plucked instruments are collectively called instruments that pluck the strings with fingers or a plucked instrument, and that are pronounced by striking the strings with a harp and bamboo. The plucked instrument has a long history and various types and shapes, and it is a kind of stringed instrument with great characteristics. According to the differences of musical instruments' shapes, performances and playing methods, plucked instruments can be roughly divided into three categories:
[the first category]
musical instruments with a rectangular wooden box as the piano body and Zhang Yiqin playing horizontally:
guzheng
guqin
[the second category]
. Play more on your legs:
Pipa (Pi-pa)
Qin Liu (P > San-hsuan)
Ruan (Juan)
[the third kind]
Musical instruments are placed on a wooden frame, and the strings are struck with Qin and bamboo to get the sound, which was made in the Ming Dynasty. The common stringed instruments in China include Erhu, gaohu, Zhonghu, Gehu, Biangehu, Banhu and Sihu. Huqin existed as early as the Tang Dynasty, and it was called "Qin" in literary works. In the Northern Song Dynasty, it was widely circulated among the people in northern China, and it was called "Xiqin". At present, there are no fewer than dozens of huqin instruments used in various places and operas. They not only have beautiful timbre and distinctive local colors, but also have high playing skills and rich expressive ability. Erhu, in particular, has developed greatly in recent decades and has become an excellent playing instrument and an important band instrument.
erhu (erhu-hu)
gaohu (Kao-hu)
Zhonghu (Chung-hu)
Yeh-hu (Yeh-hu)
Gehu (Ke-hu)
Banhu (Pan-hu)
Jinghu (jinghu). Introduction of Chinese national musical instruments China's national musical instruments have a long history and are famous for their rich varieties, unique features and self-contained civilization. It is one of the treasures of Chinese national music culture. According to folk classification, it can be divided into the following four categories: wind instruments: flute, suona, pipe sheng and other stringed instruments; erhu, jinghu, banhu, gaohu and other plucked instruments; guqin, guzheng, pipa and other percussion instruments: gongs, drums and cymbals and other wind instruments. The flute is the most widely circulated national instrument in China, with a long history, and the "horizontal flute" in Han Dynasty is also called "horizontal flute". The midrange is sweet and round, which is suitable for expressing pastoral flavor or beautiful and smooth singing melody. The flute has rich playing skills, such as sliding, Boeing, pause and staccato. The traditional flute is divided into bangdi and Qu Di. Bangdi is named after the accompaniment of Bangzi opera. It is short and small in shape, vigorous and bright in tone, and its playing is more important than the use of tongue skills. As a representative of "Xi" As the representative of "Flying Partridges", suona suona was introduced to China from Persia in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties and spread widely among the people in China. It is an important instrument in military music, opera, song and dance and folk music for weddings, funerals and celebrations. Suona is mainly composed of whistle, pole and bronze. When playing weakly, it can play the soft and beautiful timbre of a flute. Its rich playing techniques can also simulate birds' calls, human voices, etc. It is a solo instrument with strong expressive force, and often plays the lead role in the ensemble. As a representative, the pipe of "Hundred Birds Facing the Phoenix" was first used in the court band, and then it was widely popular in the northern folk, becoming one of the main instruments in the percussion bands in Northeast China, North China, Shandong and Shanxi. The pipe consists of a whistle and a wooden pipe. There are eight sound holes in the pipe. According to the thickness of the pipe body, it can be divided into small pipe, medium pipe and large pipe. The pipe has rich playing skills, especially the sliding sound, which can imitate human voice, flute sound and animal chirping. It is a solo instrument with strong expressive force. It represents that as a sheng-reed wind instrument of Jiangheshui, from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Han Dynasty, Sheng and Ru were the same instrument, but the difference lies in the arrangement of sound columns and the number of reeds after the Song Dynasty. Sheng pipe is composed. Sheng bucket is made of copper, and Sheng pipe is made of bamboo. Sheng's timbre is sweet, soft and bright, which can not only play sweet melody, but also make sound similar to plucked instruments by using the technique of voicing. It plays a harmonic role in the ensemble. Erhu, as a stringed instrument of Phoenix Wings, is also called Nanhu, Om, etc. It consists of a piano barrel, a piano rod, a string shaft, two strings, and a thousand pounds. The timbre of the outer strings is bright and vigorous. Erhu is suitable for playing soft and delicate lyrical melodies. It can also play vigorous or lively melodies through some special playing techniques, and can also imitate the sound of gongs and drums, Ma Si, birdsong, horseshoe, etc. Masterpieces: Two Springs Reflecting the Moon, Bright Walk, Jinghu Jinghu is also known as the main accompaniment instrument of Huqin, Peking Opera and Han Opera. The piano pole and barrel are all made of bamboo, and the mouth of the barrel is covered with snakes. Later, it was changed to a hard bow, and the timbre was loud and clear. There were a large number of special tunes for Jinghu in Beijing Opera, such as "Small Door Opening", "Deep Night" and "Liu Qingniang". Banhu Banhu, also known as Banghu and Qinhu, was the main accompaniment instrument for traditional operas and operas, such as Bangzi Opera. The piano barrel was mostly made of coconut shells or other wood, and the barrel surface was made of four or five degrees. Bright timbre. Representative works include: Flower Bangzi, Brother of the Red Army is Back, etc. In 1926, gaohu and Lu Wencheng brought the erhu from Shanghai to Guangzhou, improved its range, and made it into Yuehu (namely gaohu), which became one of the main musical instruments of Guangdong music. The Gaohu instrument is slightly smaller than the erhu, with a larger volume and brighter timbre than the erhu. The playing technique is similar to that of the erhu. In the band, it is difficult to replace the erhu in the high-pitched area. gaohu's representative repertoires include "Rain Beats Banana" and "Autumn Moon in Pinghu", etc. Playing the stringed instrument Guqin, also known as lyre, was played horizontally. