Warring States Period, Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" Emperor Gaoyang's Miao descendant came here, and my emperor's name was Boyong. The photo of Ti Zhen was in Meng Zouxi, but Geng Yinwu came down. Huanglan Kuiyu first visited Xi, and Zhaoxi gave Yu a good name: his name was Zhengzexi, and his courtesy name was Lingjun. Fenwu not only has this inner beauty, but also focuses on cultivating his abilities. Hu Jiangli and Pi Zhixi were admired by Ren Qiulan. If Miyu is about to fall behind, I'm afraid I won't be able to catch up with him as time goes by. The magnolias are blooming in the morning, and the island is deserted in the evening. The sun and the moon are suddenly not flooded, and spring and autumn are the order of the times. But the vegetation is scattered, fearing the beauty's twilight. Why don't you change your attitude if you don't grow strong and abandon your filth? If you ride on a horse and gallop, let me guide you first.
Note: Gaoyang: According to legend, it is the title of the ancient emperor Zhuanxu (zhuān xū). Miao Yi (yì): descendants. Xi (xī): modal particle, equivalent to "ah". 朕(zhèn): Me. Before Qin Shihuang, most people could use "I". Emperor: Big. Test: The honorific title for the deceased father. Sheti: Another name for Yinnian. Zhen: Right. Meng: Beginning. Zou: (zōu) The first month of the Xia calendar is also the Yin month. "Chu Ci" all uses the Xia calendar. Wei: pronounce words. Gengyin: The stems and branches of the day. Qu Yuan happened to be born on the rare auspicious day of Yin year, Yin month and Yin day. Huang: Huang Kao. 揆(kuí): measure. First degree: the appearance when you are born. Zhao (zhào): start. Right: flat. Rule: law. Zhengzhen: The law of justice, which means "evenness". Lingjun: Beautiful flat land, which means "original". Qu Yuan's name is Ping and the word is Yuan. Fen: numerous. Heavy (chóng): add. Xiu Neng: Excellent talents. 戈(hù): Chu dialect, Phi. Jiang Li: the name of vanilla. Zhi: The name of vanilla, Angelica dahurica. Pi: secluded. Lathing: joint. Pei: an ancient ornament. Wearing vanilla is used here as a metaphor for attaching importance to one's acquired accomplishments. 汩: The water flows quickly, here it is a metaphor that time is like water. Buwuyu: Don’t wait for me. 搴(qiān): to pull out. 唆(pí): hillside. Mulan: fragrant tree, here refers to magnolia. Lan: collect. Su Mang: Vanilla, survives winter. The magnolia tree will not die after being peeled off, and the mango grass will not die after winter. Both of them have the same fragrance, so they are used for self-cultivation. Hu: speed. Flood: stay. Generation sequence: time sequence is replaced in turn. Wei: Think. Beauty; Qu Yuan sometimes refers to the king, sometimes refers to himself, and sometimes refers to the wise men in general. This refers to King Huai of Chu. Late: old age. To grow strong; to take advantage of one's prime of life. Dirty (huì): dirty behavior. Degree: method. 骐骥: (qí jì): a horse, a metaphor for a virtuous person. Come: Come. Tao: Same as "guide", causing. Husband: modal particles.
Translation 1: I am a descendant of Emperor Gaoyang. My great ancestor’s name was Boyong. In the year of Tai Sui Yin, it was the new moon, and it happened to be the day of Gengyin that I was born into the world. My father looked at my newborn posture and gave me a beautiful name from the beginning. He named me Zhengze, and also gave me the nickname Lingjun. I already have so much inner beauty, plus a beautiful appearance. Wearing the herb Jiangli and the elegant Angelica dahurica, we also braid the autumn orchid to make it more fragrant. Time flies so fast, I seem to be unable to catch up. I am always afraid that the passage of time will not keep me waiting. In the morning, we pick the fragrant magnolias on the hillside, and in the evening, we pick the herbs that have survived the winter. The sun and the moon are flying without stopping, spring has just passed and autumn is ushering in. I think that the flowers, plants and trees will wither, lest the beauty will also reach her twilight years. Why don't you abandon your bad habits in your prime, and why don't you change the original political laws? If you ride on a horse and gallop, come on, please let me lead the way for you.
