In many poems, there are some words that deserve special attention, which usually add color to the whole poem and even become the highlight of the poem. The poet monk Qi Ji wrote a poem "Early Plum Blossoms". There is a sentence that goes: "In the deep snow in the front village, several branches bloomed last night." Zheng Gu changed "number" to "one" because the title "Early Plum Blossoms", if A few branches have bloomed, indicating that the flowers have been blooming for a long time and cannot be regarded as "early plum blossoms". Qi Ji admired Zheng Gu so much that he respectfully called Zheng Gu "one-character master". Wang Jia wrote a poem "Sunny Scene": "Before the rain, I first saw the stamens among the flowers, but after the rain there were no flowers at the bottom of the leaves. Bees and butterflies flew over the wall, but I suspected that the spring scenery was in the neighbor's house." Wang Anshi changed "flying" to "One after another", because only the busy and wonderful profiling can make people truly feel the unique beauty after the rain in late spring. The refining of verbs is the main content of word refining in ancient poems. The word "green" is used in Wang Anshi's "The spring breeze turns green on the south bank of the river", the word "see" is used in Tao Qian's "Seeing Nanshan leisurely", the word "nong" is used in Zhang Xian's "clouds break through the moon and flowers make shadows", and the word "nong" is used in Song Qi's "red apricot branches" Everyone knows the word "nao" in the spring mood. The word "Nao" expresses the vigorous spring feeling in the poet's heart, and the word "Nong" expresses the poet's appreciation of the beauty of the flower branches dancing in the breeze under the moon. Du Fu's poem: "Mountain spits out the moon at the end of the night, and the moon shines on the building at night." The word "ming" is an adjective used like a verb, which makes the picture dynamic. What's even better is the word "spit" (students will realize it for themselves!) Function words are used well Well, you can also get the aesthetic effects of smoothing the literary style, echoing the opening and closing, melodious and torturous, and enlivening the sentiment. Du Fu has a poem that goes: "There are Bashu in the mountains and rivers, and the buildings are as high as the Liang." Ye Mengde commented: "Hundreds of miles far and near, thousands of years up and down, only between the two words 'you' and '自', and the mountains and rivers are absorbed." Qi, admiration for the past and present, are all expressed in words.
① Verbs: When appreciating poetry, we must pay special attention to verbs, especially verbs with "multiple meanings".
Example 1: Do you remember that there is no old red board on the half-mile bridge across the Qingxi River, and there are too few people in the long autumn sky, with only a single willow tree bending down? ("Sorrow for Jiangnan" by Kong Shangren)
Analysis: Here, the word "left" is eye-catching. The author does not use "liu" or "jian". The beauty is that although "left" and "liu" have similar meanings, the word "left" is generally passive. , and it means "remaining" and "remaining"; in addition, the word "left" has a temporal character, giving people a sense of "helplessness". "Liu" does not have so many meanings, but it only refers to the present. It cannot give people a sense of change between the past and the present.
Example 2: Why does the Qiang flute blame the willows? The spring breeze does not pass through Yumen Pass.
Analysis: The word "resentment" is obviously anthropomorphic. The emotion in the song is also the heart of the flute player.
Example 3: The flowers splash with tears, and the other birds are frightened.
Analysis: "splash", "shock". "The two words are not only fresh, but also add to the inner pain of the poet's feeling of hating others.
Example 4: The rain has gone and the flowers are wet, and the wind has returned and the leaves are sparse. (Wang Bo in "Jiao Xing")
Analysis: Looking at this poem, "wet" refers to "light", and "sparse" refers to "shadow", which is unusual in itself. Wang Bo writes about spring rain, the rain falls for a short time, and the sun rises after the rain. There is no rain on the flowers anymore, and they are even more moist under the sunlight, so the word "flower light" is very accurate. The word "light" shows that the flower has spirit, so the word "light" means "wind stops". Under the sunlight, the night shadows are clear and sparse, and the word "sparse" makes it appear that the sunlight shines through the shadows of the leaves. It is written exactly like life, and it also looks poetic. The use of words is wonderful.