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it became a solo instrument with strong expressive force. Guqin generally used paulownia as a flat and long speaker, with seven strings, which were set according to the pentatonic scale. The musical range is up to four octaves. The representative works are: Three Stages in Yangguan, Water Clouds in Xiaoxiang, Flowing Water in High Mountains, Eighteen Beats in Hu Jia, etc. The Zheng is a flat plucked instrument. It is a long wooden sound with strings strung on the piano surface, and the strings can be moved to adjust the pitch. The folk Zheng music in various regions has its own characteristics, forming different schools, such as Henan and Henan. Zhejiang and other places are well-known. As a representative, Pipa is a stringed instrument that is held and played. In ancient times, all instruments that were held and played were called Pipa, such as Ruan, Sanxian, Qin Qin, etc. After the Song Dynasty, Pipa became a special name for plucked instruments with a curved neck and a semi-pear-shaped sound box, so it was also called Curved Neck Pipa. It was introduced to China from India in the 4th century. The pipa was composed of four strings with six phases and 25 frets. The timbre is crisp and soft. The representative works are Ambush on Houses, Overlord and Dismantle, etc. The three-stringed and three-stringed instrument, also known as Killer, is a traditional plucked instrument in China. The handle is long, the sound is square, the two sides are covered, and the three strings are held in the arms. The timbre is rough and bold, and it is widely used in national instrumental music, opera music and rap music. The three strings are divided into small three strings and big three strings. There are various drums in the north. In the southern China, operas such as Tanci Quyi, Kunqu Opera and instrumental music such as silk and bamboo are mostly composed of small three strings. Percussion instruments refer to instruments that make sounds by percussion. It is a very distinctive part of Chinese national instruments and an indispensable accompaniment instrument in folk songs and dances, rap and opera. In folk custom activities, weddings, funerals, celebrations and other activities, it is often used to create a warm atmosphere. Percussion instruments are loud, rich in timbre and strong in rhythm, which can be played with wind instruments and silk stringed instruments or independently. According to the production materials, musical instrument shapes and acoustic effects, they can be divided into drums, gongs, cymbals and plates. Drums include drums, drums, drums and drums.
What are the national musical instruments?
National musical instruments are the unique musical instruments of China.
(1) Instrumental music in the pre-Qin period According to unearthed cultural relics and literature records, the musical instruments in the pre-Qin period included drums, Nai, Ying, Tian and County drums, bells, cymbals, cymbals, cymbals, cymbals, pianpan. In primitive society, the appearance of musical instruments is closely related to myths and legends, praying for gods and offering sacrifices, folk dances, working life and so on.
After entering the class society, musical instruments are mainly used for the entertainment of rulers, except for religious and ceremonial occasions. Exquisite and luxurious musical instruments are produced, and the scale is getting bigger and bigger. For example, in "Lushi Chunqiu Luxury Music", it is said: "Xia Jie and Yin You are luxury music, drums, bells, chimes, pipes and voices of Xiao, taking grandeur as beauty and taking the public as view; It' s so beautiful, I' ve never heard of it, I' ve never seen it, and I' ve never thought about it. "
(2) Instrumental music from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Wei and Jin Dynasties. At that time, the main musical instruments were the zither, the pipa (with two different shapes of Qin and Han Zi and Ruan Xian), the flute, the square ring and the graceful instrument (that is, the graceful instrument). Zheng, pipa and flute are all accompaniment instruments of "Xiang He Ge".
In this historical period, a large number of foreign musical instruments were absorbed. For example, with the introduction of drumming music, wind instruments such as Jian, Jiao, Zhong Ming, Chang Ming and Qiang Di were also used. Due to the communication with the western cultures, the musical instruments handed down to the descendants mainly include the vertical pipa, Persian pipa (i.e., Quxiang Pipa), Yaodan and so on.
The vertical harp is also a Persian musical instrument, which was introduced to China during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Quxiang Pipa passed through India and Xinjiang around 35 A.D. and spread to Gansu. According to the Biography of Liang Shu Jian Wendi, it was spread to the south at least in 551 A.D. (Nanbei Lang).
(3) Instrumental Music in the Sui and Tang Dynasties During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, due to the further exchange of western cultures, the number of musical instruments increased sharply. Especially drum instruments, this may be due to the development of song and dance music.
