A note for the absent.
Author: Jia Dao
When I asked your students under a pine tree, "my teacher," he replied, "went to pick herbs."
However, through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing? .
Sentence annotation
1, search: search.
2. Hermit: Hermit, a person who lives in seclusion in the mountains. In ancient times, there was a man who refused to be an official and lived in seclusion between Shan Ye. Generally refers to smart people.
3. I haven't met: if I haven't met, I haven't seen it.
4. Boy: No adults, children. This refers to the disciples and students of the hermit.
5. say: answer.
6. Cloud depth: refers to the clouds on the mountain.
7. location: whereabouts, where.
translate
Under the pine tree, I asked the young schoolboy, and he said that the master had gone up the mountain to collect medicine.
He also told me: it's in this mountain, but the forest is deep and dense, and I don't know his whereabouts.
Creation background
This poem was written by Jia Dao, a monk in the middle Tang Dynasty, when he visited a hermit in the mountains. Who is the hermit? Some people think it's Jia Dao's mountain friend Sun Xia. It is difficult to verify the specific creation time of this poem.
Make an appreciative comment
This is a question and answer poem, which shows the poet's envy of the hermit's life. In the poem, pine trees represent lofty spirit and white clouds represent feelings of self-love. In the pines, Changbai mountains and misty clouds, there is not a word about hermits, but every word is about the yearning and envy of hermits and poets for hermit life. The whole poem is fresh and natural in color, with bright colors, green hills, cypresses and white clouds. The description of the scenery sets off the characteristics of hermits well. But the poet didn't find a hermit, which made us feel sorry for him.
The first answer: "My teacher", he replied, "I went to collect herbs", from the structure of the whole poem, from the rendering of the environment and atmosphere to the description of the action, from abstract to concrete.
In ancient China, there was the idea of pursuing immortality, and the Qin Emperor Hanwu was a typical example. Even alchemists prevailed in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and counterfeiting became a common practice. In contrast, outstanding hermits pay attention to their own cultivation. In seclusion life, enlightenment, health preservation and medication (health medicine) constitute the main contents. This is especially true in Wei, Jin and Israel. Therefore, for hermits, herb picking is an important activity. Its utility lies not only in taking medicine for health preservation, but also in climbing mountains to collect herbs, which is an excellent physical exercise. Therefore, for real hermits, understanding Tao, keeping in good health and collecting herbs are trinity. The profoundness of Tao is manifested in the beauty of cranes, and the communication is like the sky. "My teacher," he replied, "went to collect herbs." This boy showed the typical characteristics of a hermit and added the sadness that the poet hurt him.
The second answer is directed at the poet's question about where to collect medicine.
This answer is very clear and affirmative, which seems to give the poet some expectations to pursue, but then the third answer seems to guess the poet's expectations, and finally gives a fruitless answer: "How can I tell the difference between crossing so many clouds? "At this time, the mountains are high and the clouds are deep, and the hermit's escape suddenly jumps into the reader's imagination.
Around these answers, there are actually two performance structures intertwined and constantly evolving. First, the performance structure of hermit behavior, that is, from virtual to real (not here but in this mountain), from real to virtual (how to say, through all these clouds? ), from the virtual to the real, just like Youlong in the clouds, looming, giving people a sense of confusion, trance, confusion, fully showing the hermit's Shen Feng. First, the poet's own emotional expression structure, from melancholy to expectation (not knowing that he is on this mountain), from expectation to deeper melancholy, reveals an unreachable emotion. The poet was originally a monk, but later returned to the secular world, but his official career was not proud, so he always praised the noble and extraordinary human life. "But on this mountain, how can I tell, through all these clouds?" In fact, it is not only the poet's description of the hermit, but also the realm of life pursued by the poet himself.
First, experience the novelty in poetry.
On the surface, this poem is easy to understand, seemingly ordinary, and savored carefully, but it is full of twists and turns, and it tells three situations of looking for a "hermit", or "will" or "won't". "My teacher," he replied, "to herbal medicine" "-not satisfied; "But towards which corner of the mountain"-you can meet; "Through these clouds, how do I know?" -It's hard to meet. A short three-line poem, with three meanings and three turning points, is rich in change, novel and intriguing.
Judging from the writing style, "when I questioned your students, I was under a pine tree" is a question, asking what the poem didn't say. However, we can imagine from the boys' answers that Matsushita asked "Where is the teacher?" And then the sentence "Where is the medicine?" It was omitted, and the question was implied by the boy's answer "but which corner of the mountain" The last sentence "How can I tell, through all these clouds?" It is a supplementary answer for boys. Answer the other party whether the medicinal materials are collected in front of the mountain, behind the mountain, at the top of the mountain or at the foot of the mountain. These three questions and answers usually need at least six sentences to be fully expressed. The poet Jia Dao used the method of answering rather than asking, and only used the cross to express perfection. It is not difficult to imagine that this is the author's skill in scrutinizing sentences. Therefore, in teaching, we can't leave the writing characteristics of this poem, and we can't swallow it. Only by careful understanding can we appreciate the beauty of this poem.