②Modifiers: Most of them are adjectives, which are also the focus of attention in poetry appreciation.
Example 1: Far above the Yellow River, there is an isolated city called Wanren Mountain.
Analysis: The word "lonely" describes the loneliness of the environment, which can reach people's hearts.
Example 2: Sneaking into the night with the wind, moistening things silently.
Analysis: The word is thin, the pulse is continuous, and it describes the opportunity of natural creation, which is the most intimate.
Example 3: The young woman in the boudoir has no worries, and she suddenly sees the willows on the street in the spring. , Regret taught her husband to seek the title of Marquis (Wang Changling in "Girlfriend")
Analysis: The first two sentences describe that after dressing up, the young woman excitedly climbed up to the Cui Tower to enjoy the spring scenery. The word "hu" is used, which means casual and appropriate. Who she encountered: The color of willows that broke into her eyes reminded her of the scene when she and her husband broke the willows to say goodbye. Thinking of her husband, she couldn't help but feel sad. A young woman with a childish face. The word "hu" vividly describes this emotional change, and this is what makes this poem intriguing.
③Special words: In poetry, there are some words that are unique in themselves, and readers can find them quickly.
a. Repeated words: There are only two functions of repeated words: enhancing the rhythm of the language or serving as an emphasis.
1. The willows are green and the Qingjiang River is level, and I can hear the singing on the Langjiang River. ("Bamboo Branch Ci" Part 1" Liu Yuxi)
2. Thousands of households always replace old talismans with new peaches. (Wang Anshi in "Yuan Ri")
3. Searching and searching, deserted and miserable. ("Slow Voice" by Li Qingzhao)
b. Onomatopoeia: Some onomatopoeia are redundant words because they appear very frequently, so they are listed separately. It has one function: to make the poetry more vivid and make people feel immersed in the scene.
1. The rain is gurgling outside the curtain, the spring is fading, and the quilt cannot bear the cold at midnight.
("Langtaosha" by Li Yu)
2. The endless falling trees rustle and the endless Yangtze River rolls in. ("Deng Gao" by Du Fu)
c. Words expressing colors: These words are sometimes used as predicates, sometimes as attributives, and sometimes as subjects or objects. But it has only one function. Color generally expresses mood, enhances the sense of color and picture of description, and exaggerates the atmosphere. When appreciating, you may grasp the words that can express the combination of colors and appreciate the rich painting meaning and distinct rhythm of the poem: "Two orioles sing in the green willows, and a row of egrets ascend to the blue sky." The four colors of yellow, emerald, white and green are embellished. It is well-proportioned and extends from point to line towards infinite space. The picture is still and moving, and is full of distinct three-dimensional rhythm. Or grasp the words that can express bright contrasting colors and experience the intensity of the emotional color of the poem: "The stream of light can easily throw people away, making cherries red and bananas green." Red and green express Jiang Jie's lament that time is in a hurry and spring is fleeting. This "colored thought". Even in the words that capture the expression of a single color, you can still feel the poet's deep affection: "Remember the green skirt, pity the grass everywhere." "Whoever comes in the morning and is drunk in the frost forest will always cry when leaving!" The parting of pity and sadness The emotions are all in "green" and "drunken red".
