"Gui Xin Miscellaneous Knowledge" said: "Changsha tea set is exquisite in the world, and each pair is made of 300 white gold stars (the counting points on the scales are called stars, and the number of stars is used in the gold and silver era-author's note) or 500 stars. Tea has its own thing, and there is a lot of silver outside. Vietnamese Prime Minister Shuaitanli tasted gold and 200 gold coins before entering the top spot. "
"Qingbo Magazine" said: "Where tea is suitable for tin, if tin is used as a combination, it is suitable but not extravagant, and tea tastes like paper paste ..." At the end of the Song Dynasty, the method of steaming green tea was invented. When drinking loose tea, don't grind it into powder, brew the whole leaf, don't season it with salt, and pay attention to the inherent fragrance of tea. The Tea Classic written by Cai Xiang from the first year to the fifth year of your life (A.D. 1049~ 1053) was a masterpiece at that time. In the second part of the appliance theory, the relationship between the properties and uses of baked tea, tea cage, anvil, tea bowl, teacup, teaspoon and soup bottle and the quality of tea soup is expounded in detail.
The change of teapot in Yuan Dynasty mainly lies in the spout. In the Song Dynasty, the spout was mostly on the shoulder, but in the Yuan Dynasty, it was moved to the abdomen. At this time, the blue vase in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province is famous all over the world. Blue vases are not only treasured in China, but also exported to foreign countries, especially Japan. Because Zhuguang, the "father of tea soup", especially liked this kind of tea set, the blue and white tea set was later named "Zhuguang celadon". Tianmu tea bowls also spread to Japan. From the12nd century to the14th century, Japanese Buddhist monks went to the Tianmu Mountain Buddhist Temple in China to study, and brought back Tianmu Mountain tea bowls with dark glaze. Therefore, in Japan, people call this kind of black glazed pottery Tianmu porcelain. Tianmu tea bowls include Huangtianmu, Daylight Eye, Huang Jian, Obsidian Change, Oil Drop Turtle Lamp, Gray Submerged Rabbit Hair Lamp, etc.
After the Song Dynasty, tea quality was emphasized, and great changes have taken place in tea. Xu Cishu's "Tea Sparse" said: "Pure white is better now, and it is more expensive than small."
In the Ming dynasty, the color of tea porcelain was still white, and the shape of porcelain was also expensive and small. At that time, many porcelain kilns produced small and exquisite white tea sets. At the same time, there is also a kind of "tea washing", which is shaped like a bowl and a hole at the bottom. It is used to wash tea leaves before drinking tea. China porcelain appeared in the French market in the16th century, which amazed and praised the French. After the mid-Ming dynasty, the fashion of using porcelain pots and teapots appeared again.
In the Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou Zhijin colored porcelain, Fuzhou bodiless lacquerware and other tea sets rose one after another.
In recent years, a number of porcelains from the Eastern Han Dynasty have been unearthed in Shangyu, Zhejiang. Unearthed utensils include bowls, pots, cups, teacups and utensils. Appraised by the Palace Museum in Beijing and archaeological units in Shanghai and Zhejiang, it is recognized as the earliest porcelain tea set in the world. This is of great value to the study of ancient porcelain tea sets.
