The wind is strong, the sky is high, the cries of monkeys are very sad, and the birds are circling over the river island with clear water and white sand.
The endless trees are slowly dropping their fallen leaves, and the endless Yangtze River is rolling in.
Sad to the autumn scenery, I have been wandering thousands of miles and have been a guest all year round. I have been plagued by illnesses throughout my life and now I am alone on the high platform.
After going through all kinds of hardships, I regretted that my hair was gray and my temples were covered with white hair. I was so poor that I stopped drinking wine to drink my sorrow.
Author:
Du Fu (712-770), whose courtesy name was Zimei, was named Shaoling Yelao, Du Shaoling, Du Gongbu, etc. A great realist poet in ancient my country, he is known as "Li Du" together with Li Bai and is known as the "Sage of Poetry". His poems are called "the history of poetry". He wrote more than 1,400 poems in his life. Most of his poems reflect the suffering of the people. Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei, born in Gong County, Henan. His distant ancestor is Du Yu, who was famous in the Jin Dynasty, his current ancestor is Du Shenyan, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty, and his father is Du Xian. During the reign of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty, official Zuo collected the artifacts. After he entered Shu, his friend Yan Wu recommended him to be a staff officer of Jiannan Jiedu Mansion and a member of the school's Ministry of Industry. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.
This poem was written by Du Fu when he was in Kuizhou in the autumn of the second year of Dali (767). At that time, the poet was ill in Kuizhou, which was located on the bank of the Yangtze River. The whole poem, through the scenery of the Autumn River seen from a high altitude, expresses the poet's complex emotions of wandering around for many years, being old, sick and lonely. It is impassioned and touching. Yang Lun praised this poem as "the best seven-character verse in Du's collection" ("Du Shi Jingquan"). Hu Yinglin's "Shi Sou" even praised this poem as the best seven-character verse in ancient and modern times.
The first four sentences describe the experience gained from climbing high. First couplet. The poet focused on the specific environment of Kuizhou and used the word "fengji" to drive the whole couplet. From the beginning, he wrote a good sentence that has been passed down through the ages. Kuizhou is famous for its large number of apes, and the Xiakou is famous for its strong winds. It's a crisp autumn day, but it's windy here. The poet climbed to a high place, and the sound of "the high ape roaring" kept coming from the gorge, which had the meaning of "the sound is heard in the empty valley, and the sorrow lasts for a long time" ("Shui Jing Zhu·Jiang Shui"). The poet moved his gaze from the heights to the river and Zhouzhu. On the background of clear water and white sand, there are dotted with flocks of birds flying in the wind and constantly circling. It is really a beautiful picture. Among them are the sky, the wind, the sand, the river, and the roar of the ape. Birds fly, created by heaven and earth, and naturally come into pairs. Not only are the upper and lower sentences corresponding, but there are also self-contrasts within the sentences, such as "天" vs. "风" in the previous sentence; "Gao" vs. "Ji"; "Sha" vs. "渚", "白" vs. "Qing" in the next sentence. It reads rhythmically. After the poet's artistic refinement, the fourteen words are precise and accurate, and none of them are false. The use of words is "all thanks to the axe", reaching a wonderful and indescribable state. What is even more noteworthy is that in the first sentence of the couplet, the oblique tone is often used for the last word, but this poem uses the flat tone to rhyme. Shen Deqian was praised for his "reuse of rhyme in the two-sentence couplets, which changes the style" ("Tang Poems").
The couplets express the typical characteristics of autumn in Kuizhou. The poet looked up at the boundless swaying wooden leaves and looked down at the endlessly flowing and rolling river. While describing the scene, he deeply expressed his feelings. "Boundless" and "endless" make "Xiao Xiao" and "Rolling" more vivid, which not only reminds people of the sound of falling wood and the turbulent shape of the Yangtze River, but also conveys the feeling that time is fleeting and ambitions are hard to achieve. . Through the melancholic couplets, it shows the power of writing, and it has the majestic momentum of "Jian Ling Zhan Ban" and "Bai Chuan Dong Zhu". The predecessors praised it as the "unique in ancient and modern times". It makes sense.