1. After ten miles of spring breeze, all the shepherds and wheat are green. ("Yangzhou Slow" by Jiang Kui)
2. The fragrance of red lotus root lingers in the jade mat in autumn. ("A Cut of Plum Blossoms" by Li Qingzhao)
3. The green grass reflects the spring color on the steps, and the oriole sounds good in the sky through the leaves. ("Prime Minister of Shu" by Du Fu)
4. Examples:
The dotted words in the following poems each have their own merits, please appreciate and analyze them
1. Desert The solitary smoke is straight, and the sun is setting over the long river (Wang Wei's "The Envoy to the Fortress")
2. The bright moon rises on the sea, and the end of the world is *** at this time (Zhang Jiuling's "Looking at the Moon and Huaiyuan")
3. Steaming clouds and dreamy lakes shake Yueyang City (Meng Haoran's "Prime Minister Zhang on the Dongting")
4. The wild sky is low and the trees are low, and the river is clear and the moon is close to the people (Meng Haoran's "Su Jiande River")
5. The cold mountains turn green, and the autumn water is gurgling (Wang Wei's "Wangchuan Leisure Residence Presented to Pei Xiucai Di")
6. All the birds are flying high, and the lonely cloud is alone. (Li Bai's "Sitting Alone on Jingting Mountain")
7. The stars hang down on the plains and the fields are vast, and the moon surges into the river. (Du Fu's "Walking at Night")
8. The green grass reflects the spring color on the steps, and the oriole's voice is heard in the sky through the leaves. (Du Fu's "The Prime Minister of Shu")
[Answer attached] 1. "Straight" describes the strength and perseverance of the beacon smoke, while "round" gives people a warm, warm and boundless feeling. These two words not only accurately describe It captures the scene of the desert and expresses the poet's true feelings, subtly melting the lonely emotion into the vast natural scene. 2. The word "生" describes the scene of the bright moon rising from the sea, which is dynamic and accurate. 3. "Steam" describes the rich accumulation on the lake surface, as if the vast Yunmeng Lake is nourished by Dongting, and "shake" describes the surging momentum of Dongting Lake, which is extremely powerful. 4. "Low" describes the unique perspective of people looking up at the sky in the boat, which is very accurate. The word "near" when written about the moon seems to be gentle, considerate and considerate, to soothe the poet's lonely heart. 5. "Turn" means that the color of the mountain is getting darker and thicker. The mountain is stationary, but its dynamics are expressed by the gradient of color. "日" means "every day". Water is flowing. Using the word "日" makes people feel that it is always conserved. 6. "Exhaust" and "idle" lead readers into a silent world: it seems that they feel particularly quiet after the noise of a group of mountain birds disappears, and after the rolling thick clouds disappear, they feel particularly quiet and peaceful. The writing is full of tranquility. , using movement to contrast stillness, highlighting the poet's inner loneliness. 7. The stars "hang" low to describe the vastness of the plains. The moon "surges" with the river to describe the momentum of the rushing river. The scene is majestic and vast. 8. The spring grass is "naturally" green, and the orioles are "empty" singing. The scenery is beautiful but no one cares about it. The scene is desolate and miserable.
Appreciate poetic language·Restore word order
Restore the reversed word order and grasp the poet's true intention and emotional focus.
1. Key points:
1. Subject postposition. Cui Hao's poem "Yellow Crane Tower": "Qingchuan is full of Hanyang trees, and the grass is luxuriant on Parrot Island." It means "Qingchuan (on a clear field) Hanyang trees are all the way (countable), and Parrot Island is full of luxuriant grass." , "Hanyang Tree" and "Parrot Island" are placed after "Lili" and "luxuriant". They seem to be objects, but in fact they are the objects being stated.
2. Preposition of object. Du Fu's poem "Moonlight Night": "The fragrant mist and clouds wet the servant girl, and the clear brilliance and jade arms are cold." It is actually "the fragrant mist and clouds wet the servant girl, and the clear radiance and jade arms are cold." The poet imagined that his wife, who was far away in Yanzhou, was looking at the moon in her boudoir. The fragrant mist seemed to wet her hair, and the clear moonlight also made her white arms feel chilly. The words "wet" and "cold" here are both so-called verbs. "Yun Huan" and "Jade Arm" are the objects they control, but they are placed in front and seem to have become the subject. Xin Qiji's poem "Congratulations to the Bridegroom": "Speak of the long pavilion of wine. Look at Yuanming and Fengliu, they look exactly like Crouching Dragon Zhuge." How could Tao Yuanming of the Jin Dynasty resemble Zhuge Liang of the Three Kingdoms? It turns out that the author used both of them as metaphors for his friend Chen Liang, explaining Chen Liang's literary talent and military strategy respectively. According to the sentence, the meaning of the sentence is actually "Looking at the romantic figures, they are similar to Yuanming and Wolong Zhuge." The object "Yuanming" moved to the position of the subject. Another example is Qian Qi's poem "Taniguchi Study Sends Yang Buque": "I pity the bamboo after the new rain, and the mountains love the sunset." (I pity the bamboo after the new rain, and love the mountains at sunset.)
