1. There are three main ways to arrange Chinese dictionaries:
A, in alphabetical order Now the traffic is arranged in alphabetical order of Chinese phonetic alphabet (Chinese phonetic scheme); In ancient times, it was arranged according to the rhyme foot of Pingshui 106 (up and down voice 15, up voice 29, down voice 30, entering voice 17).
B, arranged by radicals and strokes. Words with the same radical are combined together, and the order of radicals is the number of strokes; Within the same radical, the order of words is the number of strokes. When the strokes are the same, they are arranged according to the pen shape. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of pens: dot (,), horizontal (1), straight (ㄧ), left (ノ), or dot, horizontal, straight, left and folded (┐).
C, arranged by code. The common method is four-corner numeral detection. A Chinese character square has four corners. There are ten forms of angles, which are represented by 0 to 9. The order of angles is upper left corner, upper right corner, lower left corner and lower right corner. Four yards per word.
2. The Kangxi Dictionary edited by Zhang Yushu was compiled on the basis of Mei's Dictionary and Zhang Zilie's Zhengzitong in Ming Dynasty. According to the radical arrangement, it is divided into 2 14 parts, and according to 12, it is divided into 12 episodes, and each episode is divided into three volumes. Example interpretation of fonts: sound before meaning. First, list the anti-tangent of the main rhyme, and then explain it. Each meaning is based on ancient books.
3. Corrected the pronunciation and reading errors of Wang's Dictionary Textual Research and Wang Li's Kangxi Dictionary.
4. Chinese Dictionary, edited by Lu Feikui and Ouyang Pucun, 19 15 Zhonghua Book Company. The radicals are arranged, and the phonetic notation is reversed by the rhyme, and the shun sound is added.
5. Ci Yuan 19 15, edited by Lu Erkui, Fang Yi and others, is the earliest dictionary published in modern times, which focuses on words and gives consideration to encyclopedic knowledge. The arrangement of radicals follows the radicals of Kangxi Dictionary 2 14. The reverse tangent of phonetic notation adopts the improved reverse tangent of Li Guangdi's Yinshi in Qing Dynasty. It has basically laid a pattern for the compilation of modern Chinese dictionaries. 1958 was revised into a reference book mainly in Chinese, supplemented by encyclopedia, by Wu Zeyan and Huang. Liu is in charge. Phonetic symbols and phonetic symbols are used for phonetic notation, and Guang Yun's arc tangent is used.
6. Cihai 1936 was compiled by Zhonghua Book Company and edited by Shu Xincheng, Zhang Xiang. 1958 was revised into a comprehensive dictionary. Hosted by Shu Xincheng and Chen Wangdao.
7. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty is the foundation work of Chinese philology and the first dictionary to systematically analyze Xiao Zhuan. In the Song Dynasty, Xu Xuan revised it with Sun Biao's Tang Yun. Li Yongchun's Shuo Wen Tong Jian in Qing Dynasty. Xu Hao's Notes on Explaining Words and Characters
8. Four famous scholars who studied Shuowen Jiezi in Qing Dynasty: Duan Yucai's Notes on Shuowen Jiezi, Gui Fu's Shuowen Jieshu, Wang Yun's Shuowen Reading and Zhu's Shuowen Tongxun.
9. The Book of Songs written by Ruan Yuan in Qing Dynasty, a dictionary specially collecting annotations of various ancient books before Tang Dynasty. The arrangement of vowels, one horizontal and one rhyme. There are Liu Qi's Brief Analysis and He's General Interpretation of Function Words in Ancient Chinese.
10, exegesis of Wang Jing Chuan in Qing Dynasty (arrangement of ancient initials), exegesis (phonetic symbols), exegetical function words.
1 1, Zhang Xiang's poetry anthology, 1953 Zhonghua Book Company, is a monograph devoted to the study of special words in poetry.