Tea set in Tang Dynasty occupies an important position in the development of tea set in China, which is closely related to the tradition and way of drinking tea. At that time, drinking tea was very popular, which promoted the production of tea sets to a certain extent, especially the porcelain kiln in the tea-producing area developed more rapidly. Yuezhou, Wuzhou and Qiongzhou are rich in tea and porcelain. At this time, the tea set directly used for drinking is a cup (called a bowl by Lu Yu in the Book of Tea), which is smaller than a bowl, shallow in abdomen, with a straight wall and jade-like feet, and is most suitable for drinking tea. Because of its fine production and bright glaze, the lamp has attracted much attention. The most famous ones are Yue Kiln Lantern and Xing Kiln Lantern, which can represent the two major porcelain systems of South Qing and North Bai at that time, and they were both tributes at that time. There are obvious differences between Yue kiln lamp and Xing kiln lamp in modeling style. The kiln-crossing lamp is "the lip is not upturned, and the bottom is shallow", and the Xing kiln lamp is heavy, and there is no protruding lip at the outer mouth. In the Tang Dynasty, southern celadon was represented by Yue kiln, and the main kiln sites were Shangyu, Yuyao and Shaoxing in Zhejiang. Yue kiln lamp is a kind of kiln furniture praised by Lu Yu in Tea Classic. It had a great influence at that time to describe the beauty of glaze color of Yue kiln lamp with "jade" and "ice", such as Gu Kuang's Tea Fu: "Shu iron is like a golden tripod and mud is like jade." Meng Jiao's "Zhou Renzu Begging for Tea from the Immortals": "Meng Mingyu's flowers are exhausted, and the lotus leaves are empty"; Han's poem "Hengtang": "Moon Ou rhinoceros liquid sends tea fragrance"; Xu Hun's poem "Morning Rise": "Autumn water is clear"; Li Qunyu's poem "Huishi Mianfang Tuancha from Longshan", such as "Boiling frost branches in a red stove, pouring flowers in a well in ou", is a famous sentence praising Yueyao lanterns. The blue glaze lamp of Yue Kiln (Figure 19, right) included here is not only the most popular style in Tang Dynasty, but also the bulk product of Yue Kiln in Tang Dynasty, all of which are typical objects in Tang Dynasty. In Tang Dynasty, the mouth of Yue kiln lamp holder was generally short. A batch of Tang Dynasty celadon unearthed in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, has a burning plate on the tea lamp, the mouth of which is curled into a lotus leaf, and the tea lamp looks like a flower. Represents the main producing area of white porcelain in the north. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Zhao's Supplement to Tang Shi talked about Yao Xingzhi's mouth: "Anything that is bribed is wasted on the user, and it is not to be remembered. Silk cloth is a garment, linen is a bag, felt hat is a cover, leather is a belt, white porcelain in the inner hill, purple inkstone in Duan Xi, and the world is the same. " Bai Juyi said, "White porcelain is very clean." Shi Jiao Ran Poetry Day: "Plain porcelain and white fragrance." Lu Yu's Tea Classic also thinks that Xing Yao's war is "like silver" and "like snow". The Xing kiln lamp (fig. 28, left) included here has a wide mouth, upturned lips, an oblique arc on the abdomen, jade-like feet, white glaze all over, smart shape and elegant glaze color. Xing kiln war was often unearthed in Tang tombs in Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Hunan and even Guangdong, which shows that Xing kiln war was "omnipotent" at that time. In the late Tang dynasty, there were more and more styles of teacups, such as lotus leaf shape, begonia shape, sunflower petal shape, etc., and its foot shape was changed from jade foot to circle foot. The Yue Kiln Lantern and Xing Kiln Lantern collected here in the late Tang Dynasty are representative artifacts of this period, which can be compared with the tea lanterns in the early Tang Dynasty.
Besides ceramics, there are also gold and silver products in tea sets. 1987, the tea set used by the court of the Tang Dynasty was unearthed in the underground palace of the Tang Dynasty in Fufeng Famen, Shaanxi Province. Tea sets made of gold and silver are more gorgeous. The chrysanthemum-shaped golden lamp included here (Figure 25, right) is made of chrysanthemum petals in the mouth and abdomen, with the abdomen converging downward and the chrysanthemum petals on the feet facing outward. The center of the lamp is decorated with chrysanthemum stamens, like a blooming chrysanthemum, which is beautifully made. Flower-shaped silver cup, flower-shaped mouth, petal-shaped arc abdomen, restrained under the abdomen, petal-shaped high feet outward, mouth and foot edges decorated with folded flowers, noble and elegant shape. The utensils for the above two years should be tea cups used by the court or elites in the Tang Dynasty.