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3. Replacement of host and guest. Ye Mengde's poem "Congratulations to the Bridegroom": "Autumn is getting late, and frost signals bring yellow flowers." It also obviously means "yellow flowers report frost letters." The word order of this subject-object transposition is still in the format of "subject-verb-object" on the surface, but in meaning it must be understood upside down. Another example is Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", "Sisters and brothers are all from the earth, poor glory is born in the family" (family birth is glorious), and Lu Lun's poem "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" "The grass in the dark forest is frightened by the wind, and the general draws his bow at night" (The wind in the forest frightens the grass) )wait.
4. The position of the attributive. In positive phrases, the attributive comes first and the central word comes last. This is a general situation in ancient and modern Chinese. The position of the attributive in poetry and music is quite flexible, and can often be moved forward or backward away from the central phrase it modifies.
5． An adverbial that appears as an object. "Human faces don't know where to go, but the peach blossoms still laugh at the spring breeze." "Laughing at the spring breeze" appears to be a verb-object phrase. In fact, "autumn wind" and "spring breeze" are not dominated by "moving" and "laughing", but are respectively It means "moving in the autumn wind" and "laughing in the spring breeze". This kind of situation is relatively common in poetry, for example: Du Fu's "Qiu Xing" No. 8: "Qianjiashan Guo Jing is in the morning light, and the sun is sitting on the river tower." Sitting in the middle.) Li Shangyin's poem "An Ding Tower": "Remembering the rivers and lakes, I will return with white hair, and I want to return to the world and enter the boat." (Yongyi, the rivers and lakes will return with white hair.) They are all similar examples.
Others: Su Shi's poem "Nian Nujiao": "My motherland is wandering, I should laugh at my affection, and I will be born early." (I should laugh at my affection.) For example, Mao Zedong's poem "In the cold autumn of independence, the Xiangjiang River goes north, at the head of Orange Island" , students can quickly rearrange it as "Hanqiu, (I) am independent (from) Juzizhoutou, (see) Xiangjiang River going north"; the more typical and familiar to students is "If you want to see a thousand miles away, go to the next level." Floor", students can also quickly rearrange it into "Want to see a thousand miles away". Throughout the ages, there is no hero to be found, and Sun Zhong is looking for a place.
2. Reasons for word order reversal:
First, it is the requirement of rhythm. The mature "modern poetry" of the early Tang Dynasty and later lyrics and music, in addition to rhyme and word count restrictions, also pay attention to the smooth arrangement and smooth contrast. In order to meet the requirements of rhythm, the poet had to make some changes in the word order arrangement.
Second, out of special rhetorical needs. Wang Wei's "Mountain Dwelling in the Autumn Mist" poem "The noise of bamboo returns to Huan Nu, and the lotus leaves the fishing boat" says: "According to the sequence of actions in the objective environment, it was originally the return of 'Huan Nu' that caused the 'Noise of Bamboo'; the movement of the fishing boat However, if the narrative is simply described as "Huannu returns to the bamboo, and the lotus moves under the fishing boat", then the center of the picture will be attributed to the passive factors "bamboo" and "lotus" - this is action. The end of the process. Since the action ends here, the picture becomes still. "According to the order of the poem, "The sound of bamboo" and "Lian Dong" become the introduction of "Huan Nu" and "Yuzhou" into the picture. The center has moved to the active elements of the action, 'Huan Nu' and 'Yu Zhou'. The movements of 'Huan Nu' and 'Yu Zhou' are not only far more visible than the movements of 'Bamboo' and 'Lotus', but they are also the starting point and origin of the action. Motivation enables the process to continue. This greatly enhances the action and vividness of the picture. ”
In fact, the appearance of special word order in poetry and music often requires both rhythm and rhetoric. And there are some. For example, in Wang Changling's "Joining the Army" and Du Fu's "Spring Night Happy Rain", the attributive "Gucheng" is moved to the front and "Jinguancheng" is moved to the back. In addition to conforming to the flat and oblique format of Qijue and Wulu, the purpose is to highlight and emphasize the Yumen Pass. The isolated and abrupt terrain and the scene of falling flowers in the poet's imagination after the spring rain.