12. In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words dominated, while in modern times, disyllabic words dominated. There are three main situations:
A, change a completely different word
B, add prefixes and suffixes.
C. use two synonyms as morphemes.
13, simple disyllabic words, mostly conjunctions. Philology mainly distinguishes the original meaning by form.
14. In the creative period of characters, pictograph is the most basic principle.
15, Lishu is an important turning point in the development history of Chinese characters and a watershed between ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters.
16, there are three rhymes:
A, the sentence rhymes
B, every other sentence rhymes. Generally, odd sentences don't rhyme, and even sentences rhyme. For example, The Book of Songs.
C, rhyme. Odd sentences rhyme with odd sentences, and even sentences rhyme with even sentences.
17. The main rhyming form of The Book of Songs: the rhyme ending of every other sentence; The rhyme of the first sentence, and then the rhyme of the next sentence.
18, ancient rhyme refers to ancient rhyme, mainly in the pre-Qin period, and now it is divided into 30 parts. The Book of Songs has an ancient rhyme. Duan Yucai's Phonetic Equivalence Table of Six Books, Jiang Youliang's Reading Rhyme of The Book of Songs, and Wang Niansun's Rhyme Spectrum of The Book of Songs of Chu.
19, the annotation of ancient books began in Han Dynasty.
20. There are four common situations in notes:
First, the definition of words.
B, crosstalk. String together one or several sentences to explain.
C. explain the general idea of the whole chapter. Make the meaning of the article clearer.
2 1, common ancient book terms:
First, say, do and call. Words of explanation are placed after them. It is not only used for explanation, but also for the difference between synonyms or synonyms.
B that. Words of explanation are put in front of them. Explain the abstract with concrete, or explain the special with general. That is, the words to explain are put behind.
C. appearance. After a verb or adjective. Explained words often indicate adjectives of a certain nature or state. Is equal to "the appearance of ..."
D Jude. The words of the interpreter and the interpreted are often synonymous or synonymous. Equal to "equal to say". The above is purely an interpretation.
What you say, what you do. Inevitably, in addition to interpretation, the interpreter and the interpreted word sometimes have the same sound, and sometimes have the same sound and rhyme.
F, read, read. Use this word to illustrate loanwords.
G, read if, read if. Generally used for phonetic notation. Sometimes it means borrowing words.
22. Tang people's comments on other ancient books in the Han Dynasty. Historical Records by Sima Zhen in Tang Dynasty and Historical Records Justice by Zhang Shoujie; Notes on Selected Works of Xiao Tong by the five ministers in the Tang Dynasty. Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms in Southern Song Dynasty.
23, Guo Xiang note and cheng note "Zhuangzi".
24. For example, a word usually means that the word should be read according to its original pronunciation in a specific context. Sometimes a word with "ruzi" and other oblique or straight sounds indicates that the word has different traditional pronunciations in a specific context.
25. Ancient books often have different interpretations. Different pronunciations often mean different meanings or parts of speech. The difference in reading is sometimes just the difference in tone, sometimes not only the difference in tone and meaning, but also the change in part of speech.
26. It is one of the characteristics of Chinese to distinguish word meaning and part of speech with four tones.
27. Zhu: the original meaning of Zhouyi, poetry biography, university chapters, Analects of Confucius, Mencius, the doctrine of the mean, Chu Ci, etc.
28. Biography of Poetry in Qing Dynasty, Biography of Mao Poetry by Ma, Justice of the Analects of Confucius by Liu Baonan, Justice of Mencius by Liu Baonan, Collection of Zhuangzi by Guo Qingfan and Collection of Zhuangzi by Guo Qingfan.
29. Ruan Yuan wrote The Annotation of Thirteen Classics. In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Niansun's Reading Magazine, Wang's Interpretation and Yu Yue's Suspicion of Ancient Cases.