In the late Tang Dynasty, new changes took place in tea sets, which was related to a new method of drinking tea at that time-"ordering tea". "Tea-ordering method" is to first put tea powder into a cup, then boil or fill it with boiling water in a soup bottle, then inject a small amount of tea powder into the cup to make it paste, then boil or fill it with boiling water in a soup bottle, then inject a small amount of tea powder into the cup to make it paste, and then inject a proper amount of boiling water into the cup with a soup bottle to make drinking tea. The act of pouring notes into a teacup is called "dot". Acupoint injection pays special attention to skills, emphasizing smooth water flow, moderate water volume and accurate water entry. This method continued until the peak of the Song Dynasty, and it was always in the leading position of drinking tea. The soup bottle used for making tea has a wide mouth, a high neck and a long belly. The shoulder changed from the chicken head flow in Jin Dynasty to a tubular or polygonal flow, and a crank was arranged between the lower edge of the bottle mouth and the shoulder. In this period, the mouth of the bottle has changed from the mouth of the Jin Dynasty to the left-handed mouth, with or without a tie, and the bottom still maintains the flat sand tire of the past, making the bottle more stable and dignified. The Tang Dynasty Changsha Kiln-printed Brown Spot Double Series Soup Bottle (Figure 15, left) included here has a curled bottle mouth, a short neck, shoulders, a bucket and a flat bottom, octagonal short flows on both sides of the shoulders, cranks cast from the neck to the upper abdomen, and series on both sides of the shoulders. Palm trees and birds are printed under the short double lines and decorated in brown. The exterior wall is not painted with green glaze, and the shape is steady and generous. It is a typical Changsha kiln artifact. The poem "Put a poem on the bottle and see it with the buyer" was also found on such artifacts unearthed in Changsha kiln. As you can know, this artifact was called a bottle (now called a pot or a pot), which is a soup bottle used to boil or fill a cup of tea with boiling water. Here is also a collection of green glaze steaming bottles with horizontal handles from Changsha kiln, which are shaped as wide mouth, curled lips, long neck, shoulders, high body, gradually converging abdomen and flat bottom, and the shoulders are respectively provided with tubular short flow and belt-shaped curved handles. Although the above soup bottles are different in shape and origin, they all have the same feature, that is, long body, short shoulders, flat bottom and incomplete glaze, all of which are typical artifacts of the Tang Dynasty.
Although the utensils for storing tea in the Tang Dynasty were not listed in Lu Yu's Tea Classic, it was recorded in Volume 5 of Yin Yan Lu of Zhao [Wang+"Phosphorus"] in the Tang Dynasty that "tea must be the best in Sichuan, and it will be filled in clay pots for heatstroke prevention and moisture prevention". This kind of porcelain bottle for storing tea is a typical jar with rich shoulders, bulging abdomen and flat bottom. Here, the Yue Kiln carved green glaze to cover the jar (Figure 29, right) is carved with grass rolls, lotus petals and green yellow glaze, which is the container for tea powder in the late Tang Dynasty.
During the Five Dynasties, many changes took place in the shape of soup bottles. At this time, the bottom of the bottle was changed to a flat bottom in the Tang Dynasty, and the flow direction of the bottle body was slightly longer than that of the previous generation, while the bottle body was mostly oval. The soup bottles carved with the head of a chicken in Yue kiln included here are straight-mouthed, shoulder-sliding, abdomen-tucked and foot-wrapped, with the head of a chicken and the tail of a chicken on the shoulders respectively, and the whole body is painted with green glaze, with beautiful and exquisite shapes. Yue kiln carved double soup (Figure 39, left) has straight mouth, high neck, overlapping shoulders, round abdomen and round feet. The shoulders are respectively equipped with tubular winding paths and belt-shaped cranks, with symmetrical flower-shaped systems on both sides, and the whole body is painted with green glaze, which is stable and dignified in shape. It is worth mentioning that its flow is modified into a sharp corner shape with a knife, so it is easier to control the water quantity and accuracy when ordering tea and injecting soup, to prevent residual water from leaking out, and the design is more reasonable. Teacups and saucers used as drinking utensils also have petal shapes of five or six petals. The cross-kiln tray, lamp and tray contained here are integrated into one. Lamp left hand, deep straight belly, end tray; The tray is open, shallow-bellied, trumpet-shaped, high-legged, beautiful and light in shape, and is a typical five-generation cross-kiln product.
