Kyoto, Beijing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty

In the first year of Hongwu, the Ming army captured Yuan Dadu and changed its name to Beiping Prefecture. In three years, the fourth son Judy was the prince of Yan, guarding Beiping. Since the north of the city is mostly empty, another wall was built five miles south of the original north wall in nine years. In seventeen years, the original south wall moved two miles south. After Judy seized the throne, because the Northern Yuan Dynasty still posed a threat to the Ming Dynasty, in the first year of Yongle, Beiping was changed to Shuntianfu, built as the capital, and actively prepared to move the capital. In four years, Beijing began to build a city, which was basically completed in eighteen years, and the capital was officially moved here the following year.

The plane of Kyoto in Ming Dynasty was convex, covering an area of about 25.4 square kilometers. There are nine inner cities and seven outer cities. Miyagi is located in the center of the inner city, also known as the Forbidden City. It basically follows the former site of Yuan Da Nei and is surrounded by a moat, namely Tongzi River. Miyagi takes Wumen-Xuanwu Gate as the central axis, and the first three halls are arranged in sequence as follows: Fengtian Hall (later changed to Imperial Palace), Gaihua Hall (later changed to Relay Hall) and Shenshen Temple (later changed to Polar Palace); The last three halls: Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace; The former is mainly used for holding ceremonies and important court meetings, and the latter is the place where the emperor handles daily government affairs and life. Secondary buildings are strictly symmetrically arranged on both sides. Miyagi was artificially piled into Long Live Mountain (now Jingshan Mountain) to suppress the "Feng Shui" of the previous dynasty, so it was also called Zhenshan. In front of Miyagi, there is an ancestral temple on the left, a national altar on the right and an imperial city outside the palace. The main entrance of the imperial city is a wide avenue from Chengtianmen to Daming Gate in the south. On the east side, there are five central institutions, such as rites department, households, officials, soldiers and workers, and on the west side, there are five military governors' offices. There is a commercial center between Daming Gate and Zhengyangmen in big cities, which is quite prosperous. In addition, large-scale Tiantan and Shantan (later renamed as Xiannongtan) were built in the southern suburbs, and altars, moon altars and earth altars were also built in the eastern, western and northern suburbs. The imperial city used to be an earth wall, but later it was gradually made of bricks. In the thirty-second year of Jiajing (1553), in order to strengthen Beijing's defense, Wailuocheng, which surrounded the southern suburbs, was built. Seven names are still in use today. The original plan was to build Wailuocheng on all sides, but due to poor financial resources, it was only built in the south.

From Hongwu to Yongle, hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Shanxi and Shandong moved to Beijing and its surrounding areas, moving south to enrich the people and enrich the capital. As a result, Beijing's population has greatly increased, cultivated land has expanded and agriculture has developed. In the process of building the palace, Daxing and Wanping counties attached a large number of craftsmen recruited from all over the country, which made Beijing's handicraft industry develop in an all-round way. In order to meet the needs of Beijing's political center and cultural center, the manufacture and import of various luxury goods, handicrafts and cultural goods have also increased greatly. However, Beijing's food is not self-sufficient, and the huge consumption and military needs of the rulers make it very difficult to import a large amount of food from the south every year. At the same time, because Beijing is located in the northern part of the Ming Dynasty, it is close to the Mongolian ruling area beyond the Great Wall and the post-Jin (Qing) regime. With the decline of military power and political corruption, it was threatened by the invasion of the north for a long time, and the situation of Mongolian army and post-Jin army Enemy at the Gates appeared more often in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), the peasant uprising army of Li Zicheng entered Beijing in March, retreated on April 20th, and the Qing army entered Beijing in May. In September, Fu Lin, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, moved his capital from Shenyang to Beijing. The Qing dynasty followed the organizational system of the capital and palaces of the Ming dynasty, but only partially renovated and rebuilt, with few additions, and most buildings were not even renamed.