The first two couplets try their best to describe the autumn scenery, and the word "Autumn" is not mentioned until the neck couplet, which shows that the poet is looking at it from a high place. The prospect is closely related to the mood in the heart. "Often a guest" points out the poet's wandering life. "A hundred years" is a metaphor for a limited life. The word "sad autumn" is written in a sad way. Autumn is not necessarily sad, but when the poet saw the desolate and majestic autumn scenery, he couldn't help but think of his situation of being in a foreign land, old and sick, so he felt infinite sadness. Emotions are summarized in a couplet of "magnificent, high-pitched, loud and powerful", which makes people deeply feel his heavy beating emotional pulse. The words "boundless" and "endless" in the same couplet also echo each other: the poet's travel sorrow and loneliness are like fallen leaves and river water, endlessly pushing and driving away, and the emotions and scenery blend together. At this point, the poem has given the general meaning of being a guest and homesickness, adding the content of being lonely for a long time, adding to the sadness of the autumn illness, and adding the lament of being away from home for thousands of miles, and the poem is even more profound.
The last couplet is a couplet, and contains five or six sentences. The poet is prepared to suffer from hardships and family troubles, which will make his hair gray. Coupled with the fact that he has stopped drinking due to illness, it is even harder to deal with his sorrow. It is easy to understand the conflicting mood of the poet who climbed high and looked into the distance with great joy, but now he is arousing hatred and sorrow for no reason. The first six sentences are "flying and shaking", and here he "receives it softly and coldly, but also has the meaning of infinite sadness." "It overflows beyond words" ("Shi Sou").
The first half of the poem describes the scenery, and the second half is lyrical. Each has its own intricacies in writing. The first couplet focuses on depicting the specific scenery in front of you, just like a painter's fine brushwork, form , sound, color, and attitude: all are expressed one by one. The second couplet focuses on rendering the entire autumn atmosphere, just like the painter's freehand brushwork. It should only convey the meaning and let the reader supplement it with imagination. The three couplets express emotions vertically (time) and horizontally (space). He wrote in two aspects, from wandering in a foreign land to living with many illnesses.
The four couplets also include the increasing number of gray hairs, stopping drinking to protect the sick, and conclude that the difficult times are the root cause of poverty. In this way, Du Fu's sentiments when he was worried about the country's injury came to life on the page.
All eight lines of this poem are correct. At a cursory glance, the head and tail seem to be "not right", and the chest and abdomen seem to be "unintentionally right". If you think about it carefully, "In an article, every sentence is regular, and in a sentence, every word is regular." Not only "the whole article is legal", but also "the sentences and words used", "people in ancient and modern times will never dare to teach, and they will never be able to teach". It is a matter of course that it can win the reputation of "unparalleled work of its generation" (both see Hu Yinglin's "Shi Sou").
The famous line of this poem is "The boundless falling trees are rustling, and the endless Yangtze River is rolling in."
Edit the title of this paragraph
This poem was written in the autumn of the second year of Dali (767) of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty. At that time, the Anshi Rebellion had ended four years ago, but local warlords took advantage of the opportunity to rise again and compete with each other for territory. Du Fu originally entered the Yanwu shogunate and relied on Yan Wu. Unfortunately, Yan Wu died of illness soon, leaving him without support. He had to leave the Chengdu thatched cottage that he had been running for five or six years and bought a boat to go south. He wanted to go directly to Kuimen, but he was seriously ill and had to leave. Yun'an stayed in Kuizhou for several months. If it weren't for the care of the local governor, he wouldn't have been able to live here for three years. In these three years, his life was still very difficult and his health was very poor.
This poem was written by the fifty-six-year-old poet in this extremely difficult situation. That day, he climbed alone to the high platform outside Baidi City in Kuizhou. He climbed up and looked at it with mixed feelings. What he saw aroused what he felt; the bleak scenery of the Autumn River aroused his emotion of his wandering life, and infiltrated his sadness of old age, illness, and loneliness. As a result, this masterpiece was born, which is known as "the first seven-character rhyme in ancient and modern times".