In primitive society, human life is simple and simple. Han Feizi mentioned in "Ten Encounters" and "Five Cheaps" that Yao Yisheng's thatched cottage, the roots of brown rice and wild vegetables, and the tableware were earthen, and later the use of black pottery was invented. It can be seen that in the initial utilization stage of tea, it is impossible to have a special tea set, and most of them are used with other foods. Bowls made of wood or ceramics are also used as drinking utensils. The development of tea set is closely related to the development of ceramic production. However, the emergence and development of ceramics is first pottery and then porcelain, and porcelain is developed from pottery. Black charcoal pottery unearthed in the fourth cultural layer of Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, has a history of more than 7,000 years and is one of the earliest pottery in the Neolithic Age. The cooking methods of tea are constantly changing with the improvement of tea cattle production technology and the development of tea. When wild tea trees were first discovered, fresh leaves were collected and boiled in a pot. The cooking methods and utensils at this time are very simple. In the Spring and Autumn Period, as a vegetable, tea, like cooking, had no special cooking methods and utensils. When human beings entered the class society, slave owners and nobles appeared, forming a leisure class. With the development of drinking and drinking tea, there were new requirements for utensils, and utensils for storing, cooking and drinking tea appeared. The emergence of tea sets began in slave society, when the main tea sets were pots for boiling tea, bowls for drinking tea and pots for storing tea. With the evolution of the times, the consumption of tea is increasing day by day. Because of the different types of tea consumed, different customs and different consumers, both the form of tea sets, the collocation of tea sets and the materials used in tea sets are constantly changing. During the transitional period from slave society to feudal society, as pressed cakes and tea were the main products, in addition to the above-mentioned tea sets for cooking, drinking and storing, utensils for baking, grinding and pouring soup were added. The method of making tea in Qin and Han dynasties is to pound cake tea into powder, put it into a porcelain pot, pour boiling water, and add onion, ginger and orange to taste. There are simple special utensils for drinking tea. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, with the expansion of tea drinking areas and customs, people's understanding of the functions of tea has improved, which has promoted the rapid development of ceramics, porcelain has also appeared, and tea sets have become more and more sophisticated. Tea set is also called tea set. At first, it was called tea set, such as "make tea ready" in Wang Bao's Tongyue, which means that all kinds of tea sets should be washed before making tea. After the Jin dynasty, it was called tea set. In the Tang Dynasty, Lu Yu named the tools for picking and making tea as tea sets, and the utensils for making tea as tea sets to distinguish their uses. In the Song Dynasty, tea sets and tea sets were called tea sets. Now it also refers to tea sets in general. Mid-Tang Dynasty. The increase of tea consumption in the north has caused the rise of porcelain kilns in various places, especially the burning of tea sets. According to Lu Yu's Tea Classic, the main places where tea sets produced porcelain at that time were Yuezhou, Yuezhou, Dingzhou, Wuzhou, Shouzhou and Hongzhou, among which Zhejiang Yueci was the most famous. In addition, there are well-known porcelain kilns in Sichuan, Fujian and other places, such as tea bowls produced in Dayi, Sichuan. Du Fu has a poem praising: "The porcelain burned by Dayi is light and strong, just like the legend of mourning the Jade City. Your white bowl is better than frost and snow, and it's poor to send it to Mao Zhai in a hurry. " Lu Yu said: Tea is the same as making tea, but the pot is bigger. He also said: burn one liter of water per furnace and drink five bowls, at least three bowls and at most five bowls. If there are many people, if you want ten bowls, divide them into two furnaces. Explain