30. Yao Nai divided articles into thirteen categories in ancient literary genres.
3 1, ancient sentence breaks are marked with ",". If the meaning is incomplete, you need to pause and point out between two words. The sentence ends next to the word. Errors are caused by three situations: unclear meaning, unclear grammar and unclear phonology.
32. The Book of Songs is the far source of Fu, and The Songs of Chu is the near source of Fu. The main features show things.
33. Xu Shizeng's "distinguishing style" in Ming Dynasty can be divided into four types: ancient fu, Nuo fu, legal fu and literary fu.
First, the Han Dynasty is an ancient Fu, also known as Ci Fu. It is generally long, mostly in the form of questions and answers, with prose mixed in the verse, and the sentence pattern is mainly four or six words.
B, the Six Dynasties Fu is Nuo Fu, also called Parallel Fu. Short in length and rhyming. Parallel prose and allusions are actually rhyming parallel prose.
C, law fu, is a trial fu used in the imperial examination in the Tang and Song Dynasties. There are strict restrictions on the use of rhymes. The examiner put forward eight rhyming words and specified eight types of rhymes, so eight rhymes were assigned. Even the rhyming word order and balance are regular. There is a limit to the number of words, no more than 400 words.
D, prose, influenced by the ancient prose movement. After the middle Tang Dynasty, prose of ancient writers gradually replaced parallel prose, with irregular sentence patterns and random rhymes. Writing fu with prose instead of layout and decoration runs through the momentum of prose and attaches importance to freshness and fluency, which is very close to prose.
34. The structure of Fu: the front is orderly, the middle is Fu, and the back is "chaos" or "information".
35. Rhetoric methods in ancient Chinese:
A. Looking back: citing the deeds of the ancients to prove his argument. Describe some historical facts, both positive and negative.
B, quoting classics: positively quoting the words of ancient sages.
C, agent.
A, refers to the characteristics or signs of things. Such as "two hairs".
B, give some to everyone. Such as "elegance".
C, replacing finished products with raw materials. Such as "fishing net".
D. replace abstraction with concreteness. Such as "silk bamboo".
E. replacing people with land. Such as "Peng Ze".
F, officials on behalf of the people, show respect. For example, Wang Youjun.
G. proper names are used as generic names. For example, Bian Que.
H, split pronoun. For example, "Swallow the boat."
D, inversion, word order inversion for rhetorical rhyme.
E, metaphor, there are no figurative words.
Circuitous, a subtle rhetorical device. The author doesn't speak straight and beat around the bush.
G, euphemism, euphemism twists and turns to express meaning, diplomatic rhetoric and modesty are euphemisms.
H, exaggeration, an extreme description, makes the language more vivid.
36. Poetry after the Tang Dynasty can be divided into classical poetry and modern poetry, which is also called modern poetry, and ancient poetry is also called ancient style. More than eight sentences are called exclusion. Quatrains are divided into ancient quatrains and regular quatrains. The ancient absolutely is generally limited to the five absolutely.
37. The sentence pattern of four-character poems is generally 22, five-character poems are 23 and seven-character poems are 43.
38. Poems with rhyming sentences are named Bailiangti because it is said that the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty built Bailiangtai, and the vassal * * * endowed seven-character rhyming sentences. Such as Cao Pi's Ge Yanxing.
39. "Wen Xin Diao Long? The tone mentioned the problem of "temperament". In the Southern Dynasties, Shen Yue invented the four tones and wrote the four tones spectrum.
40. Sanpingdiao is a special form of ancient literary style and one of its characteristics. Rhyme generally intercepts the first and second pairs of rhymes.
4 1. Zheng Yun of Linz written by Ge Zai in Qing Dynasty is divided into 19 rhymes, which use auspicious rhyme.
42. Qu is divided into Nanqu and Beiqu. There are zaju and Sanqu in Beiqu. Sanqu has two forms: poem and set number.
43. In the Yuan Dynasty, Zhou Deqing divided Pingshui rhyme into nineteen rhymes according to the Rhyme of the Central Plains written by the Northern Song Dynasty.