Translation 2: Zhuanxu, I am your distant descendant, Boyong - the glorious name of my ancestor. On Gengyin, the first month of the year when the star of the year was in Yin, I descended from the sky. Dear ancestors, you carefully guessed the time and cry when I just descended to earth, and gave me a corresponding reputation through divination. The nickname given to me is Zhengze, and the nickname given to me is Lingjun. God not only gave me so many inner beauties, but also gave me the attention to cultivate my own character. I wear the fragrant Jiangli and Angelica dahurica; I also connect Qiulan as my scarf. Time flies like an arrow, and I'm afraid I won't be able to catch this fleeting time and let the years shape my beautiful soul. In the early morning, I plucked magnolias on the slope in the morning light. In the evening, I picked magnolias on the bank of the island with the setting sun behind my back to nourish my body and soul. The sun and the moon overlap each other without stopping, and the New Year and the golden autumn alternate with each other without end. Thinking of the yellow leaves falling on the trees, I am afraid of you, beauty, and you have a trace of frost on your hair! Why, why don't you seize the opportunity of being in your prime and abandon your evil behavior? Why don't you change this unkind law? ?Recruit talented people to ride in the world! Follow me! I will lead the way for you!
Translation 3: I am a descendant of the ancient emperor Gaoyang, and it is I who call Boyong. old father.
In the first month of the year when Tai Sui is in Yin, the day of Gengyin is my birthday. My late father saw that I had such a birthday, so he gave me a corresponding reputation. The nickname given to me is Zhengze, and the nickname given to me is Lingjun. I have such beauty on the inside, and I am beautifully decorated on the outside. I folded the milfoil and angelica, and tied them with autumn orchids to make a garland. I was in a hurry as if I was on a journey, afraid that time would fly away from me like an arrow. In spring I climb magnolias on the mountains, and in winter I gather green algae by the water. The golden bird and the jade rabbit hurriedly refused to stay, and summer and autumn took turns to replace each other. Thinking of the grass and trees being carved away all the time, I am afraid that the ideal beauty will also age prematurely. You should take advantage of your youth to cultivate yourself, why don't you change the way you are? I am driving a horse and I am about to run. Come on, I will lead the way for you.
Appreciation: "Li Sao" is the representative work of Qu Yuan, a famous poet during the Warring States Period. The whole poem contains 372 lines and 2,490 words. Judging from the grand scope of the poem, it is also rare among Chinese classical poems. It is the longest romantic political lyric poem in the history of ancient Chinese poetry. The poet begins by narrating his life experience, moral character, and ideals, and expresses the depression and contradiction of being slandered and persecuted. He denounces the fatuousness of the king of Chu, the rampant gangs, and the deterioration of the government. It shows that the poet adheres to the ideal of "beautiful government" and criticizes the dark reality. The fighting spirit of not collaborating with evil forces and the unswerving patriotic enthusiasm until death. Sima Qian said in "Historical Records? Tai Shigong's Preface": "Qu Yuan was exiled and wrote "Li Sao"." This is regarded as after being exiled. People today have different opinions on this. Some say it was written after King Huai was dismissed, some say it was written after King Qingxiang was released, some say it was written at the end of King Huai's reign and the beginning of King Qingxiang's reign, and some say it was first written after King Huai. Sometimes it was written in the early years of King Qingxiang, but there is no conclusion yet. "Li Sao" was written after Qu Yuan was demoted. This poem has a certain status in Chinese history, so the poet is also called "Sao Ren". A song called "Li Sao" carries thousands of years of Chinese history and culture. It has been sung to this day. How many people are infected by it, how many people are excited about it, and how many people are inspired by it. As a long-form masterpiece, "Li Sao" expresses extremely rich ideological content. Regarding its content level, there have always been various ways of dividing it.
