Appreciating rhetorical methods: revealing skills+analyzing and expressing functions (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
Appreciate expression: how to say (describe)+what to say (describe)+what to express.
Appreciate the expression technique: technique+expression function (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion)
1. Appreciation of poetry keywords
Proposition: What is the most vivid word in this couplet? Why?
Proposition variant: one sentence has always been praised. What do you think of it?
Solution analysis: the ancients paid attention to refining words in poetry. This type of question is the beauty of tasting these refined words. Don't talk about this word in isolation when answering questions, but put it in a sentence and analyze it in combination with the artistic conception and emotion of the whole poem.
Specific methods: explaining words+explaining the meaning of poems+technique analysis+emotion analysis.
2. Appreciate the important sentences in the poem
Proposition: What is the special meaning or deep meaning of this poem?
Propositional variation: This poem is the most expressive. Try to analyze it briefly.
Solution analysis: first explain the literal meaning of this poem, and then make a concrete analysis according to the language characteristics or thoughts and feelings.
Specific methods: explaining poems+analytical techniques+talking about emotions in combination.
3. Appreciate the writing skills of poetry
Proposition: What kind of expression is used in this poem?
Proposition variant: Please analyze the expressive technique (or artistic technique, or technique) of this poem. How does the poet express his feelings? What's the effect? Of course, there are some more specific ways to ask questions around artistic techniques. The more specific the question, the easier it is to answer.
Solution analysis: expression is a method used by poets to express their feelings. To answer questions accurately, you must be familiar with some common expressions.
Specific methods: say the expression technique+the emotion expressed through this technique.
4. Appreciate the linguistic features of poetry.
Proposition: What are the linguistic features of this poem?
Proposition variant: Please analyze the language style (language art) of this poem.
Solution analysis: this kind of question type does not need to ponder the clever use of individual words, but to taste the language style or the meaning of a poem (special meaning, deep meaning, such as contextual meaning and artistic conception meaning).
Generally, the words that can be used to answer questions are: fresh and natural, unpretentious, depressed and frustrated, gorgeous, clear and fluent, wordless, euphemistic and implicit, uninhibited, graceful in style, concise and vivid. ...
5. Appreciate the thoughts and feelings of poetry
Proposition: How does this poem express the author's feelings?
Proposition variant: please analyze the main idea of this poem or how you understand its connotation.
Solution analysis: this question type should taste the emotion expressed by the whole poem or the meaning of a poem (special meaning, deep meaning, such as contextual meaning and artistic conception meaning).
Words that can be used to answer questions generally include: unfulfilled ambition, no way to serve the country, always in my heart, homesickness, loyalty to the monarch and patriotism.
Inventory knowledge
First, the common images in ancient poetry
Flowers and plants
(1) Chrysanthemum: Hermit, noble and free from vulgarity.
(2) Mei: proud of snow, strong, unyielding and adversity.
(3) Lan: noble.
(4) Peony: rich and beautiful.
(5) Xiaomi: the sorrow of Xiaomi's separation (the prosperity of the country today, the decline of the past)
(6) Bloom: hope, youth and brilliance of life.
(7) Flowers fall: withered, frustrated, frustrated in life and career, cherish spring, miss beautiful things and look forward to the future.
(8) Grass: vigorous vitality, endless life, hope, desolation, remoteness, hatred and humble status.
tree
(1) tree straightness: ups and downs of career and life.
(2) Yellow leaves: withering, withering and metabolism.
(3) Green leaves: vitality, hope and vitality.
(4) Pine and cypress: strong, proud, strong and full of vitality.
(5) Bamboo: upright and positive.
(6) Indus: Bitter
(7) Willow: Farewell, nostalgia, sadness and the beauty of spring.
Wind, frost, rain and snow clouds
(1) Waves: the ups and downs of life
(2) East wind: spring and beauty
(3) Spring breeze: broadmindedness, joy and hope.
(4) Dew: Life is short and perishable.
(5) The sky is gloomy: depression, sadness and loneliness.
(6) stormy waves: life is sinister and rivers and lakes are treacherous.
(7) Gail: the power to revolt and destroy the old world.
(8) West wind: a lonely, melancholy, declining and wandering home.
(9) Snow: pure, beautiful, harsh environment, rampant evil forces.
(10) Xiaoyu: Spring scenery, hope, vitality, vitality, subtle education.
(1 1) smoke: hazy and desolate feelings, confused and dim future, disillusionment.
(12) rainstorm: cruelty, enthusiasm, political struggle, the power to eliminate evils and the power to cleanse filth.
(13) first frost: Life is easy to get old, the social environment is bad, evil forces are rampant, and life is bumpy and frustrated.
(14) River water: the passage of time, the shortness of time, the long sadness and the trend of historical development.
animal kingdom
(1) Classification: miserable, miserable
(2) fish: free.
(3) Honghu Lake: Ideal and Pursuit
(4) ape: sad and mournful.
(5) Crow: a villain, a common person and a mediocre person.
(6) Sha Ou: depravity and sadness.