Second, experience the beauty of simplicity in poetry.
In this poem, the author did not write the disappointment of the seeker, but described the secluded mountain forest from the side with extremely simple and natural words through the boy's answer. The image of this mountain forest and the image of a hermit are intrinsically related in the author's works. When teaching, teachers should guide students to understand the artistic conception expressed in the poem while understanding the meaning of the sentence, and imagine the scene described by the poet in repeated reading. "Panasonic" shows the height of pine trees and the magnificent and quiet living environment of hermits; "Herb Picking" tells the story of lush and exotic vegetation on the mountain; "Cloud depth" not only describes the thickness of clouds, but also describes the profundity of mountains. These words are unpretentious, but they are organically linked in the poem "Notes for an absent ecluse", all of which show extraordinary brilliance and become vivid pens of magnificent mountains and forests. Conditional teachers can outline the environment of Song, Tung Tzu and "I" on the blackboard in the form of pastels and strokes according to the poem, and compare it with the whole poem, so as to achieve the perfect unity of poetry and painting. Starting from the language of poetry itself, it is a principle that ancient poetry teaching should follow to reveal the picture or artistic image of poetry through reasonable imagination. Disappointed by falling; There is a glimmer of hope in the disappointment of "but which corner of the mountain"; When the last answer is "how do I know through these clouds?" I am very frustrated and helpless.
It is said that Jia Dao's poems are too trapped in the "scrutiny" of words, only working hard on words, and often have good sentences but no good articles; This poem, however, takes great pains in the conception of the article. There are no good sentences, only good sentences.
Further reading
Brief introduction of the author
Jia Dao (779 ~ 843) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty. Han nationality, a native of Fanyang County, Youzhou, Hebei Province (now Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province) in the Tang Dynasty. He became a monk in his early years and had no name. Self-named "Jieshishan people". It is said that when he was in Luoyang, he was forbidden to go out in the afternoon because of an order at that time. Jia Dao complained about writing poems and was discovered by Han Yu. Later, he was taught by Han Yu to take the imperial examination, but failed to win the first place. Tang Wenzong was excluded and demoted as the main book of the Yangtze River. At the beginning of Huichang, Tang Wuzong was transferred from Sicang, Zhou Pu to a family, but he didn't die of illness.
Anecdotes of characters
Becoming a monk at an early age
John young, Jia Dao's hometown, was once An Lushan's lair. After the Anshi Rebellion was put down, it was occupied by the buffer region for a long time and was in a semi-isolated state. Jia Dao was born in a humble family. So his early behavior rate can't be tested. Legend has it that he tried several times before he was 30, and all failed. Frustrated and forced to make a living, I had to become a monk and take a dharma name without publishing a book. The poor family and the lonely life of meditation have cultivated his withdrawn, indifferent and introverted personality. He likes to be alone and curious, and is lighter than wealth, and his emotions are vivid in his face, which is quite rare in the world. But he still loves to recite poems and is often carried away by the idea of good sentences. "Although I sit and sleep, I will never stop singing." Therefore, Jia Dao is regarded as a typical poet in the Tang Dynasty.
Study the origin carefully
One day, Jia Dao visited a friend named Li Ning on the outskirts of Chang 'an. He searched along the mountain road for a long time before he touched Li Ning's home. At this time, the night is quiet and the moonlight is bright. His knock on the door woke up the birds in the tree. Unfortunately, Li Ning was not at home that day, and Jia Dao left a poem:
Li Ning's Seclusion
Living leisurely here, few neighbors come, and the overgrown path leads to the wilderness.
Birds are freely perched in the trees by the pool, and monks are knocking at the door.
Walking across this bridge, you can see the charming scenery of Ye Yuan, and the feet of clouds seem to be moving on the floating rocks.
I will leave here for a while, but I will come back and retire with my friends on the appointed date.
The next day, Jia Dao rode a donkey back to Chang 'an. On the way, he remembered the poem he improvised last night, and felt that the word "push" in "Birds by the Pool Stay in the Tree, Monks Push the Moon Down the Door" was not appropriate enough, and it might be more appropriate to use "knock" instead. Jia Dao rode on a donkey, sang songs, knocked at the door and pushed the door, and unconsciously entered Chang 'an. People in the street are amused to see him like this. At this time, Han Yu, who was an official in Beijing, came face to face with the honor guard. Pedestrians and vehicles gave way, and Jia Dao rode a donkey with lively gesticulations and broke into the guard of honor. Send someone to take him to see Han Yu.