Sentence Explanation
The wind is strong and the sky is high, the apes are screaming in mourning, and the white birds are flying back from the clear sand in Zhugong.
The sky is high, the wind is strong, the autumn air is chilling, the apes are crying and howling, it is very sad; the clear river bank, the white sandy beach, the gulls and herons are flying low in the sky. The two sentences in the first couplet still use rhyme in the antitheses, and the sentences are self-contrary, and there is no falsehood. This is the scene the poet saw when he climbed up, forming a sad autumn scene and setting the tone for the whole poem. Looking up from a high place, the river and the sky are originally open, but in the poet's writing, people feel strongly that the sadness of the wind, the cry of the ape, and the whirling of the bird are all controlled by the invisible autumn air, as if everything is in harmony with the direction of the autumn. The coming of autumn brings panic and no one. "Winds are strong". Kuizhou is located on the bank of the Yangtze River and at the mouth of the Qutang Gorge, the head of the Three Gorges. It is known for its fast water and strong winds. "Apes howl in sorrow", there are many apes in Wu Gorge, and their screams are sad and shrill. Local folk songs say: "The Badong Three Gorges and the Wu Gorge are long, and the apes cry three times and shed tears on their clothes." "Zhu" refers to a small piece of land in the water.
The endless falling trees rustle and the endless Yangtze River rolls by.
The fallen leaves are falling in boundless waves, fluttering and rustling down; the endless Yangtze River is surging and rolling. The chin couplet is a famous line through the ages, describing the solemn and deserted scenery in autumn, and the vast and empty scenery. One sentence looks up and the other looks down, with a sense of sparseness. "Boundless" amplifies the formation of fallen leaves, and "Xiaoxiaxia" speeds up the falling leaves. While describing the scenery, he deeply expressed his feelings and conveyed the feeling that time is fleeting and ambitions are hard to achieve. Its realm is very majestic, and its touch to people is not limited to the sentimentality of old age. It also makes people think of the passing and finiteness of life, and the infinity and eternity of the universe. Through the melancholy and exquisitely crafted couplets, the poet's superb writing power is displayed, and he has the majestic momentum of "walking through the mountains and rivers" and "drawing notes from hundreds of rivers to the east". The predecessors praised it as the "sentence-in-sentence" that is "unparalleled in ancient and modern times".
Wanli is always a guest in the sad autumn, but he has been sick for hundreds of years and only appears on the stage.
I have been wandering thousands of miles, living in foreign lands all year round, and I feel even more sad about this autumn scene. I have been plagued by illnesses throughout my life, and today I climbed to the high platform alone. The neck couplet is a high-level summary of the poet's wandering life, with a spirit of frustration. The poet writes from the two aspects of space (thousands of miles) and time (hundred years), and integrates the feelings of long-term guests who are most likely to be sad in autumn and who are sick and alone on the stage into a majestic couplet. The scenes blend and make people deeply moved. I could feel his heavy emotional pulse. The language is extremely concise, and it is a famous sentence through the ages. Luo Dajing, a scholar of the Song Dynasty, analyzed this couplet in "Helin Jade Dew": "Ten thousand miles means that the land is far away; sad autumn means that the time is miserable; being a guest means staying on the road; being a frequent guest means staying for a long time; a hundred years means the teeth of the twilight; Being sick means being sick; the stage is at a high place; being on stage alone means having no relatives or friends; there are eight meanings in the fourteen characters, and the parallels are extremely precise. It's sad; it's sad to be a frequent guest; it's sad to be a guest thousands of miles away; it's sad to be a bleak autumn; it's sad to be old; it's sad to have accomplished nothing; it's sad to have relatives and friends separated; it's sad to go there alone; it's sad to be alone; it's sad to be alone. Suffering from disease is a miserable thing.
Difficulty hates the frost on the temples, and the new wine glass becomes muddy.