(7) Dogs and chickens: life breath and rural life.
(8) (thin) horse: Pentium, pursuit, drifting
(9) (Loneliness) Goose: Loneliness, homesickness, homesickness, tidings and news.
(10) Eagle: Strong, free, struggling in life and successful in career.
Prehistoric artifacts
(1) Jade: noble and free from vulgarity.
(2) hairpin (crown): official position and fame
Color class
(1) Bai: Innocent, bereavement.
(2) Red: enthusiasm, youth and happiness.
(3) Green: hope, vitality and peace.
(4) Blue: elegant and melancholy.
(5) Yellow: warm and peaceful.
(6) purple: noble, beneficial to the country and the people.
(7) Black: dark, desperate, solemn, mysterious, nostalgic for the dead and ill-fated life.
Other categories
(1) Hero: Admire, shame and sigh.
(2) Villains: disdain, ambition, introspection and flogging.
(3) Monuments: nostalgia, past prosperity and present decline (China), decline and depression (monuments are generally closely related to the ancients)
(4) Grassland: vast, life realm, people's mind.
(5) fairyland: elegant, beautiful, clean, forget the dust and dislike the customs.
(6) Heaven and Earth: people are small, life is short, mind is broad, and feelings are lonely.
(7) country: homesickness, vulgarity, rural scenery, life breath, simplicity and beauty, ease and tranquility.
(8) City (street): bustling, rich and luxurious.
(9) Dawn: Hope is at the beginning.
(10) Chaoyang: Hope, vitality and vigor.
(1 1) Sunset: Lost, depressed, cherish a beautiful and short life.
(12) Late at night: melancholy and nostalgia
Second, the language of poetry
The test sites involved in this part include word refining, phonology, meter (rhyme, antithesis, etc. ), simple and complicated, and allusions. Here we call the content other than refined words refined articles.
1. Text extraction. Poetry is a highly concise art, and poets in all previous dynasties attached great importance to the refinement of words, and there is a saying of "eye of poetry" and "eye of words". Generally speaking, it refers to the third word of five words and the fifth word of seven words, and some take the second word, the fourth word or even the last word as "eyes". In fact, "eyes" is the focus of poetry.
There are also some special forms of words, such as reduplication, onomatopoeia, image noun list and so on. It often shows special expression effects: reduplication enhances the sense of rhythm of language or plays an emphasis role; Onomatopoeia makes poetry more vivid and makes people feel immersive; When several nouns are used together, the combination of images will produce a certain artistic conception.
2. Exquisite. For the vast majority of poems, word refinement is only a part of their language. If we blindly emphasize the refinement of words, poetry will fall into the misunderstanding of "there are sentences without articles", so poets also attach great importance to the tempering of "articles", which should include the tempering of rules and the grasp of the overall language style.
The overall linguistic features include the linguistic features of a sentence or an entire article. The common language styles of poetry are plain, beautiful, straightforward, euphemistic (implicit), fresh, concise, lively, natural, elegant, quiet, magnificent, bold, vigorous, broad-minded, sad, desolate, depressed, deep, soothing and refined. It should be pointed out that
3. Pay attention to the deformation of poetic language. Poetry should use a very frugal language shell to express rich thoughts and feelings, and it should meet the needs of phonology. The deformation of China's poetic language is mainly manifested in grammar: changing the part of speech, reversing the word order and omitting sentence elements. The main purpose is to establish rules for creating musical beauty, leaving room for artistic imagination and re-creation for readers. It is often the focus of the college entrance examination. We should grasp the change of parts of speech, restore the inverted word order, grasp the poet's real intention and emotional focus, fill the blank left by the poet with imagination and association, and understand the law of poetry organization language, so as to quickly enter the context of poetry.
Thirdly, the expressive skills of poetry.
Poetry expression skills refer to the skills used in poetry creation activities. Appreciating the expressive skills of poetry should pay attention to the following aspects:
1.
Narration, description, discussion and lyricism are mainly used in poetry, but as far as ancient poetry is concerned, description and lyricism are relatively common and are the focus of examination.
2. Lyric way
There are two ways of lyric: direct lyric and indirect lyric. Indirect lyricism includes borrowing scenes to express feelings, embedding feelings in scenes, blending scenes (scenes are born together, emotions are born together, emotions are opposite to scenes, and emotions are integrated into scenes), expressing feelings with things, expressing feelings with allusions, satirizing the present with the ancient, and narrating lyricism. Generally speaking, what scenes are written to express their feelings. Sometimes, in order to increase the degree of mourning, we will use music scenes to express our feelings.
3. Expression skills
There are mainly rendering, contrast (including positive contrast and negative contrast), line drawing, suspense, interest, associative imagination, dynamic and static contrast, dynamic and static writing, enumeration (nouns), combination of reality and falsehood, wanting to promote first, containing praise and derogatory, openly praising and criticizing, saying this and saying that, empathy, making the finishing point, seeing the big from the small, reversing the word order and so on.