3. Inspire students to think and give examples respectively.
a. The attributive moves forward. Wang Changling's poem "Walking in the Army": "The snow-capped mountains are dark with long clouds in Qinghai, and the lonely city looks at Yumen Pass in the distance." The "lone city" in the next sentence refers to Yumen Pass, which is the appositional attributive of "Yumen Pass", but now it is moved before the verb "looking into the distance", which is very confusing. It is easy to misunderstand that it is standing on another isolated city and looking at the Jade Gate in the distance. Liu Cha's poem "Walking in the Army": "No one can be seen when hearing the sound of the horizontal flute, and the red flag goes straight up to the snow in the Tianshan Mountains." (Hearing the sound of the horizontal flute) are all similar examples. Lu You's poem "Lying in the Day": "The fragrance creates mist in the tent, and books accumulate on the mountain beside the pillow." (The fragrance creates mist in the tent, and the mountain of books accumulates on the pillow.)
b. The attributive is moved to the back. Li Bai's poem "Sleepwalking Tianmu Yin Farewell": "I want to dream of Wuyue and fly across Jinghu Lake in the moonlit night." It means "flying across Jinghu Lake on a moonlit night". "Moonlight", a partial phrase, was originally a time adverbial at the beginning of the sentence, but now it is split into two. The attributive "moon" is far away from the central word and is located at the end of the sentence. It seems to have become the central part of the object, but the author's "flying" is obviously It can only be "Mirror Lake", not "Moon". And the poem "Spring Night Joyful Rain": "Look at the red and wet place at dawn, the flowers are heavy in Jinguancheng." (The flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy)
4. Explain the third aspect: pay attention to the omissions in the poem, use Imagination and association fill the gaps left by the poet.
Mr. Jin Kaicheng pointed out: Poetry appreciation is always inseparable from the word "thinking". Mr. Wu Shichang also said that reading words requires imagination. In poetry appreciation, reconstructive imagination based on the "recreation conditions" stipulated in the poem can fill in the gaps intentionally left by the poet, restore the scene of the poem, and obtain higher aesthetic enjoyment. This is a necessary part of poetry appreciation. The omission of verses has to do with the combination of images. Therefore, requiring the use of imagination to fill in the omitted parts is also a possible question. Jia Dao's "Unexpected Visitors to Hermits": "Matsushita asked the boy, saying that the teacher was going to collect medicine. Only in this mountain, the clouds are deep and I don't know where to go."
"Obviously it is three questions and answers, and it takes at least six sentences to complete the dialogue. The author uses the method of answering questions including questions, and shortens it to twenty words. This is like the montage technique in a movie, one image after another, one image after another. , leaving a lot of blank space between the shots, allowing our readers to supplement and improve based on the logic of life, accumulation of experience, and their own cultivation.
In fact, the combination of images in Chinese classical poetry relies on Chinese grammar. The characteristic of meaning combination is that words and words, images and images can be directly combined, and even the connecting words can be omitted. For example, Xin Qiji's "The bright moon is frightened by the branches, and the cicadas are chirping in the breeze in the middle of the night" (he uses "the bright moon"). "", "Qingfeng" are familiar words, but when they are combined with "the magpies on the other branches" and "the cicadas chirping in the middle of the night", they form a deep artistic conception with both sound and color, and suitable for movement and stillness. People even Ignoring the balance and contrast between these two sentences, "moon" and "jing magpie", "wind" and "cicada" are not simple lists of things, but have intrinsic connections and causal relationships) Wang. Wei's "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi" says: "I advise you to drink a glass of wine. There is no old friend when you leave Yangguan in the west. "Du Fu's "Recalling Li Bai in Spring" says: "When can a bottle of wine be used to describe important and detailed essays? "When old friends meet, or have a heart-to-heart talk, or write an essay, they always have to drink wine. Only "a glass of wine" is used to describe the scene of the two people meeting.