Times are hard and life is difficult, and I often hate that my temples are as white as frost. I drink wine to relieve my worries, but I am so depressed that I have to stop drinking. The last couplet turns into a lament about the trivial matters around one person, forming a tragic contrast with the majestic world of heaven and earth like the opening chapter "Chu Ci". "Bitter hatred", very hateful, means deep sorrow and hatred. "Down and out" still means trapped, depressed, embarrassed and frustrated. Xin stop turbid wine glass: It is generally interpreted as quitting drinking, which is inappropriate.
"Stop" means a temporary interruption in the continuation of a certain action state. This sentence means that I am on the stage alone, drinking wine alone, without relatives or friends, slowly raising the wine glass to relieve my worries, and stopping at my mouth - I My body can no longer bear it. I have been drinking continuously and have never stopped drinking. I can't help but feel shocked at the decline of my body and mind. New refers to the first appearance. "Maojiu" is a kind of wine with lees compared to "sake", just like today's rice wine, which was called "mash" in ancient times.
Commentary
This is a seven-character rhymed poem that best represents the desolate and vast scenery and the powerful momentum in Du's poems. The first two couplets describe the scenery seen and heard while climbing high, and the last two couplets express the feelings of climbing high. The scene is selected based on emotion, and the emotion is integrated into the scene. It fully expresses the poet's complex feelings of wandering for many years, worrying about the country, the times, old age, illness, and loneliness. However, the style is majestic, impassioned and high-spirited, unparalleled in ancient and modern times.
This rhymed poem is very special. Its four couplets rhyme, and they are all in pairs. The first couplet has two sentences, and there are self-pairings in the sentences. It can be said that "in a piece, every sentence is rhythmic, and every sentence is in rhythm." "In every word, every word is law." As for the description of scenery, there is a meticulous description (first couplet), which describes the shape, sound, color and state of six kinds of scenery: wind, sky, ape, Zhu, sand and bird. Each scenery is described with only one word, but Vivid, concise and expressive; there are large freehand brushstrokes (jaw couplets) to convey the charm of autumn. Lyrically, there are vertical strokes of time, writing about memories of "frequent guests"; there are also horizontal strokes of space, writing about "going on stage alone" after a "thousands of miles" journey. From wandering all his life to the drifting of his soul and bones, he finally attributed the hardships of the times to the root cause of his downfall. The use of such intricate techniques makes the poet's desolation of old age, illness and loneliness appear gloomy and tragic when he is worried about his country and hurting his country. No wonder Hu Yinglin in the Ming Dynasty said in "Shi Sou" that the whole poem "has fifty-six characters, like coral on the seabed, thin and strong, indescribable, deep and unfathomable, yet brilliant and powerful. The whole composition, syntax, and calligraphy are unprecedented. Those in the past who did not learn from it and who have little comment on it are Du poems, not Tang poems. However, this poem should be regarded as the first in the seven-character rhythm in ancient and modern times, and it does not need to be the first in the seven-character rhythm in the Tang Dynasty."
Edit this section of Du Fu's poems
Du Fu (712--770), also known as Zimei, is a great realist poet in the history of Chinese literature. His poems profoundly reflect the Tang Dynasty The social outlook of the period from the prosperity of the dynasty to its decline has rich social content, distinctive colors of the times and strong political tendencies. His poems stirred up the passionate emotion of love for the motherland and the people and the lofty spirit of self-sacrifice. Therefore, he was recognized by later generations as the "History of Poetry" and the poet was revered as the "Sage of Poetry".
