Northeast China is one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. A large number of cultural relics show that in prehistoric times, our ancestors worked, lived and multiplied in Northeast China. Around 4000 BC, the Sioux protoss in China created an early civilization in Northeast China-Xinkai Culture. Around the 23rd century BC, during the Yao and Shun period, the whole country was divided into Kyushu. At that time, the Northeast was in Youzhou. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were Su Shenren, Donghu people and Huaxia people living and working in Northeast China. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770 BC-22 BC1year), Liaoning was the Liaodong County and Liaoxi County of Yan State.
Folding Zhou dynasty
Northeast China is the traditional settlement of the Chinese nation. In China's Zhou Dynasty (BC 1046-BC 22 1 year), the Emperor of Zhou enfeoffed governors to screen princes, and gave the land in the northeast to Gonghe Jishi, which was the ancestor of Yan State. Duke Zhou of Zhao and Ji Shi (1 1 century was also called Shaogong, Zhaokanggong and Taibao Zhao Gong). His real name is Xuan (Shi), his son and his brother.
Yan was an important feudal country from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period. With regard to its original title, Yan Zhaogong Family, Volume 34 of Historical Records, clearly recorded that "Zhou Wuwang was destroyed and Zhao Gong was sealed in North Yan". Volume 4 of Historical Records and Zhou Benji also said that he was "called Yan" after cutting. Zhao Gongming Ying, surnamed Ji, is an aristocrat with the same surname, and is known as the food city. He, He and Tai Gong Wang were both important ministers of the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and they were also the most trusted and relied on people. Yan Wang Zhao Xiang (? -279 years ago), when he was in office, he attacked East Lake to build the Great Wall, and attacked Qi in the south, and Yan reached its peak.
In the thirty-third year of Yan State (222 BC), after Qin destroyed Korea, Wei and Chu, Wang Ben was sent to attack Liaodong, the Yan army was defeated, Yan State was captured and Yan State perished. Li Gongdai was captured on behalf of Wang Jia. Yan Liaodong's hometown and generation land were set as Liaodong county and generation county by Qin respectively.
In the first 226 years, Wang Jian, the general of Qin Dynasty, conquered Yan Dou thistle, Prince Xi and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong, and Li Xin, the general of Qin Dynasty, chased Taizi Dan to Yanshui, hence the name Taizi River.
Folding Liao Jin yuan
During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Qidan people living in the upper reaches of the Liaohe River established the Liao Dynasty (907 ~ 1 125). Jurchens living in Heilongjiang and Songhua River basins entered the Central Plains to establish the Jin Dynasty (115 ~1234). This has had a far-reaching impact on the integration and development of all ethnic groups in Northeast China and the social, economic and cultural development.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan unified the two tribes in Abaoji, the leader of Lu Ye, and established themselves as kings. In 9 16 AD, Yeluboji proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Khitan. After Baoji died, his son Yeludeguang succeeded to the throne. In 947, the title was changed to Liao and the emperor was changed to Beijing. The territory in the heyday of Liao Dynasty was east of Salinger River and Shileka River. Northeast to the outer Xing 'an Mountains and the Sea of Okhotsk; As far south as today's Tianjin, Baxian County of Hebei Province and Yanmenguan of Shanxi Province, they confronted the Northern Song Dynasty.
1 1 13 A.D., Akuta, the leader of the Jurchen Wanyan Department of Su Shenzong, captured the Songhua River basin and occupied Liaodong Peninsula in the south. 1 1 15 proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of gold and its capital of Huining (now Acheng South of Heilongjiang). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, they continued to fight, destroying Liao in 1 125 and Northern Song Dynasty in1/27. In its heyday, Daikin surpassed Liao country, which included Liao, Hebei and Heilongjiang provinces and Mongolian grasslands. Daikin cavalry galloped along the northeast coast of Asia, owning all the old places of the Su protoss, bordering Hetao, Hengshan, Shaanxi, Longdong and Xixia in the west, and confronting the Southern Song Dynasty all the way to the Huaihe River in the Qinling Mountains in the south.
1287, the yuan dynasty established Liaoyang province, which governs the whole northeast.
