Year: Song Author: Xia Song
Tao, Tang and Ming dynasties are like calendars, and Mao Qi is connected with Heaven.
Hold the right star and return the rest to the times.
Meng Ming is not lost, and South Road is prosperous.
Since then, it has been hung up for three generations and the cycle has been strengthened.
Qinyuanchun: Thoughts on Reading Historical Records
Year: Song Author: Cheng Jue
Try the sunny slope, plant more trees after the spring, and how many Chinese fir trees. Zhengtao is five days thick, and the wind in Yunxi is soft, which is easy to delay knocking. Taishi Chenggong: The more people at the bottom, the more they see the wall, and the more they lose their eyes than Qin Guan. Can Jiang get rid of the mental shackles and not send Wei?
Don't say that Tang Ju failed, let alone laugh at Qiu Ke's poverty. When Miluo woke up, Yuan Lai was drunk. It's really arrogant and fake. After all, who sealed it? When a teacher dies, he is familiar with the bed, and people are in the haze. Xindi Road, Happy Branch Scale, is a good place for the Black Dragon.
Taishigong in Dream Book Crossing Historical Records is really a dream.
Year: Song Author:
I'm exploring the secluded spot, and my avatar is in chaos.
This pen is unique, and the spring dream is flat.
Reading Biography of Historical Records
Year: Song Author: Wang Yucheng
Wei fern and Shu copper in Xishan Mountain can be found in Hehe.
Fortunately, all the sages starved to death, if there were no historical pens and so on.
2. Lu Xun's comments on "Historical Records" and Sima Qian's poems, essays and couplets: "The historian's swan song rhymes with" Li Sao ".
Liang Qichao praised this masterpiece as "a masterpiece through the ages". Liu Xiang and Yang Xiong of the Western Han Dynasty said: "They all say that they use good history to make materials, obey their good order and good reason, be noble but not vulgar, be qualitative but not vulgar, write straightforwardly, have no empty core and do not hide evil, so they call it recording." Huaqiang of the Western Jin Dynasty also said: "Move the text straight and get its core."
Zhang Fu said: "The works of emigrants only talk about words and deeds, and only 500,000 words tell the story of 3,000 years." Liu Xie of the Southern Dynasties said: "Chen Shou's three ambitions are just right."
Chen Shou, the author of the History of the Three Kingdoms, "People say that he has a good memory and a good history." 1. Han Dynasty Han Dynasty is the spreading period of historical records.
Yang Yun, the grandson of Sima Qian, announced the Historical Records to the society, which immediately caused great repercussions and researchers flocked to it. Yang Xiong and Ban Gu, famous scholars of Historical Records in Han Dynasty, both affirmed the spirit of Historical Records of Sima Qian.
Yang Xiong (58 BC-AD 18) was a writer and philosopher in the Western Han Dynasty. He wrote in the book "Fa Yan": "The teacher moves, saying it is recording."
"My son loves more and loves strange things." Yang Xiong was the first person to praise the spirit of Sima Qian's record.
He put forward records and love, which have been recognized by experienced people until now. Ban Gu (32-92), a historian and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was the author of Hanshu.
Ban Gu was the first person who systematically evaluated Sima Qian in Han Dynasty. There is Biography of Sima Qian in Hanshu.
Ban Gu said in his eulogy: "Since Liu Xiang, Yang and other well-known books, they have all inspired historical masterpieces, convinced their feelings with order, argued without pomp, argued without vulgarity, wrote straightforwardly, focused on things, and beautiful without concealing evil, so they are called records." It can be said that Sima Qian's "not empty beauty, not hiding evil" can be said to be right. The world calls it, and later generations are impressed.
Sima Qian's spirit of "recording" has become a fine tradition of China's historiography. Secondly, the important contribution of historical records research in Tang Dynasty lies in annotation.
The most important works are Sima Zhen's Searching for Historical Records and Zhang Shoujie's Justice of Historical Records, together with Pei's Collection of Historical Records in the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, which are called "Three Notes on Historical Records" by later generations and become classic works of historical records annotation. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, great prose writers in the Tang Dynasty, made the greatest achievements in the study of Historical Records.
Han and Liu affirmed the literary value of Historical Records and established Sima Qian's lofty position in the history of China literature. Han Yu (768-824), the leader of the ancient prose movement, was the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.