Du Fu wrote more than a thousand poems in his life, among which the famous ones are "Three Officials", "Three Farewells", "The Trooping Chariots", "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Beauty's Journey" ", "Spring Hope", etc. Du Fu's poems fully expressed his deep sympathy for the people and exposed the sharp opposition between the exploiters and the exploited in feudal society: "The wine and meat in the rich families smell stinky, and there are frozen bones on the road!" This immortal poem has been passed down from generation to generation. remembered by the Chinese people. "Dare to love to death in times of crisis, lonely and heartbroken!" This is a full demonstration of Du Fu's incomparable love for the motherland, which makes his poems highly popular. Du Fu's patriotic enthusiasm is also fully reflected in famous works such as "Looking at Spring" and "Hearing that the Government's Army Takes Henan and Hebei". In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", he praised the patriotic spirit of the people who endured all sufferings, and showed his innocent heart of patriotism and love for the people in front of readers. Out of love for the motherland and the people, he must have a strong hatred for the luxurious and dissolute appearance of the ruling class and the crimes that harm the country and the people. This point has been vividly expressed in the immortal masterpieces "The Journey of Military Chariots" and "The Journey of Beauties". A great patriot's concern for his country and his people must be reflected in other aspects. Some of Du Fu's poems about objects and scenes, and even his lyrical poems about couples, brothers, and friends, are all filled with deep feelings for the motherland and the people. In short, Du Fu's poems are an artistic record of the Tang Empire's transition from prosperity to decline. With his positive spirit of joining the world, Du Fu bravely, faithfully and profoundly reflected the extremely broad social reality. No matter what kind of dangerous situation he was in, he never lost confidence. In the long history of literature in my country, the cognitive role of Du Fu's poetry has been The reference, educational and aesthetic functions are all difficult to achieve.
The greatest artistic feature of Du's poetry is that the poet often hides his subjective feelings in objective descriptions, allowing the things themselves to impress the readers. For example, in "Beauty's Journey", the poet did not directly reprimand the Yang brothers and sisters for their dissoluteness. However, the author's love-hate attitude has been fully revealed from the detailed description of their clothing, diet, etc.
The language of Du's poems is plain, simple, popular and realistic, but it shows great skill. He also often uses monologues and sayings to highlight the personality of the characters.
When Du Shi depicts characters, he is particularly good at grasping the details of description. For example, the passage about his wife and children in "The Northern Expedition" is a very prominent example.
Du Fu's poetic style is changeable, but overall, it can be summarized as melancholy and frustrated. The melancholy here refers to the deep and profound meaning of the article, and the frustration refers to the ups and downs of emotions, the ups and downs of tone and syllables.
All of this established Du Fu's status as the supreme "sage of poetry" in the history of Chinese literature for more than three thousand years.
English translation
Wind blusters high in the sky and monkeys wail; /
Clear the islet with white sand where birds are wheeling; /
Everywhere the leaves fall rustling from the trees, /
While on for ever rolls the turbulent Yangtse. /
All around is autumnal gloom and I, long from home, /
A prey all my life to ill health, climb the terrace alone; /
Hating the hardships which have frosted my hair, /
Sad that illness made me give up the solace of wine.
When winds rage and the sky is high, gibbons cry mournfully; /
Over white sands on a clear riverbank, birds fly and whirl. /
Leaves fall from deep woods – rustling and soughing; /
The Long River rolls on, forever, wave after wave. /
Ten thousand miles away in sad autumn, I often find myself a stranger; /
My whole life afflicted by sickness, I mount alone the high terrace. /
Beset by hardships, I resent the heavy frost on my temples; /
Dispirited, I have by now abandoned my cup of unstrained wine.
The wind so fresh, the sky so high /
Awake the gibbons' wailing cry. /
The isles clear-cut, the sand so white, /
Arrest the wheeling sea-gulls' flight. /
Through endless space with rustling sound /
The falling leaves are whirled around. /
Beyond my ken a yeasty sea /
The Yangtze's waves are rolling free. /
From far away, in autumn drear, /
I find myself a stranger here. /
With dragging years and illness wage /
< p> Lone war upon this lofty stage. /With troubles vexed and trials sore /
My locks are daily growing hoar: / Till Time, before whose steps I
pine, / Set down this failing cup of wine!
The wind so swift, the sky so steep, sad gibbons cry; /
Water so clear and sand so white , backward birds fly. /
The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower; /
The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour. /
Far from home in autumn, I'm grieved to see my plight; /
After my long illness, I climb alone this height. /
Living in hard times, at my frosted hair I pine; /
Pressed by poverty, I give up my cup of wine.
