change mean? It shows that the decline of kingship means that the king of Zhou could not control and direct the weather, but the powerful weather actually replaced the king of Zhou to give orders, control and direct other weather. )
Lesson 7 Hero Warring States Period
1, the Warring States period, was named after many wars and fierce competition. After the Spring and Autumn Period, the history of China entered the Warring States Period (475 BC-2265438 BC+0 BC), in which the seven outstanding figures were (Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin) and the capital was (Linzi, Ying, Ji, Zheng, Handan, Daliang and Xianyang).
2. During the Warring States Period, (iron) weapons appeared, and (infantry) and (cavalry) replaced (chariots). Famous military strategists include Sun Bin, who besieged Wei to save Zhao 354 years ago, and Bai Qi, who won the battle of Changping 260 years ago.
3. In the middle and late Warring States, Qin became increasingly powerful, posing a serious threat to the six eastern countries. Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei have "joined forces to attack the strongest", which is called "Zonghe" in history, and the outstanding figure of "Zonghe" is Qi (Su Qin); In order to further develop eastward, Qin must destroy the six-nation alliance, especially the Qi-Chu alliance, so it adopted the method of divide and rule to buy and win over the eastern countries to submit to itself. The history of "attacking the weak with one thing" is called "Lian Heng", and the outstanding figure of "Lian Heng" is Qin Yi.
Lesson 8 Shang Yang's Reform
1. During the Warring States Period, the main political characteristics of society were ("chaos") and ("change"). "Chaos" refers to continuous wars, such as the battle of Chengpu in Chu Jin, the battle of rebellion, the battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao, and the battle of Lian Heng. Change refers to political reform, such as Shang Yang's political reform.
2. The main signs of the development of productive forces in the Warring States Period are (the use of iron) and (the promotion of Niu Geng).
3. Why did Qin Xiaogong reuse Shang Yang's political reform? (1) Qin is relatively backward, and the six eastern countries despise Qin, and even the alliance rarely allows it to participate; (2) Wei Jun crossed the Yellow River and occupied a large area of land in Qin, and Qin was unable to fight back; (3) After Qin Xiaogong acceded to the throne, he was very backward and would be beaten. Being despised by other countries is a great shame, so he decided to reform the internal affairs and the country. Shang Yang is also a talented person, so Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform. )
4. Time of Shang Yang's political reform: (the first 356 years). The contents of Shang Yang's political reform: ① Reform the land system. Abolish the state-owned land system of slavery, dig out the original signs and boundaries of land, and the state recognizes private ownership of land. (2) emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. Anyone who works hard in agriculture and produces more grain and cloth will be exempted from corvee as a reward. It is forbidden to abandon agriculture for business. Anyone who abandons agriculture for business or is lazy and poor should be punished as a slave (this article is most conducive to the development of agricultural production). (3) Reward soldiers. People who have made meritorious deeds in killing the enemy on the battlefield, regardless of their origins, are given titles or official positions according to their merits and demerits, as well as land and houses. Nobles and their descendants can't get titles and enjoy privileges if they don't accept military service. (4) Move the capital to Xianyang and implement the county system. Counties with a height of 365,438+0 are directly managed by officials appointed by the monarch. ⑤ Strict laws and regulations. Promulgate laws, compile household registration, and implement the method of sitting together so that the people can supervise each other.
The function (or influence) of Shang Yang's political reform: Shang Yang's political reform was an important (political) and (social) reform in the Warring States period. Through political reform, abolish the old system and establish a new system; Qin Jun's combat effectiveness has been greatly improved; Qin's social economy is developed. At the end of the Warring States Period, the State of Qin built two major water conservancy projects (Dujiangyan) and (Zheng Guoqu). Shang Yang's political reform laid the foundation for Qin to unify the world.
The third study theme: Lesson 9 Qin Unification
1, Qin Wang's "sweeping Liuhe" refers to (destroying six countries and unifying the world). The background of Qin's unification of the whole country: ① At the end of the Warring States period, the strength of Qin had far surpassed that of the six eastern countries; The time is ripe to unify the world; (3) After Ying Zheng, king of Qin, came to power, he formulated the strategy of defeating the enemy.
2. The sequence of Qin's destruction of the six countries: (Han → Zhao → Wei → Chu → Yan → Qi), and the time of Qin's destruction of the six countries: the first 230 years-the first 22 years1year. Qin unified the whole country (22 1) years ago, and the unified capital was Xianyang. The historical significance of unifying the whole country lies in ending the separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and establishing the first unified multi-ethnic country in China's history.
3. The establishment of Qin's autocratic centralization: ① Self-proclaimed as the "first emperor", Qin Shihuang was in the supreme position and had absolute power to decide major state affairs; (2) Set up the Prime Minister, Qiu and imperial envoys in the central government to manage the administration, military affairs and supervision respectively; (3) Cancel the local enfeoffment system (adopting the suggestion of Lisi) and fully implement the county system. Central and local officials are appointed and removed by the emperor, and they must obey the emperor's orders absolutely. In this way, the autocratic centralization was established in the Qin Dynasty.
4. Qin Shihuang's measures to consolidate unity: ① unified measurement; ② Unified currency; (3) Unified text. The currency after Qin's unification is (Qin's half-taels of money). After the unification of Qin dynasty, it was beneficial to the circulation and management of money, and it was also convenient for the ruling class to collect taxes and trade. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, the script was (Xiao Zhuan), and later the more convenient font (Li Shu) became popular. The cruelty of Qin dynasty: burning books to bury Confucianism, heavy taxes, military service, corvee, severe punishment and so on.
Qin Shihuang was the first feudal emperor in the history of China and established the first unified feudal country in the history of China. He took a series of measures to maintain and consolidate his feudal rule. So I think, as far as the emperor's life is concerned, the merits and demerits are clear, but the merits are greater than the demerits. )
Peasant Uprising in the Late Qin Dynasty
1, Qin's tyranny is manifested in ("burning books to bury Confucianism"), which is the concentrated expression of Qin Shihuang's autocratic rule in the field of culture and thought, and also caused by adopting Li Si's suggestion; Heavy taxes, military service, corvee, severe punishment, etc. The fundamental reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty is (the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty).
2. Peasant Uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty: The time was (209 years ago), the place was (osawa Township, now southeast of Su County, Anhui Province), the leader was (Chen Sheng,), the place where the political power was established was (Chen), the king was (Chen Sheng) and the name of the political power was (Zhang Chu). The result was (Guangwu was killed by his men, Chen Sheng was killed by the coachman, and the uprising failed). The historical significance lies in that it was the first large-scale peasant uprising in Chinese history; Established the first peasant regime; For the first time, he put forward the slogan of ideological emancipation that "princes will have seeds." )
3. After the sacrifice of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, the uprising continued. The teams of (Xiang Yu) and (Liu Bang) have become stronger. Later, the uprising army led by Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun's main force in 1896 (Julu). The famous idiom is "cross the rubicon". (207 BC) The Qin Dynasty perished.