4. Writing structure
Common ones are: coordination from beginning to end, straight to the point, in-depth at different levels, connecting the preceding with the following, dividing the scene first, reflecting the situation first, expressing the will, connecting, bedding, bedding and taking care of it.
5. Material selection
There are priorities, details, simplicity and so on. Materials are the flesh and blood of the article, and the careful choice of materials often reflects the author's intention.
6. Rhetoric
The main rhetorical devices are: antithesis, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, contrast, arousal, repetition, rhetorical questions, intertextuality, allusions, symbols, accommodation and sustenance. In practice, many rhetorical devices are often intertwined.
Fourth, the ideological content of poetry.
1. Common thoughts and feelings in poetry
(1) Worrying about the country and hurting the country
Expose the fatuity and decay of the rulers, such as Du Mu's Three Poems of Crossing the Qing Palace.
Reflect the pain of going wrong. For example, Du Fu's Spring Hope.
Sympathize with people's sufferings, such as Du Fu's Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage and Bai Juyi's Charcoal Man.
Worrying about the country and the people, such as Du Fu going upstairs.
(2) Contribute to the country
The desire to make achievements, such as: Cao Cao's "Born Although a Turtle" and Lu You's "Book Fury".
The determination to defend our country. For example, Wang Changling's Join the Army.
Can't serve the country. For example, Xin Qiji's "Jingkou is always happy, Gu Beiting remembers the past" and "Ugly slave teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow".
The pain of the decline of mountains and rivers, such as Lu You's Xiuzi and Wen Tianxiang's Crossing the Zero Ding Yang.
Time goes by, ambition is hard to pay. For example, Su Shi's Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia.
Go to the flower and give it a drop of water, it will bloom more beautifully.
Light the fire of faith today and tomorrow will be brilliant.
Expose the belligerence of the ruler. For example, Du Fu's Caravan.
A sad mood with uncertain ideals. For example, Qu Yuan's Wading across the River.
(3) Homesickness and homesickness
Drifting and troubles, such as Meng Haoran's "Sleeping in Jiande" and Wen's "Traveling on the Good".
Miss relatives and friends, such as Wang Wei's "Missing Shandong Brothers in Mountain Holiday" and Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi".
Homesick at the border. For example, Fan Zhongyan's The Fisherman's Pride: Scenery of Qiu Lai.
There are also people in the boudoir, such as Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart, Ouyang Xiu's Walking on the Sand, and Li Bai's Midnight Wu Ge.
(4) Miscellaneous feelings of life
Entrust the leisure of landscape and countryside, such as Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains by Wang Wei and Passing the Old People's Village by Meng Haoran.
Past triumphs over present feelings, such as Slow Yangzhou by Jiang Kui and Wuyi Lane by Liu Yuxi.
Borrowing the feelings of satirizing the present from the past, such as Xin Qiji's "Meeting through the ages, Jingkou, Gubeiting nostalgia".
The sadness of youth is like Li Qingzhao's dream.
Disappointed in official career, such as Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip and Su Shi's Water Tune Song Tou.
Comfort the joy of life, such as Du Fu's Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, The Yellow River was recaptured by the imperial army and Xin Qiji's Xijiang Moon.
(5) Farewell to the pavilion
Reluctant homesickness, such as Liu Yong's Lin Yuling, Wang Wei's Cheng Wei Qu and Li Bai's Nanjing Hotel Parting.
Deep encouragement. If you bid farewell to Du, go to Shu to take up your post.
A frank confession. For example, Wang Changling's "Lotus Inn and Xin Jian Parting".
2. Problems that should be paid attention to when evaluating the ideological content of works
(1) Understanding the writer's life, thoughts and creative style is helpful to understand and grasp the content of his works. For example, Xin Qiji died in the forefront of the anti-gold struggle, and after returning to the south, he was squeezed out by the capitulators. Therefore, most of his words were to recall the full-scale fighting life in the past, or to express his anger at serving the country, and his style was bold and sad.
(2) Understanding the characteristics of a certain era is also helpful to accurately grasp the literary works of this era. For example, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty was strong, and most of the intellectuals who joined the army were high-spirited and heroic. In their poems, especially in frontier poems, although the environment outside the Great Wall is harsh and they deeply miss their hometown and relatives, they are more indignant and determined to defend their country. The Great Song Dynasty, which was poor and weak, and its national strength declined, has lost the flavor of the Tang Dynasty. In the writings of intellectuals, there is less heroism, more sadness, less grandeur and more worries about home and country.
(3) Many ancient poems are preceded by a brief "preface". Some explain the creation time, some explain the creation reason, some explain the creation process, some explain the creation background, and some lay the emotional tone for the whole work. Understanding the ideological content of the work is also very important and cannot be ignored.
(4) The thoughts and feelings of most works are not single, which may be mixed with many very complicated emotions, so we should pay special attention to them. Of course, readers can sometimes use their imagination on the basis of the original work and make a second creation. In addition, a writer's overall creative orientation and style are generally fixed, but it does not rule out the existence of special cases in individual works. For example, Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji both have creations outside their inner styles.