that tea sets should adapt to the number of people drinking tea. According to the "four vessels" in Lu Yu's Tea Classic and the statistics of accessories, there are 29 pieces of tea cooking, drinking, baking and storing, which shows that the development of tea sets in Tang Dynasty has been considerable. Now it is described as follows: (1) Hot blast stove: it is made of copper or iron, and it is also burnt with mud. It is shaped like an ancient tripod, with three feet under it. The furnace wall is 3 minutes thick, the upper opening has a 9-minute thick edge, and the part with a 6-minute width is inside the furnace wall, so that the mud can be stuck to the chamber wall. There are 2 1 ancient characters on the three feet under the furnace: one foot is "upper ridge, lower septum", the other foot is "all five elements are used to eliminate all diseases", and the third foot is "Sheng Tang will destroy Hu Zhu next year". A window hole is opened between the three legs, and the hole below is used for ventilation and ash leakage. There are six ancient characters on the three side-by-side windows, one is "Gong Yi", the other is "Tang Lu" and the other is "Shicha", which means "Tang and Lu Tea". There is a "belt" (with the word "earth" on the left) and a port (with the word "wood" on the lower right). There are three squares, one is a picture with a long tail and a crazy song. This is a firebird, and the other is only a tiger, a wind beast and a six-pointed star. There are fish in the other box, which are water worms, drawing divination. Xun means wind, far means fire, and ridge means water. Wind energy helps fire, and fire can boil water, so there must be these three hexagrams. There are flowers and trees, landscapes and other patterns as decoration. It is said that this stove was designed by Lu Yu. (2) Ash receiver: an instrument for receiving ashes, which consists of an iron plate with three legs. (3) Charcoal: Six-sided iron bar with sharp end and slightly thick bottom, 65,438+0 feet long. Fine-ended small exhibition (the original word has "gold" on the left). As decoration. (4) Firetongs: alias tendons, which are fire tongs. Made of iron or wrought copper, 1.3 feet long. (5) Bamboo clip: made of small bamboo, with the length of 1.2 feet, one end of 1 inch knotted and the rest cut open. Use it to bake tea on the fire, and white bamboo will sweat. Use its aroma to increase the aroma of tea. (6) Paper bag: that is, paper bag. Make a double paper bag with white and thick rattan paper. Store roasted tea so as not to lose its aroma. (7) Grinding: It consists of grinding wheel and grinding groove. It's best to use orange wood, followed by pear wood, Sang Mu, phoenix tree and zhemu. The grinding groove has an inner circle and an outer circle, the inner circle is convenient for transportation and rotation, and the outer circle prevents toppling. A grinding wheel can be put in. The grinding wheel is disc-shaped, with a small diameter of 3, a center thickness of 1 inch and an edge thickness of 0.5 inch. There is a shaft in the center of the disk, and the Chinese side is cylindrical, 9 inches long and 1.7 inches wide. (8) Dust removal: sweep tea powder and use bird hair. (9), (10) Luo, He Luo, Dazhu cut open and bent into a circle with yarn or silk as the bottom. The bottom of the sieve is stored with a closed cover. Closed, made of bamboo or thin fir boards bent into a circle, painted. The total height is 3, the cover 1 inch, the bottom is 2 inches, and the diameter is 4 inches. (1 1) infiltration bag: water filtering tool. Backbone multi-purpose students
It is made of copper, because cooked copper is easy to attach moss and dirt, which is convenient to remove impurities from tea, while iron is astringent because of rust, which affects the taste of water and is not suitable for use. People living in mountain villages use bamboo and wood, but they are not durable and inconvenient to carry out. It is best to use raw copper. This kind of bag is made of green silk and can be rolled up. Or sewn with blue silk and decorated with green cymbals, with a diameter of 5 inches and a length of 1.5 inches. And use a green oil bag to store all the water filtering tools. (12) kettle: kettle, made of pig iron and cast with broken farm tools. When melting