Roughly speaking, the whole poem is divided into nine parts: The first part: describes the poet's family background, birth name, and how he actively self-study and hone his qualities and talents. Part Two: The setbacks the poet encountered in the process of realizing his political ideals. Part Three: After the poet encountered setbacks in his political career, he did not shrink back or be discouraged, and established education to cultivate talents for the country. However, in an environment where "everyone is competing for advancement and greed", the beauty of the crowd was defiled - this is the poet's experience Despite the second setback, the poet still actively cultivated himself and followed Peng Xian's legacy. Part Four: Due to the poet's uniqueness, it immediately caused the greed of the mediocre people in the world, which caused the poet to encounter another setback and fell into a lonely and desperate situation. However, the poet is still determined to be unyielding, willing to "submit his innocence and die straight", rather than surrender and agree with the world: "carrying ink on his back to pursue the music". Part Five: The poet who encountered suffering and setbacks and fell into a lonely and desperate situation further developed the contradiction, hesitation, depression and pursuit of ideals, as well as the process of soul struggle deep in his heart, and finally strengthened his moral sentiments and political ideals. Part Six: Due to his daughter's persuasion, the poet had no choice but to come to Chonghua and state his views to him, hoping to arouse sympathy. Part Seven: After the poet expounded his political proposition of "promoting talents and empowering talents" in front of Chonghua, the fantasy state of "searching from top to bottom" fully expressed the poet's strong feelings that were not understood by the world. Part Eight: After listening to Wu Xian's words, the poet finally decided to leave Chu. This part vividly expresses the poet's complex ambivalence and thousands of thoughts. Part 9: The poet accepted the advice of Lingfen and Wu Xian and decided to leave Chu for a long journey, but finally couldn't bear to leave. This is the poet's last fantasy in a dazed mood. The end of the whole poem is the epilogue, which ends with the famous Chu song "Luan" at that time. It reflects the poet's political ideals and patriotic feelings of implementing "beautiful politics" and revitalizing the Chu State. It shows the poet's noble moral integrity and the fighting spirit of hating evil and hatred. It also ruthlessly exposes and exposes the corrupt politics and dark forces of the Chu State. scold. Sima Qian commented on "Li Sao" and said: "Although Qu Yuan was in exile, he paid attention to the Kingdom of Chu and had the king in his heart. He did not forget his desire to rebel, hoping that the king would realize it and change his customs. And he wanted to repeat it. In one article, there are three determinations. "Liu An's "Li Sao Biography" is also quoted as saying: "Guo Feng is lustful but not lewd, Xiao Ya is not chaotic, if you are in Li Sao, you can be said to be both! He is called Emperor Ku at the top, and Qi Huan at the bottom. Tang and Wu are described in this chapter to illustrate the universal admiration of morality and the thoroughness of governance. His writing is simple, his words are subtle, his ambition is clean, and his conduct is extremely honest. It is great, and its meaning is far-reaching. Its ambition is pure, so it is said to be fragrant; its conduct is honest, so it is not allowed to die. From the dredging mud, the cicada is sloughed out of the filth, floating outside the dust. The world is full of dirt. It’s like being in a wilderness. It’s not like it’s a waste of time.” ("Historical Records") basically expresses the spiritual essence and immortal value of "Li Sao".
Qu Yuan’s life
His early experience was on the seventh day of the first lunar month of the 29th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty (340 BC). It is said that on the first lunar month of the 30th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty (339 BC) On the 14th, Qu Yuan returned to Zigui, Danyang, Chu State. The next year, he lived in Lepingli.
In the 39th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty (330 BC), Qu Yuan lived in Lepingli. I have been addicted to books since I was a child, and I read a lot and miscellaneously. This is the year of "Reading in the Stone Cave" and "Teaching the Scriptures by the Old Man from Bashan". In the 40th year of King Xian of Zhou Dynasty (329 BC), he lived in Lepingli. Although Qu Yuan was born into a noble family, he sympathized with the poor people very much because he had lived among the people since childhood and had the good influence of his family. From then on, he did many good deeds that showed compassion for the people at a young age and won unanimous praise.