Imagine again, it takes seven words It is not easy to describe the two people's separation and longing after separation, but the poet chose the word "Jianghu", "Yeyu" and "Ten Years of Lights" to express it movingly. It makes people think of circulation and wandering. Du Fu's "Dream of Li Bai" says: "There are many storms in the rivers and lakes, and the boat may be lost." "Night rain" can arouse feelings of nostalgia. Li Shangyin's "Night Rain Sends to the North" says: "You asked about the return date, but the night rain in Bashan swelled the autumn pond." "Listening to "Ye Yu" in "Jiang Hu" adds to the feeling of desolation. During "Ye Yu", you need to light a lamp, so I chose the word "Lamp". "Lamp" is a commonly used word, and "Lamp" is a common word. "Ten Years Lamp" is the author's first creation. When used in conjunction with "Jianghu Night Rain", it can stimulate a series of readers' imaginations: two friends, each wandering in the rivers and lakes, every night rainy, alone with the lantern, missing each other, Sleepless at night. And this scene has lasted for ten years! , Lu You's "Shu Ang" "The boat is crossing Guazhou in the night, the iron horse is blowing away in the autumn wind", and Wen Tingyun's "The sound of chickens in the thatched shop" ", Banqiao Shuang" are all concatenations of nouns. The "image" aspect seems to be isolated, but the "meaning" aspect has an inner and deep connection, which seems to be separated from the actual connection, and seems to be broken from the actual connection, which gives readers It leaves room for imagination and the possibility of re-creation. The last two sentences of Du Mu's "Passing the Huaqing Palace": "The concubine riding on the red dust smiles, and no one knows that it is a lychee." "There are no related words between "Yi Qi Hong Chen" and "Fei Zi Xiao", they are directly put together. It can be said that "Yi Qi Hong Chen" made "Fei Zi laugh"; it can also be said that "Yi Qi Hong Chen" made "Fei Zi laugh"; There is a smile in the picture, like a superimposition of two shots. Both interpretations seem possible, but neither is accurate. The poet just puts two contrasting images in front of the reader, and you have to figure out the connection between the images. Imagine and supplement, but you are not allowed to solidify it. Once it solidifies, it loses its poetic flavor; and the charm of poetry lies in the multiple meanings of poetry. Another example is Ouyang Xiu's "Butterfly Loves Flowers": "The rain is blowing and the wind is blowing in the evening of March." , the door is hidden at dusk, and there is no plan to stay in spring. "The linking words between "menshu" and "dusk" are omitted. It can be understood as closing the door at dusk, or hiding the dusk outside the door, or hiding the spring light at dusk. "Outside the door" may have three meanings. Anyway, the young woman made a move to close the door, and it was dusk. This move showed his loneliness, disappointment and melancholy.
5. Assign homework ( (omitted)
Appreciating the language of poetry·Overall language characteristics
1. (1) Freshness
"Hands by Famous Teachers" is characterized by its novel use of language and its uniqueness. Unconventional. Freshness is generally used in landscape poems. Generally, the style of poetry is relatively bright, the language is relatively popular, the metaphors are novel and unique, and it contains the author's joy. First, most of the landscape poems are pastoral. As a poet, Tao Qian's poems are mainly plain and sometimes fresh, while Wang Wei and Meng Haoran's poems are relatively fresh.