Second, the noun explanation.
1, straight cut: phonetic notation with homophones, such as "root, tune with".
2, anti-cutting: that is, using two words together to note the sound of a word, called "so-and-so cutting" or "so-and-so anti" (before the Tang Dynasty), taking the initials on the word. The next word has vowels and tones, which are collectively called notes. Such as "Mao" and "Mo robe cutting". This method is used in Kangxi dictionary.
3. Disyllabic compound words: Disyllabic words in ancient Chinese are composed of two monosyllabic synonyms or antonyms. The original meaning of one morpheme becomes the meaning of this disyllabic word, and the other morpheme only serves as a foil. For example, "it's no use having priorities." "Urgent" means "urgent", and the word "slow" is meaningless.
4. Original meaning: the original meaning of the word. For example, the original meaning of the item is "a window facing north"
5. Extended meaning: "extended" from the original meaning, that is, the meaning developed from the original meaning. The original meaning is "a window facing north". The extended meaning is "Chao" and "Chao". Direct extension is the meaning directly extended from the original meaning. Indirect extension is the meaning of direct extension and then extension, which has an indirect relationship with the original meaning.
6. Borrowing meaning: As Zhu said, "This is meaningless, relying on sound to support words", which is not in line with the original meaning. Meet late, meet late.
7. Six Books: Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi holds that there are six forms of Chinese characters: pictographic characters, ideographic characters, comprehensible characters, pictophonetic characters, phonographic characters, seal script annotation characters and loanwords. Only pictographic characters, demonstrative characters, comprehensible characters, pictophonetic characters and phonological characters are word-making methods, while transliteration and subterfuge are word-using methods.
A, pictograph: draw the outline or characteristic part of things to form a word, such as the day and the month.
B. referring to things: pointing out the characteristics of things with marks. Like the top, the bottom, this, and finally, the blade.
C. Know: It consists of two or more forms, and their meanings are combined into a new meaning. It is usually a combination of two hieroglyphs, such as and.
D, shape and sound: composed of ideographic characters (also called shape symbols) and sound symbols. Ideographic characters represent meaning categories, and phonetic symbols represent pronunciation categories, such as Jiang and Mu. Most pictophonetic characters with the same signifier are related to the things or behaviors marked by the signifier. For example, shellfish is related to property, words are related to words, and heart is related to psychology.
E. Transfer: There are different opinions.
F, under the guise of: "This book has no words, and things are exempt from customs according to the sound", such as the original order of "issuing numbers", which was later borrowed as the order of "county orders".
8. Ancient and modern characters: Due to the development of history and the evolution of Chinese characters, a new word represents one or several meanings of a word and shares the meaning of that word. Then the previous word is an ancient word and the newly generated word is a modern word. For example, the meaning of "responsibility" has been replaced by "debt", but the meaning of "responsibility" is established, so both are ancient and modern words.
9. Variant characters: Due to time or hell, people create two or more words for the same word to express it, forming words with completely different forms but the same meaning, which can be interchanged under any circumstances, such as Jane Eyre.
10, Simplified and Traditional: Due to the reform and simplification of Chinese characters, simplified Chinese characters are simpler than traditional Chinese characters, with fewer strokes, often in a one-to-one relationship, and sometimes in a one-to-many situation. Many simplified characters used today have been handed down from generation to generation. Such as politeness, anger, etc. Some simplified characters have nothing to do with traditional Chinese characters, so they are adopted because they are homophones. Such as back, fit, sign and redundancy.
1 1. Judgment sentence: use nouns or noun phrases as predicates to express judgment. In ancient Chinese, the word "yes" is generally not used to judge, but the modal particle "ye" is used after the predicate to assist the judgment. Such as "Donghu, a good history in ancient times". Sometimes the modal particle "zhe" is used after the subject to express Teton. In modern Chinese, "Shi" is generally used between subject and predicate.