Han Yu spoke highly of Sima Qian's literary talent. He said: "People in the Han Dynasty were all literate, and Tai Shigong, Liu Xiang and Yang were the best."
He thinks that the style of Sima Qian's works is "majestic and elegant". Historical Records became a sample of Han Yu's composition.
Liu Zongyuan (773-8 19) is an essayist. Liu Zongyuan thinks that the articles in Historical Records are simple, concise and neat, and there is no disease of branches and vines; Naturally, it is watertight, and it is not allowed to add a word; Choose words carefully and make sentences, and you can't subtract a word.
Thirdly, the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and Song Dynasty were the periods when a large number of Historical Records were printed and widely circulated, and there were dozens of official and folk manuscripts. The earliest and best engraving of Historical Records is that of Huang Zhanfu in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The most important contribution of the Yuan Dynasty was to adapt a large number of stories in Historical Records into operas for the people, with an amazing number of plays and screenwriters. Such famous dramas as King Zhao of Chu, Zhao's Orphan by Ji, Five Yuan Chui Xiao by Li Shouqing, Seven Ying Bu by Shang Zhongxian, Jietui by Di, Chasing Han Xin on a Moonlight in Xiao He by Jin, Mianchi Club by Gao Wenxiu, etc., have reached 65,438.
The story of Historical Records was adapted into a drama, which greatly promoted the spread of Historical Records among the people. Song people highly praised Sima Qian, and famous figures include Ma Cunzan's "Strong Patrol" and "Five-body Structure of Zheng Qiao".
Ma Cun thinks that Sima Qian likes traveling all his life and refuses to take a day off. Sima Qian's strong patrol is not a general strong patrol, but he tries his best to help me and then spits out a book.
Therefore, his articles are either outrageous or uninhibited; Or the wave of Dongting, deep and implicit; Or spring makeup, such as thick and graceful; Or the dragon and tiger leap forward, with thousands of troops. Sima Qian's family is a dragon gate and has made great contributions to God. West to Bashu, cross Jiange Bird Road; Wandering around Qilu, seeing the legacy of the son of heaven.
Therefore, the change of everything between heaven and earth can be shocking and entertaining, but it can be sad. Zi Chang takes this as an article, so Zi Chang's articles change endlessly. Zheng Qiao (1103—1162), a Fujian native, is a historian of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Zheng Qiao thought: A hundred schools of thought contend, writing books with empty words and recording the past dynasties is disorganized. The classics of Sima Qian and his son came into being, from the Yellow Emperor to the Qin and Han Dynasties, and were compiled into a book, which was divided into five parts: calendar year, family generation, desk calendar, documentary events and people.
After one hundred generations, historians can't change laws, and scholars can't change books. After six classics, there is only this book.
It can be seen that Zheng Zhui spoke highly of Historical Records. Fourthly, the study of Historical Records began to flourish in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it became prosperous in the Qing Dynasty.
A large number of outstanding scholars emerged in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, who praised Sima Qian's personality and the achievements of Historical Records. Jin Shengtan (1608— 166 1), an outstanding critic in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, was a keen and versatile intellectual.
He regarded Historical Records as one of the "books of six talents" and commented on Historical Records with more than 90 prefaces. He praised Sima Qian many times in his comments on Water Margin and The West Chamber, and published many insightful opinions.
He said: "forbearance is the heart of Shi Gong's life." Commenting on the Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Chu, Sima Qian said that he "borrowed their lives to make me cry."
Jin Shengtan is Sima Qian's confidant. His discussion on the relationship between Historical Records and novels is unique.
"The method of" Water Margin "comes from" Historical Records ",and" Water Margin "is unique and obviously a biography." Zhang, a native, even bluntly said: "Jin Ping Mei is a historical record.
It can be seen that Historical Records has a wide influence on later novel writing skills. Qian (1582— 1664) was born in Changshu, Jiangsu in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
He used to be a minister of rites, and his poems were very famous. He said in Wu Zhai's Travel Collection: "Sima's historical records are based on his thousands of years of talents, pioneering knowledge and admiration."
He believes that the five-body structure founded by Sima Qian has become a sample for historians to compile history, and its contribution is "like the star of the sun"! Zhang Xuecheng (1738— 180 1) was a historian and thinker in Qing Dynasty. He was another outstanding historical critic after Liu Zhiji in the Tang Dynasty.
He is studying history.