Han Yu asked Jia Dao why he trespassed. Jia Dao read the poem he wrote to Han Yu, but he couldn't make up his mind whether to use "push" or "knock" in a sentence. Han Yu listened and thought with great interest. After a while, he said to Jia Dao, "I'd better type." Visiting a friend on a moonlit night, even if your friend's house is not bolted, you can't rush to the door. Knocking at the door shows that you are a polite person! In addition, the word "knock" adds a little more noise in the dead of night. There is movement in the silence, is it not lively? " Jia Dao listened to nodding. Not only did he not get punished this time, but he also made friends with Han Yu.
Since then, deliberation has become a popular word, which means that when making an essay, writing a poem or doing something, you have to ponder and consider it repeatedly to get the best result.
Xuanzong declared in the book.
The "suicide note" said that Jia Dao and his later French residence had no seclusion. One day, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty visited the temple incognito. When someone heard him recite poems, he followed the sound upstairs. When he saw the poem on the case, he took it and browsed it. Jia Dao was behind, alone. He didn't know Tang Xuanzong, so he glared and shouted, "Lang Jun eats fresh food and dresses beautifully. How did he know this? " I was nervous afterwards, waiting for redemption. The court gave him a small official in the main book of Changjiang County and expelled him from Chang 'an. There are two poets' works in the Tang Dynasty, both of which are related to this matter. An Qi's poem said, "Ride a donkey to Yin Da, seize the classics and pass on the teachings." In one of Li's poems, Li said, "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty was dismissed as meddling, but Han became famous.
Return to the secular world, have an appointment
Jia Dao has a cousin named Wu Wu, who is also a poet. At that time, the two became monks together. Jia Dao couldn't bear loneliness and killed the carbine; And Wu Wu is still crossing his hands to the Buddha. Jia Dao kept an appointment when he was secularized, and he will remain a monk in the future, but he was wrapped up as soon as he fell into the dust net. Write a poem to remind him not to forget the appointment. Jia Dao said, how could I forget? "Thinking about all the famous mountains in the world, I will arrive at Songqiu sooner or later" ("Send away") "There will be a misty meeting, and the rooftop will be a close neighbor" ("Send away"). He still yearns for the tranquility of Buddhism. But they all say that action is action, which is full of contradictions.
The Poetic Style of Meng Jiao, Jia Dao and Guqiao
The reason why "being thin in a suburban island" comes from the poetic style of Meng Jiao and Jia Dao mainly refers to the narrow pattern, poor mood and bitter spirit reflected in their poems. Both of them are decent officials who have never done anything in their lives. Meng Jiao, essentially Geng Jie, is a person who is not good at communicating with others. After taking three exams, I won a Jinshi at the age of 50 and got a poor little official position. But he usually spends his time drinking, playing the piano, making friends and writing poems, and is indifferent to government affairs. Finally, someone else took his place, went home with half his salary and lived a poor life. So his poems are getting colder and colder. Jia Dao used to be a monk and believed in Taoism, which is also a kind of "poetic way". Biography of Talented Talents in the Tang Dynasty said that he "lived in Beijing for 30 years, and lost his literary field repeatedly, so he became a pagoda". Although he was so poor, he still didn't hide Jia Dao's humanity. One day, Xuanzong traveled incognito the temple where Jia Dao was located. He moved upstairs when he heard the sound of singing poems upstairs. When he saw a poem on the box, he took it out and read it. Jia Dao didn't know the emperor, so he made a sudden snatch and took it away. His expression was cold and sarcastic. Thanks to the emperor's grace, I went downstairs and left. Later, Jia Dao realized that something was wrong and was frightened. He rushed to the palace to confess his crime. This surprised the emperor. This story is too romantic and unreliable, but it shows the temperament of Jia Dao.
Meng Jiao and Jia Dao have lived in poverty for many years. Although they were rewarded and subsidized by Han Yu at that time, they did not get rid of the difficulties in real life. So in their poems, words like "tears", "hatred", "death", "sadness" and "bitterness" can be seen everywhere.
Main work
Jia Dao wrote The Yangtze River Collection 10, and recorded more than 390 poems. There is a cover version of Four Series. The New Collection of the Yangtze River is based on Jia's poems collected in The Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty, and other books and related anthologies, anthologies and appendices, such as Chronicle of Jia Dao, Examination of Jia Dao's Friends, and Jia Dao's Poetry Review, are relatively complete. In addition, there are 3 volumes of small collections and 1 volume of poems.
Famous comments
Zheng Sheng, a Tang poem in Gao Qian in the Ming Dynasty: Wu Yi's comment: The sound is wonderful, and the so-called unintentional person is also.
Direct Translation of Tang Poetry by Li Panlong and Nishino in Ming Dynasty: The closer, the better.
Jiang Yikui's Selected Poems of Tang Dynasty: The first sentence asks, and the last three sentences answer. There is elegance in integrity, and integrity in elegance.
Selected Poems of Tang Dynasty by Ling Hongxian in Ming Dynasty: Yu Zhongwei said: It means refined and popular.
Tang Ruxun's interpretation of Tang poetry in the Ming Dynasty: it is defined as a child's speech to become a secluded mountain.