12. Narrative sentence: a sentence that takes verbs as predicates and describes the changes of people or things.
13, negative sentence: a negative sentence. There must be something negative. In ancient Chinese, negative words can be adverbs such as bu, fu, Wu, Wei, Wu and Fei, verbs such as Wu and pronouns such as Mo.
Flexible use of parts of speech: In ancient Chinese, some words temporarily changed their parts of speech, such as nouns as verbs, adjectives as adverbials, verbs as adverbials and so on. Such as "Sui Dynasty Moves in Qin Dynasty".
15, vowel: refers to the sum of other factors in a syllable except initials, including initials, main vowels and finals.
16, rhyme: only refers to the main vowels and finals (if any).
17. Poetic rhyme: words with different rhymes but the same rhyme, such as Gan, Man, Nan and Tan, can rhyme with each other, and these rhyming words are put in the same position to form poetic rhyme.
18. Rhyme: Words with different rhymes but the same rhyme, such as Gan, Man, Nan, Tan, etc., can rhyme with each other, and these rhyming words are put in the same position to form poetic rhyme. Chinese rhyme is usually placed at the end of a sentence and is customarily called rhyme.
19, rhyming example: It's about rhyming cases: where to rhyme, where not to rhyme, and how to rhyme.
20, rhyme change: different rhymes at the end, different rhymes in the middle, rhyming is not the case.
2 1, Teana: Folk songs are sung casually, rhymed casually and rhymed at any time.
22. Ye Yun: In order to illustrate the phonological harmony of The Book of Songs, the ancients thought that a word changed into a certain sound, namely "Ye Yun" or "Ye Sentence" (Ye, the same as "Xie", means harmony).
23. Ye Yinfa: A phonetic notation that should be denied. The ancients thought that rhyme could temporarily change pronunciation to achieve harmony, which was unfounded.
24. Disyllabic: Two words have the same initials, such as "Pearl" in modern Chinese and "subtle" in pre-Qin.
25. Reduplication: The vowels of the two words are the same, but it is acceptable to have different vowels, such as "light" in modern Chinese.
26. Ancient sound borrowing: the common use and borrowing of words with the same sound or similar sound in ancient Chinese written language. Either you have your own personality, or you don't have your own personality, and you can express it with homophones. These two words have different forms and different meanings. Such as "fleas", fleas are premature.
27. Thirty-six letters: Traditionally, there are thirty-six letters, and letters refer to initials. In ancient times, there were no pinyin letters, so we had to find 36 Chinese characters as the representative of initials, such as Jian Xi Qunyi, which reflected the situation of Chinese initials system in Tang and Song Dynasties. However, there were 32 initials in ancient times, which were divided into dental sounds, tongue sounds, lip sounds, dental sounds, laryngeal sounds and half-tongue and half-teeth.
28. Lian Mian Ci: an inseparable word connected by two syllables, or a word with a double rhyme relationship, such as exquisite, wandering, uneven, or not, such as centipede, sister-in-law, or homophonic words, such as hastily and relishing.
29. Sparse: Due to the changes of the times, the previous annotations are not easy to understand, and new annotations have appeared. The author not only explains the text, but also annotates the previous notes, which is called "sparseness" and "correctness". The Book of Songs in the Annotations to the Thirteen Classics is like Biography of Mao Heng in Han Dynasty, Annotation to Zheng Xuan in Han Dynasty and Confucius in Tang Dynasty. Biography refers to clarifying the meaning of classics, and writing refers to supplementing and correcting the meaning of Mao Zhuan.
30. Thirteen Classics: Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shijing, Zhou Li, Yili, Li Ji, Chunqiu Zuozhuan, Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan, Chunqiu Guliang Zhuan, Analects of Confucius, Xiaojing, Erya and Mencius. Most of the notes on the Thirteen Classics were written by people in the Han Dynasty or Wei and Jin Dynasties.