3. Comment on the famous saying "Bao Ren An Shu" in Historical Records. Although it is a reply to a friend, there are not many sentences that directly answer the contents of a friend's letter.
The whole article is about expressing anger, complaining grievances, arguing and expressing one's will. This is a work with blood and tears and deep indignation. In this article, Sima Qian put forward a famous life motto, "People are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai, or lighter than a feather, so use them differently".
He believes that in order to realize their ideals and beliefs, people with lofty ideals should either die generously or bear the burden of humiliation, die meaningfully and live worthily. It is more important to die for lofty ideals and beliefs than Mount Tai; Giving up the pursuit of life is as light as a feather.
The choice of "life" or "death" should take the realization of life value as the ultimate goal. This view fully shows his respect for the right to life and embodies his unremitting pursuit of realizing the value of life.
And he himself practiced his life motto. At the critical moment of life and death, he resolutely endured humiliation to survive, "put to death (corruption) without being sad." In order to inherit his father's unfinished business and realize his ideals and beliefs, he survived tenaciously and finally completed the writing of Historical Records, leaving a poem named Poet of Historians for future generations.
4. Comment on the famous saying "Bao Ren An Shu" in Historical Records. Although it is a reply to a friend, there are not many sentences that directly answer the contents of a friend's letter.
The whole article is about expressing anger, complaining grievances, arguing and expressing one's will. This is a work with blood and tears and deep indignation. In this article, Sima Qian put forward a famous life motto, "People are inherently mortal, or they are heavier than Mount Tai, or lighter than a feather, so use them differently".
He believes that in order to realize their ideals and beliefs, people with lofty ideals should either die generously or bear the burden of humiliation, die meaningfully and live worthily. It is more important to die for lofty ideals and beliefs than Mount Tai; Giving up the pursuit of life is as light as a feather.
The choice of "life" or "death" should take the realization of life value as the ultimate goal. This view fully shows his respect for the right to life and embodies his unremitting pursuit of realizing the value of life.
And he himself practiced his life motto. At the critical moment of life and death, he resolutely endured humiliation to survive, "put to death (corruption) without being sad." In order to inherit his father's unfinished business and realize his ideals and beliefs, he survived tenaciously and finally completed the writing of Historical Records, leaving a poem named Poet of Historians for future generations.
5. Look at the evaluation of Qu Yuan in Historical Records from the personal evaluation of Historical Records.
Judging from Qu Yuan's position in the society at that time, he was a politician, not a "poet" in the general sense.
But as far as his great creative achievements are concerned, he is also the first great poet in the history of China literature. Also in the Book of Songs.
There are many beautiful and moving works, but most of them are popular and collectivized, and there are few individual expressions. And Qu Yuan.
However, his creation is marked by his ideals, experiences and pains, and his lifelong enthusiasm.
This marks a new era of China's classical literature creation.
Qu Yuan is a poet with lofty personality. He cares about the country and the people, and he is still a staunch patriot until today.
People are highly praised. Although his patriotism and loyalty to the monarch are linked, he can't deviate from his times at this point.
Represents the basic moral principles of society, but at the same time, we should also see that Qu Yuan has a strong sense of self. He didn't.
Think of yourself as a servant of the monarch, but pretend to be a monarch and then a leader of the country. He is very interested in his political ideals.
Have a firm belief in life ideals, and in order to pursue their own ideals, they will not hesitate to confront most people in their own social groups.
I would rather die than part. This reserves the right to think independently and be loyal to one's own understanding under the recognized moral premise of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism.
As an ideal martyr, later generations have greatly inspired him; The way he stood in the world was also upright by later generations.
Scholars cite it as an example to follow.
Qu Yuan's works express strong and tragic feelings with unrestrained writing style. Han Confucianism once said that Li Sao and
Xiaoya in The Book of Songs is a work of "suddenly not hurting", and Yuan Hongdao, a poet in Ming Dynasty, refuted in Poems by Xu Xiaoxiu:
Li Sao was extremely resentful. Both party member and the King of Chu were reviled by the Ming people, who were "content with the so-called resentment without hurting people".
Huh? "And pointed out that" vigorous, steep, exposed "is the characteristic of" Chu style ". His opinion is obviously
That's right. Moreover, Qu Yuan's praise of his personality is spontaneous and true. Sing of God's love,
It is passionate and incisive; Celebrating the sacrifice of martyrs is passionate, generous and tragic. In short, compared with
Generally speaking, The Book of Songs is introverted and the emotional expression is mild. Qu yuan's creation shows to a considerable extent.