and casting, the soil should be inside and the sand should be outside. The inside is smooth because of plastering, the inside of the pot is easy to grind and wash, and the outside is rough because of sand, which is easy to absorb heat. The pot ears are made into squares to make them uniform; The edge of the pot should be wide, so that it can be spread out, and the navel of the pot should be long and in the center, so that the fire is concentrated in the middle of the pot, and then the water boils in the middle of the pot, so that the foam of the water can easily rise and the taste of the water can be mellow. Hongzhou uses porcelain pots and Laizhou uses stone pots. Porcelain pots and stone pots are elegant and beautiful, but they are not firm and cannot last long. The silver pot is clean, but it is too luxurious and gorgeous. From the point of view of durability, it is better to do it quickly. (13) Cross bed: a cross-shaped wooden frame with a hollow plate on it to support the flowerpot. (14) Spoon: Fenugreek is split in two, or made of wood, which is called a sacrificial ladle. Jin Duoyu's "Tea Fu" contains a sentence: "Think about it", which is a gourd ladle. Its shape: wide mouth, thin spoon body and short handle. Jin Yongjia, Yuyao native Yu Hong went to Waterfall Mountain to pick tea. When he met a Taoist, he said, My name is Dan Qiu Zi. There will be more tea in your Ouxi another day. Give me some. Ou is a small earthen basin, and the sacrifice is a wooden ladle, often made of pear wood. (15) Wood clip: made of bamboo such as peach, willow, mallow, persimmon, etc., with a length of 1 ft and silver at both ends. (16) Salt means salt. Container, porcelain, round, 4 inches in diameter, like a box or bottle, small mouth jar, used for salt. (17) Uncover: salt fetching apparatus. Made of bamboo, it is 4. 1 inch long and 9 points wide. (18) The measuring device is made of shells, or spoons and chopsticks made of copper, iron and bamboo. About a liter of boiling water, measure the tea powder with a "square inch" spoon. But those who like light taste can be reduced, and those who like strong taste can be increased. (19) Bowl: The porcelain produced in Yuezhou is of the best quality, while that produced in Dingzhou and Wuzhou is poor, while that produced in Yuezhou is good, while that produced in Shouzhou and Hongzhou is poor. (20) Water side: made of wood such as green bar, Sophora japonica and Catalpa bungeana. , coated with internal and external seams, can hold 1 bucket of water. (2 1) Cooker: used to hold water, made of porcelain or sand, with a volume of 2 liters. (22) Polyester: made of catalpa wood, shaped like a water cube, with a volume of 8 liters, used for washing tea sets. (23) Our side: similar to water, with a volume of 5 liters, used to collect tea dregs. (24) Fan: Pu Cai can hold 10 bowls. (25) Bamboo: woven into a circle, with a height of 1.2 feet and a diameter of 7 inches. Or make a barnyard grass-shaped wooden model first, woven with rattan, with six round eyes, a cover and a mouth with a box bottom, which is cut very smoothly. (26) Array: beds or shelves made of wood or bamboo, or small cabinets made of bamboo, some of which can be opened and closed, painted, 3 feet long, 2 feet wide and 6 inches high. Used to store and display all electrical appliances. (27) Basket: A bamboo basket for holding all utensils, woven with bamboo strips. Square eyes are woven and triangles are staggered. External use of double branches, wide branches as warp, thin single branches woven, alternately pressed into double branches of warp, woven into square eyes, exquisite and beautiful. Basket height 1.5 feet, length 2.4 feet, width 2 feet; The bottom of the basket is 1 foot wide and 2 inches high. (28) Towel: thick silk similar to cloth, 2 feet long, two pieces are used alternately to clean the tea set. (29) Tie: Cornus officinalis wood is sandwiched with palm fibers, tied tightly and made into a large shape for use by brushes. It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, the utensils for cooking and drinking tea were very complicated, and most people could not do it. Wealthy families in the Tang Dynasty had 24 sets of exquisite tea sets, which were complete sets of instruments for grinding, making and drinking tea. At