1. Wang Wei: poet and painter of the Tang Dynasty (9th year of Kaiyuan). 721) Jinshi, who was awarded the title of Lecheng because of his proficiency in music. Soon he was demoted to Sicang, Jizhou, to join the army. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, he was promoted to the position of Youshiyi. Two years later, he was depressed and wanted to retire. When he was many years old, he lived in seclusion in Zhongnan Mountain and Wangchuan. His thoughts became increasingly negative, and his Buddhist beliefs gradually developed. He was captured during the Anshi Rebellion and was forced to serve as a pseudo-official. After that, he was demoted to Prince Zhongyun. Among them, Wang Wei wrote less than 400 poems, including "Zhongnan Mountain", "Hanjiang Linpan" and "Mountain Residence". "Autumn Twilight", "Qingxi", "Passing Xiangji Temple", 20 poems from "Wangchuan Collection", "Gift to Pei Shidi", etc. Most of Wang Wei's landscape and pastoral works not only depict the natural beauty, but also reveal the leisure life. The mood is leisurely and tranquil, or the weather is desolate, or the mood is lonely and deserted, which reflects the poet's indifference to reality and even the desolation of Zen. In addition, his artistic skills are highly praised by later generations.
Wang Wei's farewell and travel poems often contain beautiful lines describing scenes, such as "The solitary smoke is straight in the desert, and the sun is setting over the long river" ("Envoy to the Fortress"), etc., which have been passed down through the generations.
Wang Wei’s poems contain paintings, and paintings contain poems. He has a unique and meticulous feeling for the beauty of nature. The landscapes and landscapes he writes have a special charm. They are slightly rendered but have a long artistic conception. The colors are bright and beautiful, and they are very painterly. He combines movement and stillness when describing scenery, and is good at expressing the changes in light, color and sound in nature in detail. His scenery poems often use five rhymes and five uniques. They are short in length, exquisite in language and soothing in syllables, and are suitable for expressing the tranquility of mountains and rivers and the comfortable mood. Wang Wei is a representative figure of the landscape pastoral school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He inherited and carried forward the landscape poetry pioneered by Xie Lingyun and became unique, bringing the achievement of landscape pastoral poetry to its peak and playing an important role in the history of Chinese poetry. Wang Wei also has excellent works in other aspects. Some reflect military and frontier life, some show chivalry, and some expose current abuses. Some short poems to say farewell to relatives and friends and write about daily life, such as "Send Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi", "Lovesickness", "Remembering Shandong Brothers on September 9th", "Send Shen Zi Blessed Return to Jiangdong", etc., have been recited from ancient to modern times. These small poems are all five or seven unique poems, with sincere feelings and sincere words, no need for decoration, and a simple and profound beauty. They are comparable to the quatrains of Li Bai and Wang Changling, and represent the highest achievement of quatrains in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. There are occasional famous poems in his poems, hymns, and poems promoting Buddhism, but most of them are not worth mentioning. Wang Wei had the highest attainments in Wulu and Wulu and Qijue. He was also good at other genres and was very prominent in the poetry world of the Tang Dynasty. Its seven rhythms are either majestic and gorgeous, or pure and elegant, which are the imitations of the Seven Sons of the Ming Dynasty. The seven ancient forms are in order and the momentum is flowing. The prose is quiet, meaningful, and very poetic, such as "Discussing with Pei Xiucai in the Mountains". Wang Wei enjoyed great fame both before and after his lifetime, and was known as the "Tianwen Sect" and the "Poetry Buddha". It has a huge impact on future generations.
It is precisely because he often views everything with the eyes of a Zen practitioner that his poems have a kind of tranquility, clarity, and joy that other poets cannot match. Especially when he describes the moment-to-moment dynamic phenomena in nature, they are so pure and quiet, full of Zen charm, such as: "People are leisurely, osmanthus flowers are falling, the night is quiet in the spring mountain sky. The moonrise scares the birds, and they sing in the spring stream." "("Birds Song") "In the rustling autumn rain, the pomegranates splashed in the waves, and the egrets fell back in surprise" ("Luan Jia Lai") and the famous sentence "The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring rocks flow up." "Mountain Dwelling in Autumn"), etc., often clear the minds of readers and give people endless daydreams of tranquility and tranquility.