The liberation of emotion has created a brand-new poetic style full of vitality and strong appeal. Because this emotional table
In order to meet the needs, Qu Yuan could not be satisfied with plain writing techniques, but borrowed a lot from Chu's mythological materials and used absurd fantasies.
Thinking greatly expands the realm of poetry and presents a magnificent face. This opens up a new way for the creation of China's classical poems.
A new road. Poets with strong personality and emotion in later generations, such as Li Bai and Li He, were greatly inspired.
Qu Yuan is a poet who loves beauty. He does not deny the beauty of all kinds of art with a narrow utilitarian view. nine
Song and Evocation are full of passionate scenes and emotions caused by music and dance. "Qiang debauchery entertainment, view.
In Qu Yuan's works, this is a beautiful scenery. Similarly, his poems also like a lot of colorful ones.
Colorful words. He also developed the metaphor in The Book of Songs and gave it to plants, fish, insects, birds and animals, Yun Ni and other species.
This kind of natural thing, with people's will and life, entrusts with their own thoughts and feelings, and adds the beauty of poetry. big
In terms of figure, it can be said that the schools of literary talent and beauty in ancient China literature can be traced back to Qu Yuan.
In the form of poetry, Qu Yuan broke the short and pithy system of The Book of Songs, which was mainly composed of four neat sentences.
It is also of great significance to create a "Sao-style poem" with long or short sentence patterns, grand length and rich and complicated connotations.
In a word, The Songs of the South initiated by Qu Yuan and The Book of Songs together constitute China's two major poems and even the whole China literature.
This source has an infinite influence on later literature. However, due to the development of the times and the cultural differences between the north and the south, there are more songs of Chu.
The Book of Songs has made remarkable progress. Therefore, its influence on later literature is more on the Book of Songs.
Attachment: Sima Qian's evaluation of Qu Yuan in Historical Records
The people who wrote Li Sao are still worried. The husband of heaven, beginning of life; Parents are the foundation of people. If you are poor, you will carry your roots, so you will be very tired. The illness was terrible, so I did not hesitate to call my parents. Qu Ping walked on the right path, exhausted loyalty and wisdom to serve the monarch, and made the world poor. Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander, can you have no complaints? Qu Ping's work Li Sao is self-reproach. The "national wind" is lewd but not lewd, and "Xiaoya" is resentful but not chaotic. If you write Li Sao, it can be said that it is both. Said Di Ku, the next Qi Huan, soup, martial arts, stab the world. The morality of the Ming Dynasty is broad and respected, and it is consistent to control chaos. His words are implicit, clean-minded, mean-spirited, small in words and big in meaning, with far-reaching examples. Its ambition is pure, so it is called fragrant. It is cheap, so it is not allowed to die. From discharging mud, cicada sloughing in filth and removing floating dust, it is not loved by the world, and it is turbid without me. Push this ambition, although it is as glorious as the sun and the moon.
6. A good word and a good sentence in Historical Records. Taishigong is self-defined, and the husband's filial piety is to serve his relatives, and the husband's filial piety is to serve his husband, and finally he is established.
Yi says, "A great loss is a thousand miles away". Therefore, ceremony is to save people, music is to make peace, books are things, poems are ideographic, I ching is Tao, and spring and autumn is virtue.
The husband's ceremony is not forbidden, and the law is behind; It is easy for users to see what the law does, but it is difficult to know what the ceremony does. Gaozu's suggestion is ugly, but poison tastes bitter and is good for the disease.
I am not as good as an ovary, because I am a winner thousands of miles away. The strong wind blows, the clouds fly, I unify the world, glory goes to glory, how can I get a warrior, and the country is defended in all directions! General Li told Longcheng to fly, but he didn't teach Huma to cross the Yinshan Mountain.
(Wang Changling's "The Embankment") The Woods are dark and the wind is blowing, but the general tries to shoot at night. The next morning, he found his white arrow deeply stuck in the hard rock (Xia Sai Qu by Lu Lun). The ape-arm general flies like a kite, and his bow is full of steps.
Now that Chinese has sealed the marquis, there is no need to waste time. "Biography" said, "Its body is right, and it does not make it; His body is not right, although he is not obedient. "
Don't say anything about peaches and plums, learn something by yourself. Xiang Yu's discipline is to pull out the mountain and be angry with the world, and not die when it is unfavorable. What can I do without dying? What can I do if I am worried? "The success or failure of military strategists is unexpected, and Bao Shame is a man.