Reforms In about the fourth year of King Shenliang of Zhou Dynasty (317 BC), Qu Yuan served as the left disciple of King Huai of Chu, engaged in political reforms, and formulated and promulgated various laws. In the following years, Qu Yuan continued to carry out reforms and fought against the old aristocracy and all stubborn forces. The situation in Chu changed drastically, and the old nobles faced the fate of destruction.
Slander and sparseness In the first year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (314 BC), Qu was slandered by Shangguan officials and became sparse. He was dismissed from the post of Zuo Tu and appointed as the official of Sanlu. In the second year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (313 BC), Zhang Yi of Qin broke the Chu-Qi alliance, and King Huai of Chu raised an army to attack Qin. However, they were defeated by Qin and Hanzhong County fell, which is known as the "Battle of Danyang" in history. In the third year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (312 BC), Chu sent troops to counterattack Qin and was defeated in Lantian (now Lantian, Shaanxi). King Huai of Chu re-enabled Qu Yuan and sent him as envoy to Qi, with the purpose of establishing a new alliance between Qi and Chu. In the fourth year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (311 BC), King Huiwen of Qin Dynasty captured Chu Zhaoling in the fourteenth year of Gengyuan. King Huiwen was willing to give half of Hanzhong to Chu and form an alliance with Chu. King Huai of Chu wanted to obtain Zhang Yi more than the land of Hanzhong. Zhang Yi came to the State of Chu, bribed Jin Shang with a large sum of money, and received advice from King Huai of Chu's favorite concubine Zheng Xiu, so he was released and returned to the State of Qin. King Huiwen of Qin died, and King Ziwu stood up. Qu Yuan was on an envoy to the State of Qi. When he returned to the State of Chu, Zhang Yi had already left. Qu Yuan advised King Huai, "Why don't you kill Zhang Yi?" King Huai regretted it and sent people to chase Zhang Yi but failed to catch him. In the fifth year of King Nan of Zhou (310 BC) and the first year of King Wu of Qin, Zhang Yi left Qin and rushed to Wei because he was not satisfied with King Wu. Qu Yuan still served King Huai as the official of Sanlu. In the sixth year of King Nan of Zhou (309 B.C.) and the second year of King Wu of Qin, King Xuan of Qi wanted to be the leader, but he hated Chu and wanted to unite with Qin, so he sent an envoy to leave a letter from King Chu of Chu. Qin and Qi united to benefit Han. In the seventh year of King Nan of Zhou (308 BC) and the third year of King Wu of Qin, Gan Mao captured Han Yiyang. Qu Yuan lived in Yingdu and set up an altar to teach. In the seventeenth year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (298 BC), King Zhao of Qin sent troops out of Wuguan to attack Chu, beheading 50,000 people, and took away the city of Xichuan (now Xichuan, Henan) and fifteen cities on the left and right.