The wind so swift and sky so wide, apes wail and cry; /
< p> Water so clear and beach so white, birds wheel and fly. /The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower; /
The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour . /
A thousand miles from home in autumn, I'm grieved at autumn's plight; /
Ill now and then for years, ,alone I'm on this height. /
Living in times so hard, at frosted hair I pine; /
Cast down by poverty, I have to give up wine.
Written on an Autumn Translated by Holiday Rewi Alley
These days of autumn, the clouds /
Are high; wind rises in strength; /
Far away the cry of monkeys can /
Be heard, giving people a sorrowful /
Feeling; skimming the white sands /
And the water, waterfowl fly; falling /
< p> Leaves rustle as they come through /The air; The Yangtse seems endless /
With its waters rolling on incessantly; /
So many autumns have I now spent /
Away from home, with sickness for /
A companion; now do I climb high /
Above the river by myself, /< /p>
Troubles and sorrow have turned my hair /
Grey; sick and poor, I now
/ Even stop drinking wine!
I Climb High Translated by Florence Ayscough
Wind is strong, sky is high, gibbons wail sadly; /
Shoals are bright, sand gleam white, birds fly in circles. /
Without bounds is the forest, leaves fall, swish, swish, they drop; /
No ending has Great River, swirl, swirl, it comes. /
Ten thousand li sad Autumn! Have been long a wanderer; /
A hundred years, many illnesses! Alone I climb the tower. /
Sorrows, hardships, bitterness, grief, thickly frosted hair on my brows,
Inert I sink to ground; all fellowship ended; I drink muddy wine in my cup.
In a sharp gale from the wide sky apes are whimpering, /< /p>
Birds are flying homeward over the clear lake and white sand, /
Leaves are dropping down like the spray of a waterfall, /
While I watched the long river always rolling on. /
I have come three miles away. Sad now with autumn /
And with my hundred years of woe, I climb this height alone. /
Ill fortune has laid a bitter frost on my temples, /
Heart-ache and weariness are a thick dust in my wine.
Swift wind and a high ceiling mournful the monkeys sound,
/ From island to white beach the birds are wheeling round.
/ Everywhere falling leaves fall rustling to
/ The waves of the Long River onrushing without bound.
/ Who grieves for Autumn a thousand miles from home
/ Despite lifelong illness I climb the terrace alone.
/ Hardships and bitterness frosting many a hair,
/ I abjure the cup of wine that stopped my moan.
High wind blowing, high clouds floating, gibbons wailing, /
Sandbars gleaming white, the waters rippling clear, /
Birds coming home, leaves rustling down -- /
And the great river rolls on, ceaseless. /
A stranger here, far, far, from home, /
I can't help feeling sad in autumn. /
Life is short, my health failing, here I stand alone . /
Life is hard, my temples greying, /
I'm filled with regret. /
Down and out, can't even drink now , /
Can't even drink now…
A stiff breeze is up; the vault of heaven seems high. /
Monkeys on the hills are making their plaintive cry. /
The islets become clearer; the sandbanks, clean and white; /
Water-birds are hovering over them in their flight. /
For miles around, rustling leaves are falling without pause. /
The Yang-tze-kiang is tumbling on in its onward course. /
Far from home, autumn strikes me as adding to my grief. /
An invalid, I mount the heights alone for relief. /
Long suffering has left its cruel mark on my hair. /
I've ceased anew to drink in utter despair.
From heaven high the winds are whirling down with monkey's whine, /
And over the white sanded hursts the birds are cleaving fine . /
The boundless forests shed their yellow leaves with rustles; /
The everflowing Yangtze on its way rolls and wrestles. /
Autumn is chilling me – always a thousand-miles-roameer, /
Alone mounting the mountain, and a life-long sufferer. /
I deeply loathe my rime-like temples as in these hard times; /
Of late Senility yet forces me to give up wines!