There are many talented children in Jiangdong. Whether they will make a comeback is still unknown. (Du Mu's Wujiang Pavilion) The brave have been through many battles, and it is difficult to return to the Central Plains after defeat.
Children of Jiangdong, who are still here today, are willing to make a comeback for Wang. (。
Life is a hero, and death is a ghost. Today, people still miss Xiang Yu because he refused to live and returned to the East.
(Li Qingzhao's quatrains) In its heyday, Biography of the Assassin traveled thousands of miles a day. Getting old is the first step.
The wind blows in Shui Han, and the strong men are gone forever. Biography of Qu Yuan is knowledgeable, strong-willed, good at managing chaos and rhetoric.
King Chu Ping refuses to listen to his illness, flatters him to hide his knowledge, and evil songs do harm to all. Fang Zhengzhi couldn't stand it, so he wrote Li Sao, with sadness and meditation. His words are implicit, his ambition is clean, and his actions are mean.
Its ambition is pure, so it is called fragrant; Its behavior is cheap, it is not allowed to die, and it is not straightforward; White sand is nirvana, and it is black. (Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning") Qu Ping's Ci hangs on the sun and the moon, and the king of Chu is empty.
(Li Bai's Ode to the River) The whole world is mixed (mixed) and I am alone, everyone is drunk and I am alone in Biography of Funny Stories. The bird did not fly, but soared; If you don't sing, it will be a blockbuster. Guanzhong Biography gave birth to my parents, but I know the steamed stuffed bun. Cang Li is full of etiquette, food and clothing are enough to know honor and disgrace, let nature take its course and save its evil. So, you can blind date from top to bottom. The Confucian family also told me that rich people give people money and kind people give people words. When the mountain goes up, the scenery stops "Biography of Qin Shihuang" records that bamboo cigarettes are sold for nothing, and the ancestral home is locked in the river.
Liu Xiang didn't study before the Grey Cold Shandong Rebellion. (Burn books, Don.
Jason) Confucianism pit, I began to feel the Qin family sparse. Waste six classics ashes, there are still unburned books by the bridge.
(After Xia Ming? Yuan Hongdao) It's not good to be ashamed of your husband. (Yuan Hu Tianyou) Where there is a will, there is a way.
Burn your bridges, 102 Qin Guan will eventually be Chu; Hard work pays off. Another 3,000 pieces of armor can swallow Wu.
Birds are exhausted, and good bows are hidden; A sly rabbit dies, but a running dog cooks. The Biography of Qu Yuan is confusing all over the world, and I am the only one. Everyone is drunk, but I am sober, knowledgeable and strong-willed. I am good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric.
King Chu Ping refuses to listen to his illness, flatters him to hide his knowledge, and evil songs do harm to all. Fang Zhengzhi couldn't stand it, so he wrote Li Sao, with sadness and meditation. His words are implicit, his ambition is clean, and his actions are mean.
Its ambition is pure, so it is called fragrant; Its behavior is cheap, it is not allowed to die, and it is not straightforward; White sand is nirvana, and it is black. (Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning") Qu Ping's Ci hangs on the sun and the moon, and the king of Chu is empty.
(Li Bai's Poems on the River) The biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru put national emergency first, and then personal grievances "Biography of Guan Zhong" gave birth to my parents. If you know me, Baozi and Cang Li know manners. If you have plenty of food and clothing, you will know that honor and disgrace will go with the flow, and if you save their evil, you can make a blind date from top to bottom. The Chronicle of Qin Shihuang is also full of birds and flowers. A sly rabbit dies, but a running dog cooks. Bamboo cigarettes are sold for nothing, and the ancestral home locks the river.
Liu Xiang didn't study before the Grey Cold Shandong Rebellion. (Book Burning Pit Tang) After all the Confucian pits were exhausted, I began to feel that the Qin family's mesh was sparse.
Waste six classics ashes, there are still unburned books by the bridge. It's not good to be ashamed of your husband's business.
(Yuan Hu Tianyou) Where there is a will, there is a way. Burn your bridges, 102 Qin Guan will eventually be Chu; Hard work pays off.
Another 3,000 pieces of armor can swallow Wu.