Exiled to Northern Han Dynasty In the eleventh year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (304 BC), Qu Yuan wandered to northern Han Dynasty for the first time (above the Han River, today's Xixia and Xichuan areas of Nanyang, Henan Province). The reunification of Qin and Chu was contrary to Qu Yuan's plan, and the traitor would definitely have slanderous words to harm him. He had to avoid the northern part of Han Dynasty, so he had no choice but to do so. Therefore, "Nine Chapters" means that he cannot return if he wants to. In the thirteenth year of King Nan of Zhou (302 BC), the allied forces of Qi, Wei, and Han attacked Chu. King Huai of Chu sent the prince Heng to Qin as a hostage and asked Qin to send troops to rescue him. The King of Qin ordered Ke Qingtong to lead his troops to rescue Chu and repelled the Allied Forces of the Three Kingdoms. The following year, a senior official of Qin State and Prince Heng were killed because of a private dispute. Prince Heng was afraid that King Qin Zhao would blame him, so he fled back to Chu State privately. This incident worsened the relationship between Qin and Chu, which led to Qin's frequent attacks on Chu. "Qu Yuan hated King Huai of Chu for listening to the villain's slander and letting untrue language obscure the correct language. These rumors would harm the interests of the Chu State and were intolerable to the Founder people. Therefore, Qu Yuan wrote "Li Sao" in sorrow and meditation. " In the sixteenth year of King Nan of Zhou (299 BC), Qu Yuan had returned from his exile in northern Han Dynasty. Together with Zhaoju and others, he urged King Huai not to attend the meeting, saying: "Qin is a country of tigers and wolves, so we must not go to the meeting. Faith is worse than no action." King Huai's youngest son, Zilan, was afraid of losing the favor of King Qin, so he tried his best to encourage King Huai to go. As a result, as soon as King Huai entered Wuguan, he was detained by the Qin army and taken to Xianyang, forcing him to cede Wu County and Qianzhong County. King Huai of Chu was kidnapped and taken to Xianyang. Chu welcomed the crown prince Heng from Qi and established him as King of Qingxiang. The prince Zilan was appointed as the commander. However, he refused to cede land to Qin. Qin then sent troops to attack Chu, defeated the Chu army and beheaded 50,000 people. Take sixteen cities.
Exiled to Jiangnan In the nineteenth year of King Nan of Zhou (296 BC), King Huai of Chu died in the State of Qin, and the State of Qin sent his body back to the State of Chu for burial. The princes thought that Qin was unjust. Qin and Chu broke off diplomatic relations. Qu Yuan was dismissed from the post of Sanlv official and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River. He set out from Yingdu, first to Ezhu, and then to Dongting. In the 20th year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (295 BC), Qu Yuan arrived in Changsha. He looked over the mountains and rivers at the place where the first king of Chu was enfeoffed, and he felt deeply attached to his country. In the 22nd year of King Nan of Zhou (293 BC) and the sixth year of King Qingxiang of Chu, the State of Qin sent Bai Qi to Yique to attack South Korea and achieved a major victory, beheading 240,000 people. The State of Qin then sent a letter to the King of Chu saying: "The State of Chu has betrayed the State of Qin, and the State of Qin is preparing to lead the princes to attack the State of Chu to decide the outcome. I hope you can rectify your troops and fight happily." King Qingxiang of Chu did not forget his desires. He also pointed out that King Huai finally ended up dying in a foreign country because "the so-called loyal people are not loyal, and the so-called virtuous people are not virtuous." King Nan of Zhou arrived in the 21st year (294 BC) In the thirty-sixth year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (279 BC), Qu Yuan was exiled to a remote area in the south for the second time.
According to the analysis of "Nine Chapters Ai Ying", the route of this exile started from Yingdu (now Jiangling, Hubei Province), first went southeast and went down the river, passed by Xia Shou (southeast of today's Shashi, Hubei Province), and looked at Longmen (east of Yingdu). Gate) entered the Yangtze River via Dongting Lake, then left Xiapu (now Hankou, Hubei), and finally arrived at Lingyang (said to be south of today's Qingyang County, Anhui). It lasted for sixteen years, during which he wrote a large number of excellent literary works, such as "Nine Chapters? Sadness Returns to the Wind" and so on.
In the thirty-fifth year of King Nan of Zhou's surrender to Miluo (280 BC), and the nineteenth year of King Qingxiang of Chu, Qin general Sima mistakenly attacked Chu, and Chu ceded Shangyong and northern Han Dynasty; , Qin Bai attacked Chu and captured Xie, Deng, and Xiling. In the thirty-seventh year of King Nan of Zhou Dynasty (278 BC), Bai Qi further captured the capital of Ying. King Qingxiang of Chu had no choice but to flee in embarrassment together with the ruling nobles, "protecting themselves in Chencheng (now Huaihe, Henan)". Yang County)". In a state of extreme depression and complete despair, Qu Yuan committed suicide by throwing himself into the Miluo River on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. This year was probably the 21st year of King Qingxiang of Chu (278 BC), and Qu Yuan was about sixty-two years old at that time.