Folding Ming Dynasty's Jurisdiction over Northeast China
1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing), established the Ming Dynasty, and destroyed the Yuan Dynasty in the same year. In Dusi, Liaodong, agriculture and handicrafts have been greatly developed. At that time, the present Liaoyang area was a rich place where "years envy others, thousands of miles of towers are connected, and the tunbao faces each other". At that time, the handicraft industries such as iron smelting and salt making in Dusi of Liaodong were also very developed. Thirty thousand Forbidden Guards in Liaodong, Longzhou in Sichuan and Zunhua in Shuntian were the three famous iron smelting centers in China at that time.
In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1368), the Ming army captured Dadu (that is, Beijing) and the Yuan Dynasty perished. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, sent Huang Zhuo and others to Liaodong in order to eliminate the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, which occupied the northeast. On the other hand, he sent troops across the sea from Shandong to Liaodong, forcing Liu Yi, the former secretariat of Liaoyang, to surrender. So in the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1 year), Liao Wei Dewey was established in Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, and in the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), Liao Wei Dewey was changed to be the commander-in-chief and special envoy of Liaodong, governing Liaodong 25 Wei, 138 Wei, two states and one alliance.
In order to advance northward, Zhu Yuanzhang, under the guidance of the thought of "defending the frontier and protecting the royal family", enfeoffed his sons in the north and northeast, such as sealing the Yanwang in Beiping, sealing the Hanwang intact, sealing the Ningwang in Daning (now Ningcheng in Chifeng) and sealing the Liaowang in Guangning, with the aim of "controlling according to the name to divide the world". At that time, the late Yuan Taiwei Naha occupied Jinshan (that is, Nong 'an County, Jilin Province) and "relied on and supported each other" with Gao Jianu, Halazhang, Ye Zhizhi and other remnants of the Yuan Dynasty in an attempt to continue fighting. If the Ming Dynasty wanted to unify the Northeast, it was necessary to eliminate the "Yuan Dynasty soldiers" in the Northeast. In the twentieth year of Hongwu (1387), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Shengfeng and Fu Youde to lead the Ming army to attack Jinshan, and Naha was defeated and surrendered. Other "old soldiers" also defected in succession, and the remnants of the Mongolian and Yuan dynasties in Northeast China were eliminated.
Hug the Jurchen in Jianzhou
Wei suo is a local military administrative organization set up according to the political system of Ming dynasty. Different from the mainland, apart from military functions, it also manages local administrative affairs, so-called "following the Ministry" and "guarding the local area". The officials of "Wei Suo" were directly appointed by the central government of the Ming Dynasty, and adopted the principle that "their official positions are hereditary because of their clan system. After the death of their father and the succession of their sons, the last brothers and sisters of their brothers must want to be promoted, change their letters of appointment and increase their rewards. You must report to the Ming government and you must not act without authorization, otherwise you will be punished. The official seals granted by the Ming Dynasty to the health offices under the Nuer Padawan Division are constantly found, such as the seals of Commander Mauluwei, Commander Mudali Mountain Guard, Commander Hetun Jiwei, Commander South Havel, and Commander Tashan Zuo Wei. The above-mentioned "seal" clearly shows that the Ming Dynasty set up local administrative organs in the northeast.
Because of the political and economic relationship between Jurchen and Ming Dynasty, it is closer and more frequent than ever before. Therefore, the land and water transportation in the northeast has also developed. On the basis of setting up a post station in Mengyuan, the Ming Dynasty expanded and built the post station vigorously, and extended or built the post station route. According to the Records of Liaodong, there were six traffic trunk lines from Liaodong to Northeast China at that time, and kaiyuan city was the starting point of these six trunk lines. East to North Korea, west to Mongolia, northeast to Telin area of Man Jing; Northwest China leads to northern Manzhouli, forming a postal transportation network extending in all directions. Especially in the area of Heilongjiang and Songhua River, in order to ensure the traffic in Tongnuergan area of Liaodong, the Ming Dynasty set up 45 post stations from Songhua River to the lower reaches of Heilongjiang in the tenth year of Yongle (14 12). In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), a shipyard was established along the Songhua River in Jilin, which was responsible for "building ships and transporting grain" and transporting troops. It is precisely because of the active development of northeast traffic, the addition of post stations and the establishment of shipyards in the Ming Dynasty that the ties between Nuzhen, Liaodong and the Central Plains were strengthened. However, after the mid-Ming dynasty, the national strength declined and it was unable to maintain the rule of the northern frontier. 1435 (the tenth year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty), Nuer Tuotu Division was abolished, but its subordinate health centers continued to exist. With the rise of Tatar and Nuzhen, the Ming Dynasty retreated to Liaodong in the effective control area of Northeast China.