2. Meng Haoran
Poet of the Tang Dynasty. A native of Xiangyang, Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan, Hubei), he was known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. In the first half of his life, he mainly stayed at home, attended to his relatives and read, and adapted himself to poetry. He once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. At the age of 40, he traveled to the capital, but failed to win the imperial examination and returned to Xiangyang. When he was in Chang'an, he had close friendship with Zhang Jiuling and Wang Wei. There is a poem title. Later, he roamed around Wu and Yue, exploring the mountains and rivers to relieve the frustration of his official career. He died of illness due to excessive feasting and eating fresh food. Most of Meng Haoran's poems are five-character short stories with a wide range of themes. They mostly write about landscapes, countryside, seclusion, travel, etc. Although it is not without cynicism, it is more of the poet's self-expression. He and Wang Wei said that although his poetry was not as broad as Wang's poetry, he had unique artistic attainments and was the forerunner of the pastoral landscape poetry school that flourished in the Tang Dynasty after Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun, and Xie Tiao. Meng's poems are not ornamental, they are light and simple, feel cordial and real, have a strong flavor of life, and are full of wonderful contentment. For example, chapters such as "Walking to the Mountains in Autumn to Send Five Pieces", "Passing to an Old Friend's Village", and "Spring Dawn" are light but interesting, integrated, elegant in charm, and clear in artistic conception. Meng's poems are based on the clear and open water, but there is a strong and elegant atmosphere in the water. For example, in the couplet "Looking at Dongting Lake and presenting it to Prime Minister Zhang", "The steam is steaming over the clouds and the dream lake, and the waves are shaking Yueyang City". It is full of energy and overlooks everything. . But this kind of poem is rare in Meng poetry. Generally speaking, the content of Meng's poems is thin and it is difficult to avoid being embarrassed by its length. The current "Meng Haoran Collection" contains 263 poems, but there are other people's works.
"An old friend brought chickens and millet and invited me to Tian's house. The green trees border the village, and the green hills and mountains slant outside. I opened a pavilion and a garden, and drank wine and talked about mulberry and hemp. On the Double Ninth Festival, I came to bring chrysanthemums. ". Green trees, green hills, cottages, fields, mulberry trees and hemp are harmoniously blended together. This is a beautiful and peaceful pastoral landscape painting with a fresh earthy smell and a strong sense of life. The poem here is "too bland to be invisible" (Wen Yiduo's "Meng Haoran"), but there is no lack of tranquil artistic beauty and simple beauty of life that are deeply integrated into the flesh and blood of the entire poem. Meng Haoran seemed to have found a sense of refuge here. The poet finally forgot all the setbacks he encountered in his political pursuit, the gains and losses of fame and fortune, and even the loneliness and depression in seclusion. His thoughts finally relaxed, and even the poet's actions became flexible and comfortable. Nature shows its conquering power here.
"I sleep in spring without waking up, and I hear birds singing everywhere. The sound of wind and rain at night, how much do you know about the falling flowers?" These four lines of poems are the works of Meng Haoran who have reached both artistic and spiritual realms. "How many flowers have fallen to the sound of wind and rain at night?" Wang Guowei commented on Li Yu's words, "It seems to have the meaning of Christ the Buddha bearing the sins of mankind." Meng Haoran's two lines of poems also contain a great and deep emotion. "His love has a kind of resonance with the love of all things", and there is a deep sympathy for the universe and life. This poem expresses the highest degree of mystery and the greatest romance. This is the most natural poem, the sound of nature. Meng Haoran is happy. He has transformed his life realm from the realm of utilitarianism to the realm of heaven and earth, from self to selflessness. Although he experienced ups and downs during this period, he finally came to the end of all the hardships.
(2) Bland
Blandness is different from mediocrity and blandness. It is deep feelings and rich thoughts expressed in simple language and full of sentiment, so it is often said to be bland and boring. Be thoughtful. As Wang Anshi said: What seems ordinary is the most amazing, but it is easy but difficult to achieve.
Tao Yuanming is the first person to recommend plainness. There are not many people who can write poems that are plain. Li Yu’s poems are definitely not plain. On the contrary, they have a strong power of inspiration.
(3) Gorgeous
For example, a spring trip to Qiantang Lake: several early orioles compete for warmth in the trees, and some spring swallows plow the spring mud.