3 1,: Collating academic language, abbreviated as "Yan", also known as "". Used to indicate the phenomenon that there are many characters in ancient books. For example, the word "Hanshui is a pool" has derived the word "water".
32. Tuowen: Collating academic language, referred to as "Tuo", also known as "Tuozi". Used to indicate the phenomenon of text falling off in ancient books. Such as "Confucius' family cloud: tall and long" and "Confucius takes off the word" zi ""
33. Rhyme: refers to an article with rhyme, including complete verse and incomplete verse.
34. Pingshui Rhyme: The Sui Dynasty Lu's speech "Qieyun" is divided into 206 rhymes, which is too thin, and similar rhymes can be used in Tang Dynasty. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Pingshui Liu Yuan merged homophony into 107 rhyme, and later generations gradually became 106 rhyme, which is called Pingshui rhyme, and is generally called "poetic rhyme".
35, flat; The most important metrical factor in modern poetry constitutes the rhythm of alternating high and low between poetry and verse, which is called "temperament". Flat tone and rising tone are flat tones, and rising tone, falling tone and entering tone are soft tones. The ancient tone now shifts to the other three tones.
36. Stickiness: The juxtaposition type of antithesis and antithesis must be the same. Adhesion: a phenomenon in poetry that does not conform to the law of adhesion.
37. Right: The sentences and dialogues in each couplet must be of opposite types. That is, the level of the sentence and the level of opposition. Dislocation: a phenomenon in poetry that does not conform to the correct rules.
38. Gu Ping: Apart from rhyme, there is only one flat word left in the poem. It is the taboo of regular poetry.
39. awkward sentence: it does not conform to the general flat sentence, that is, it is not flat with a flat vocal cord. Difficult to survive: Poets often use the word "survive" to express difficult sentences, that is, if a sentence should be in a flat voice, then in the proper position of this sentence or antithesis, the word that should be in a flat voice should be changed to remedy it. Together, it is called hard to save.
40. Duality: In poetry, especially in modern poetry, sentences with the same syntactic structure are duality, which is a positive example. On the other hand, only literal relativity is required, that is, the parts of speech are the same, and syntactic structure is not required. Confrontation is generally a draw and a level. The words of the same kind are more correct.
4 1, hands folded: couplets are completely or basically synonyms of a sentence, which is a taboo for poets and is called "hands folded".
42. Running water pair: a special dual form. The relationship between two opposing sentences is not antagonistic, but a coherent meaning, that is, the sentence and antithesis are not two sentences, but one sentence. For example, "come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south, and then go north-to my own town!" " .
43. Borrowing: a special dual form. A word has more than two meanings. The poet uses the first meaning in his poems, but at the same time uses its second or third meaning to oppose the word ling. For example, "it's common in Qi Wang's house, and I've heard it several times before Cui". Taking "ordinary" originally meant "ordinary", but it was also an ancient unit of measurement, so I borrowed numbers.
44. Lyrics: The word begins with "Quzi Ci". Poets who know music write words according to the rhythm of music score, which is called composing words or relying on sound.
45. Lexical Tone: This refers to the score of writing words, and later refers to the flat format of various lexical tones established by summarizing the syntactic harmony of previous works of various lexical tones.
46. Zaju: An opera with a white theme (action) and a white road. Lyrics are often sung by people in the play. Only sets, but no small orders. One set is called 10% discount, and the whole play is usually 40% discount, sometimes with a wedge. Sanqu: it is not drama, there is no science, and it is similar to the nature of words.
47. Xiao Ling: A kind of Sanqu is equal to a monotonous word. Number of sets: a collection of two or more tunes in the same tune according to certain rules.
48. Redundant rhymes: rhymes are used where no rhymes are needed in songs.
49. Interlaced words: words that exceed the specified number of words in the melody are either at the beginning of the sentence or in the sentence, but not at the end of the sentence.