Folding the Qing Dynasty's Rule over Northeast China
/kloc-At the end of 0/6, Jurchen flourished again. 16 16 the leader of nuzhen founding the country, Aixinjueluo Nurhachi, called the Great Khan in Hetuala and rebuilt the Great Jin State, which was called "the Later Jin" in history. In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), in April, Huang Taiji changed the name of the country to "Qing" and the name of the Jurchen nationality to "Manchuria". 1644 after the demise of the Ming dynasty, the Qing army entered the customs on a large scale and unified the whole country. After the Manchus gained political power, they took the Northeast as the "land of prosperity" and Shengjing as the "capital" and implemented a "special system" governance mode for the Northeast. From the middle of17th century, Russian invaders crossed the outer Xing 'an Mountains, invaded the Heilongjiang Valley in China, and burned villages and killed people. Grab food and mink. Later, conflicts or wars broke out between the Qing army and Russia for many times. Until the war of Gaxia in 1685, at the behest of Emperor Kangxi, the Qing army won and signed a peace treaty. 1689, the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu was signed. Before the signing of the Treaty, the territory of the Qing Dynasty in Northeast China included Mongolia in the west, including central and eastern Siberia, the Pacific Ocean in the east, including Sakhalin Island and Thousand Islands, the Arctic Ocean in the north, kamchatka peninsula and Bering Strait in the northeast. 1689 After the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, the territory of northeast China gradually retreated to the south of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains, the Wudi River and the south bank of Lake Baikal. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, China weakened, Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands fell, Outer Mongolia became independent, and the territory of Northeast China eventually shrank to this day.
With the increase of population, land reclamation and popularization of advanced production technology in the Central Plains, the basic outline of agricultural production in Northeast China has been roughly formed. With the development of agriculture, commerce and handicrafts have sprung up, and economic centers such as Shenyang, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Changchun, Jilin, Ning 'an, Liaoyuan and Harbin have emerged.
After the Qing army entered the customs, General Shengjing, General Ningguta (Jilin) and General Heilongjiang were set up in the northeast in the early years of the Qing Dynasty. The jurisdiction of the three generals is different from that of the Central Plains in management mode, administrative system and land possession form. 1644, Dourgen ordered that Han people were forbidden to enter the so-called "Longxing Land" for farming. This is the "prohibition of alcohol". Although the Qing Dynasty began to send the Eight Banners and Han immigrants to the Northeast in 1692, the population of the Northeast became even rarer after the Manchu people flooded into Shanhaiguan in the early Qing Dynasty. The rulers of Qing Dynasty regarded Northeast China as "the land where ancestors prospered the king" and implemented a long-term closed policy on the pretext of protecting "the benefits of participating in mountains and rivers". There are two words related to the "Forbidden Customs Order": "Hexagonal" and "Crossing the Kanto". In order to strictly enforce the "Forbidden Customs Order", from the Shunzhi period, the Qing government built a 1000 km fence called "Liubianbian" in the northeast at all costs, also known as Liubianbian, Liuqiang, Liucheng and Tiaozbian, which was completed in the middle of Kangxi. The wicker edge from Shanhaiguan via Kaiyuan and Xinbin to Fengcheng South is the "old edge"; From the northeast of Kaiyuan to the north of Jilin, it is a "new frontier". Manchuria, east of the side wall, is forbidden to cross-border farming, and the west of the side wall is used as a pasture for Mongolian nobles, an ally of the Qing Dynasty. The closure of the Qing dynasty to the northeast resulted in a thin population in the northeast, which eventually created favorable conditions for Russia to occupy the northeast.
In the late Qing Dynasty, the border crisis became more and more serious, and the Qing Dynasty was forced to open the border ban and adopt the policy of "emigrating to the real border". From 186 1 to 1880, official flag sites such as Jilin paddock, Alechuka paddock and Dalinghe ranch were opened one after another. 1882 (eighth year of Guangxu) first reclaimed land in Jilin, established Hunchun Reclamation Bureau, and then reclaimed land in Heilongjiang. In 1907, the Qing court abolished three generals, namely Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and set up governors in Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and three governors in Northeast China.