the same time, there are exquisite cupboards for collecting utensils, which can be carried around to fight tea with people. At that time, the aristocratic families in the palace mostly used metal tea sets, while the people mainly used ceramic tea bowls. At that time, there were two kinds of porcelain tea bowls: blue glaze and white glaze. In ancient China, tea tasting was emphasized, and the use of tea sets was also very particular. People regard tea set as an essential artistic condition for tea tasting and an important tool for guests to worship tea. Li's Leisure Collection in the Tang Dynasty: "The daughter of Cui Ning (Shu Xiang, Li Yu entered the DPRK in 775 AD at the end of the Dali period-the author's note) took the teacup unlined and pressed her finger. She took it with a saucer and took a sip, but the cup was crooked. It is the center of the wax ring plate, and its cup is chosen for the convenience of everyone and has been used for several generations. It is the successor who is getting more and more closed. This is the beginning of a teacup with a bottom ring. In the Southern Song Dynasty, when drinking ice tea, the ice should be ground and sieved before cooking. Mr. Twelve recorded in Tea Set Tuzan in Southern Song Dynasty. That is, twelve kinds of tea sets are used for making tea and drinking tea. They are: Wei (tea stove), wood instead of paper (wooden tea barrel), blond grass (tea trough), Shi Zhuanyun (stone mill), Hu Yuanwai (tea gourd), Luo Shumi (tea Luo), Zong Zhi (brown broom), secret cabinet (tea bowl) and pottery (pottery cup). The use of purple sand as a tea set was first seen in Ouyang's poem "He Mei Gong Yi Tastes Tea" in the Northern Song Dynasty: "I like to watch the purple songs and think about them. I admire your elegance and purity. "The teapot is the most precious of the purple sand tea sets. When Su Shi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, lived in Yixing, Tiliang Zisha teapot was named Dongpo Pot, which has been used ever since. 1968, the purple sand beam-lifting pot found in Wu Jingzi's tomb in Nanjing was a sacrificial vessel in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1543), which is already a rare antique. The emperor of the Song Dynasty served tea to the imperial court without ordering it, but with soup porcelain, which was white in color. But its sample is like a copper leaf soup porcelain ear, which is copper yellow and brown. This is the words from Jingling Palace in the poem "After Dongpo": "Give tea and float copper leaves when you are ill". In Song Dynasty, people used to drink tea with a teacup, which was a kind of tea bowl with a small mouth and a small bottom, including black glaze, sauce sleeve, blue and white glaze, and so on. There were five famous kilns for firing tea sets in Song Dynasty, namely, official kilns, elder kilns, Ru kilns, Ding kilns and Jun kilns, and each kiln produced different styles of porcelain. The official kiln is in Hangzhou, and the old kiln is in Longquan, Zhejiang. Ruyao is located in Linru County, Henan Province (Guzhou); Ding Yao, located in Quyang County, Hebei Province, was called Dingzhou in ancient times, hence the name Ding Yao. Hook kiln is named after the ancient name Zhou Jun and Shenhou Town, Yuxian County, Henan Province. In Song Dynasty, cups or cups were often used to drink tea. Cups were more popular and more elaborate than in Tang Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, with the gradual change of tea processing methods, China began to drink tea without seasoning. Tea sets mainly include tea houses, tea bowls, tea lamps, tea spoons and tea bottles. Most people drink tea without bowls. In addition to ordinary pottery, tea sets are made of gold and silver, so people should take "gold and silver as the top priority". In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, in addition to cooking tea for people in the border areas, the consumption of loose tea and powdered tea increased, and boiled water was used instead of boiling, which simplified the types of tea sets, but improved the quality. Tea sets are "porcelain first" and "gold second". After the Qing Dynasty, except for ethnic minorities in the border areas, tea sets gradually formed a situation dominated by porcelain and glassware.