Bixing is a traditional expression technique in Chinese poetry. Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty more accurately explained the basic characteristics of "bixing" as an expression technique. He believed: "Those who compare, compare things with other things." "This thing is the same thing"; "Those who start by talking about other things are the first words to evoke the words to be chanted." In layman's terms, metaphor is a metaphor, which is a metaphor for people or things to make their characteristics more vivid and prominent. Some poems use comparisons in individual places, while others use comparisons throughout the entire image, just like the poems about things of later generations; "Xing" means "rising", which uses other things as the starting point of the poem to arouse the content of the song. Some "Xing" have the dual functions of origin and metaphor, so later the word "Bixing" was often used together, specifically to refer to the sustenance of the poem.
The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, in which fu and bixing are the writing techniques.
The Bixing technique first appeared in the Book of Songs. The first chapter of "Guan Ju" contains the sentence "Guan Guan Ju dove, in the river island. A graceful lady, a gentleman likes to fight". It is based on the harmonious singing of birds on the river island that a lady is a good spouse for a gentleman, and between the two There are some connections in meaning and atmosphere, and it is close to Bi; another example is that the third chapter of "Meng" starts with the traditional Bi Xing, writing "the mulberry trees have not yet fallen, and their leaves are looming", first with the lush and lush scenery. The mulberry tree portrays one's own youth, and then uses the alluring mulberry as a metaphor for intoxicating love, comparing the girl in love to a gluttonous and happy bird, and earnestly warns: Don't indulge in love, otherwise, the ending will be tragic. It's too late to regret.
Chapter 4 follows the previous section and begins with "The mulberry trees have fallen, and their yellow color has fallen." The withering and withering of trees is used to compare the youth that has been taken away by the passing years. The once radiant girl has been wasted in the years. Because of her beautiful appearance and the fact that she had lived a life of poverty for a long time after marriage, the fate of being abandoned naturally came to her at this time. Chapters 3 and 4 use Qi Xing's poems to compare the changes in the heroine's love life with natural phenomena. The poems from Qi Xing lead to poems expressing her emotional life, thereby expressing the heroine's resentment towards her husband's behavior of favoring the new and hating the old.
In the last chapter, "Qi has a shore, Xi has a pan" to describe the boundless misfortune of oneself. "Xi" refers to the low-humidity place that can be seen everywhere, and "Qi" refers to the river that the heroine must pass through before her tryst with the gangster, during their marriage, and after they are abandoned. The comparison is very appropriate and meaningful. This not only stimulates readers' associations, but also enhances the meaning, producing a vivid and poetic artistic effect. It not only inherited the Bixing tradition of "The Book of Songs", but also further developed it in "Li Sao", which "based on poems to create entertainment and quoted metaphors".
Most of the bixings in "The Book of Songs" are relatively simple, and are often true descriptions inspired by the scene. The materials for the bixings are only natural objects or daily necessities that are familiar to human beings, while Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" ” gave life to the original symbolic materials of the Book of Songs, such as plants, fish, insects, birds and beasts, wind, clouds and thunder and lightning, letting them move and even giving them human will to express the poet’s thoughts and feelings. The so-called “good birds” Herbs are used to match loyalty; foul-smelling birds are used to compare to slander and sycophancy." The poets "Huihe" and "Lanzao" said, "Made lotus flowers to make clothes, and gathered hibiscus to make clothes." They used exotic flowers and herbs to decorate themselves. It expresses one's beautiful spiritual world. In this way, the metaphor and the expressed content are combined into one, which gives the whole poem a symbolic nature and at the same time expands the artistic conception and expressive power of the poem.
Secondly, the comparisons in "The Book of Songs" are often just fragments in a poem, a simple metaphor and association, while "Li Sao" uses systematic comparisons one after another in a long system. Xing expresses its content. For example, the poet compares himself to a woman, and from this point of view, he compares the relationship between men and women to the relationship between monarch and ministers; compares the jealousy of women with the beauty of others to those who are jealous of the virtuous; compares the search for a matchmaker with the King of Chu; compares the marriage contract with the monarch and ministers.
Metaphors are also often used in other aspects, such as using a horse and a chariot to compare governing a country, and using rules and ropes to compare national laws, etc., so that emotions have more specific attachment and sustenance. Bi and Xing in "Li Sao" are fictional and imaginary from the perspective of the image itself, but from the perspective of the content, thoughts and feelings expressed, they are completely realistic. This opened up the later generations' expression techniques of "expressing feelings on the scenery" and "expressing ambitions based on objects", making the whole poem vivid and colorful. The romantic creation method of "Chu Ci" had a great influence on ancient Chinese literature, especially the poetry creation of later generations.
People can't help but associate the love between beautiful birds with the separation of husband and wife. This casts a tragic atmosphere over the whole poem, which plays a role in unifying the whole poem and triggering the following story. Another example is that in "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields", he compares himself to "a bird nostalgic for the old forest, and a fish in the pond longing for its old abyss" to express the poet's dislike of officialdom and return to nature. There are also single sentences that do not use metaphorical techniques, but the whole image is metaphorical, such as "Far Far Away from Altair". The whole poem uses the folk story of the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl who face each other across the river and cannot be reunited to compare a woman who is full of separation sorrow. * The feeling of lovesickness is subtle and touching.
In short, the use of Bixing techniques strengthens the vividness and distinctiveness of ancient poetry, increases the charm and image appeal of ancient poetry, and makes my country's ancient poetry always exude charming artistic charm.
"Bixing" is a concept with rich meanings and many ambiguities.
Mao Heng's so-called "Xing" in the Western Han Dynasty includes two situations. One meaning refers to the "initiating" effect. "Exegetical Biography of Mao's Poetry" says that "Xing means to start." It is the function of eliciting thoughts from the physical images. The physical images and emotions are not necessarily connected in content, but sometimes only in phonology. The "Xing" mentioned in "The Biography of Mao" has another meaning, which refers to a complex and obscure metaphor. Zhu Xi said in the "Collected Poems" that "Bixing means comparing this thing with another thing" and "Xingzhi means talking about other things first to evoke the words to be chanted." He explained the meaning of Bixing in a simple and accurate way. "Bi" means to introduce metaphorical objects through analogy or association, "writing things to attach meaning"; "Xing" means "touching things to arouse emotions", and "other things" are the scenery described in the poem, and this This kind of scenery must contain the poet's emotions caused by touching the object. "Xing" is a more implicit and euphemistic expression method than "Bi".
It originally includes two rhetorical devices: "bi" and "xing", but when people talk about classical poetry and folk songs, they often use "bi" in conjunction with "bi". It refers to the method of "rising". Because "Qixing" has the function of triggering and associating, it is often placed at the beginning of a chapter. The beginning of the two chapters of "The Book of Songs·Wei Feng·Meng" uses the technique of "Xing": "The mulberry trees have not yet fallen, and their leaves are like silk." "The mulberry trees have fallen, and their yellow leaves have fallen." "The Book of Songs·Wei Feng·F" The content of "Sandal" is a satire on rulers who eat without working. Each paragraph of the poem begins with cutting down a sandalwood tree. The Han Dynasty Yuefu poem "Peacock Flying Southeast" begins with "The peacock flies southeast, lingering five miles away". It uses specific images to enhance the atmosphere, stimulate readers' imagination, create a lingering and pathos mood, and can also arouse the following stories, which plays a role The function of controlling the entire article.