There are more than 3 percussion instruments, such as brass cymbals, clappers, festival drums, staff drums, waist drums, feather-preserved drums, fork drums, qi drums, drum-carrying drums, Jie drums, Du-Tan drums, Maoren drums, Ansala drums and Jilou drums. There are more than 2 kinds of stringed instruments, such as solo, three-stringed, musical instrument, rolling Zheng, wind-headed fiddle, five-stringed pipa and Xiqin. There are more than twenty kinds of wind instruments, such as a flute, a flute with a righteous mouth, a fork flute, a Taiping pipe, a peach peel hairpin and so on. The important change in musical instruments in this period was the appearance of stringed instruments, Zheng-rolling and Xiqin, which opened up a new field of musical instrument performance.
(4) Instrumental music in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties witnessed remarkable changes and developments in stringed instruments. After Xiqin, the ponytail huqin appeared in the Song Dynasty. There are also more than 5 kinds of stringed instruments, such as Huqin, Da Ruan, Wuxian Ruan, Yueqin, Huluqin, Bohai Qin, Huobusi, Erxian, Dambra, Kitar, Labab, Violin, Harzak, and dulcimer (in fact, the categories of stringed instruments that exist among the people are far more than this).
Wind instruments were introduced into the suona (also known as Jin Kou, Su Nai, Fu c1) from the north in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, which once again brought about great changes according to the playing combination form of drumming music, further enriching the performance of drumming music from timbre, volume and style. Suona was originally used in military music.
For example, the Sanqu Chanting the Trumpet to the Emperor written by Wang Pan in Ming Dynasty: "Trumpet, boom, the music is small and loud, and the official ship is in a mess, and it depends on your prestige. The army listened to the army, and the people listened to the fear of the people.
what are you going to do there? I saw it blow over this house and hurt that one. Let's just blow the water away! " According to Wang Xie's "Three Tales", suona has been applied to the people in the Ming Dynasty. "Several Important Components of the Local Style of Folk Instrumental Music" The composition of the local style characteristics of instrumental music works, technically speaking, involves the whole basic means of expression of music (pitch relationship, mode, tonality, rhythm, beat, speed, range, intensity, timbre, playing method, texture, etc.) and the overall means of expression, which are indispensable basic elements for the composition of the style characteristics of an instrumental music work.
according to the performance characteristics of traditional folk instrumental music in China, generally speaking, the important components of local style are playing skills, melody unfolding techniques commonly used in folk traditions, and band combination. [Edit this paragraph] Solo Music "Flute, Sheng Music" ● The shape of the flute is made of bamboo, and the pipe body is provided with blowing holes, membrane holes, two (or four) air outlets and six sound pressing holes.
the membrane hole is covered with reed membrane or bamboo membrane, and the left end of the blowing hole is blocked with a flute plug, so that it can be blown horizontally. ● Northern Bangdi Music Bangdi has Bangzi, Happy Meeting, Flying Kites, Hanging Red Lights and Oriole Bright Wings played by Feng Zicun; Liu Guanle played Selling Vegetables, Birds in the Shadows, Opening the Door in the South of Hebei, Dove of Peace and Talking Back.
● Qu Di's representative songs of southern Qu Di music include: Cowherd, Partridge Flying, Happy Song and Six Plates in Chinese Flowers played by Lu Chunling; Zhao Songting's "357" and "Morning" and Jiang Xianwei's "Journey to Suzhou". ● Sheng Music Sheng is an ancient reed instrument in China. As early as the Yin Dynasty (141 BC-1122 BC), it had the name of "Xiao Sheng" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
in ancient times, it has been mentioned in Shangshu Yiji that "the cymbals are filled with cymbals", and "blowing sheng drum spring" is also recorded in The Book of Songs Xiaoya Luming Literature. Later, Sheng was recorded in many historical documents such as Yili, Zhouli and Book of Rites.
The earliest physical objects were found in the musical instruments unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suixian County, Hubei Province, with a history of more than 2 years. In history, the musical instruments made of twenty-two, twenty-three and twenty-six springs were generally called reed; The musical instruments made of 19-spring, 17-spring and 13-spring are called sheng.
shape of sheng: sheng is mainly composed of three parts: sheng spring, sheng flute and sheng bucket. Sheng spring was made of bamboo in ancient times, and then changed to ringing copper; Shengdi is a bamboo tube with different lengths (mostly made of purple bamboo), with a long sound window (sound outlet hole) near the upper end, a round sound hole near the lower end, and a wooden sheng foot embedded in the lower end to hold a reed and inserted into the sheng bucket; The sheng bucket is made of wood or copper, with a round flat top, a seedling insertion hole on the top, and a blowing port next to the sheng bucket.
the development of sheng solo art: the development of sheng solo art is mainly in the north. "Erhu, Banhu Music" ● Erhu Overview Erhu, Jinghu, Jinghu, Soft Bow Jinghu, Genka, Yuehu, Sihu, Juqin, Zhonghu, Dahu, etc. Panel types such as Banhu, Coconut and Erxian.
● Banhu Music Banhu has many kinds among the people.