Classification of rhetorical devices
Metaphor: noumenon (figurative object), vehicle (figurative object) and figurative words (symbolic words of figurative relationship)
Type:
Simile A is like B, and the noumenon, metaphor and vehicle are all obvious. The leaves stick out of the water high, like elegant dancers' skirts.
Like, like, like, like ...
Metaphorically, A is B, and both ontology and carrier appear, connected by "Yes, Success, Change".
More often, dark clouds and mountains become ink landscapes.
Metaphor means that A replaces B, without ontology, and directly describes the vehicle.
Only heroes drive tigers and leopards, and no heroes are afraid of bears.
Metaphor uses several metaphors to illustrate an ontology.
The most common rain is once every three or two days. Don't be upset. Look, it is like cow hair, like a needle, like a filament, densely woven into a diagonal. There is a thin layer of smoke on the roof.
Metonymy: Metonymy is a rhetorical device, which replaces the things to be expressed with related things. This kind of rhetoric does not directly say who or what.
Types of metonymy:
1 Replace the noumenon with the characteristics of things: Red Eye knows that there is only one old lady in his family.
2 concrete generation abstraction: political power comes out of the barrel of a gun.
The proper name is generally called: Our times need Qian Qian and Qian Qian's millions of Lei Feng.
Four parts of the whole: chanting, keeping your eyebrows down and not writing,
5 Reasons for the results: specializing in pen and ink, laughing at the strong men (laughter is the result)
The use of metonymy must grasp the most typical characteristics of things, and the borrowing body and ontology of metonymy cannot appear.
Similarities and differences between metonymy and metonymy;
They all replace one thing with another, and this thing itself does not appear.
Difference: the function of metonymy is to "call metonymy", that is, directly call metonymy ontology, only metonymy is self-evident. The function of metonymy is metaphor.
The relevance of the basic things that constitute metonymy requires a certain relationship between metonymy and ontology.
The basis of metonymy is the similarity of things, which requires that the vehicle and the ontology have certain similarity.
Analogy: Analogy is a rhetorical way to write things A as things B, including writing things as people (personification);
Write people as crops (imitations); Write (imitate) this thing into another thing.
Personification: personification of things.
Imitation: materialization of A and B .. Gazi pricked up his ears and listened.
The difference between analogy and metaphor;
Analogy is to write ontology according to the characteristics of the simulated things. The emphasis is on drafting.
Metaphor is ontological metaphor, with emphasis on metaphor. Comparatively speaking, ontology and quasi-ontology blend with each other, and ontology will inevitably appear.
In metaphor, the ontology may or may not appear, but the vehicle must appear.
Exaggeration:
Exaggeration is a rhetorical way to deliberately expand or narrow the object, characteristics, function and degree of things in order to meet the needs of some expression.
Types of exaggeration: exaggeration, exaggeration and exaggeration.
1 Magnification and exaggeration: a form of exaggeration that deliberately makes objective things "big, numerous, high, strong and deep".
It's hard to get through the Shu Road, and it's hard to get to the sky.
2. Simplified form: an exaggerated form that deliberately makes objective things "small, few, weak, low and shallow".
A man in black stood in front of the old bolt and looked like two knives, stabbing the old bolt in half.
3. Exaggeration in advance: an exaggerated form that takes things that come later one step ahead.
Seeing such bright green seedlings, I can smell white bread.
Note: exaggeration should be reasonable.
Comrades, you see, we are as strong as the sky, and the earth under our feet plays football like a ball.
Attention should be paid to stylistic features, such as scientific and technological expositions and reasoning articles, which are rarely used or even exaggerated.
Duality: Duality is a pair of phrases or sentences with equal words, the same structural form and symmetrical meaning.
Rhetoric with two opposite or similar meanings.
Types of duality:
1 Exactly: the dual form of the upper and lower sentences with similar, similar, complementary and commensurate meanings.
The reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow;
Bamboo shoots in the mountains have a thick mouth and an empty stomach.
Objection: the dual form of the opposite and opposite meanings of the upper and lower sentences.
Fierce-browed, I coolly defy a thousand pointing fingers, Head-bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children.
3 string pairs: the meaning of the upper and lower sentences has the dual forms of inheritance, causality, progression, hypothesis and condition.
Only drink Yangtze River water and eat Wuchang fish.
According to the form of the upper and lower sentences, duality can be divided into:
1 Strict duality: the words are equal, the parts of speech are the same, the structure is the same (sentences cannot be paired), and the words are parallel and not used repeatedly. Such as 1 and 2 sentences.
2. Generalized duality: the five requirements can only be partially satisfied. Not very strict, such as three sentences.
Dual structure:
1 component duality:
But my shortcoming is that I lose face when I talk about current events. The shortcomings are often classified, and the latter is especially inappropriate.
2 sentence duality:
Autumn waters * * * sky color, sunset lonely Qi Fei.
The difference between duality and contrast:
1 The basic feature of contrast is "contrast" and the basic feature of duality is "symmetry".
Duality is mainly from the structural form, which requires the structure to be commensurate and the number of words to be equal.
In a sense, contrast requires opposite or similar meanings, regardless of structural form.
3. The "opposition" in duality (such as "looking at a thousand fingers coldly and bowing to be a willing ox") is a contrast in meaning, and the duality in form is a phenomenon of two figures of speech.
parallel
It is a rhetorical way that three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure, related content and consistent tone are arranged together to strengthen the situation, emphasize the content and aggravate the feelings.
Parallel type:
1 component arrangement ratio
Song of Yan 'an ... It is a torch at night, coal in snowy days, and showers in severe drought.
Dual sentence parallelism
Their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.
3 single sentence parallelism
The Eighth Route Army put on straw sandals and drove the Japanese devils into the sea. The People's Liberation Army put on straw sandals and ousted the Chiang dynasty. Now Balian is wearing sandals and stepping at the foot of the fragrant wind and poisonous fog.
4 complex sentence parallelism
Repetition (reproduction)
In order to express strong feelings, deliberately reuse a word, a sentence or a group of sentences. This rhetorical method is called repetition.
Type of repetition:
1 Recurring:
Wait, wait, the hearse carrying your body ran over my heart.
Silence, silence, don't break out in silence, or perish in silence.
2 interval repeat:
What a friendly person! Japanese imperialist troops seized Liaoji and shelled the organs. They're not surprised. Blocking railways and chasing and bombing passenger cars;
It is not surprising that they arrest and ban officials. Under the rule of the Kuomintang, China suffered years of civil war and unprecedented floods, buying children to save the poor, beheading people and secretly killing people.
They are not surprised by torture. Students' wishes are a bit confusing, very surprised!
Repetition effect:
Emphasize the role, used for lyrical scenery, strong appeal.
Pun: in a certain language environment, using the conditions of polysemy and homonymy, the sentence is consciously made to have double meanings, and the word here means another meaning.
1 homophonic pun:
I lost my pride, Yang Qun lost her willow, and the willow was blown into the sky. Yang actually refers to Yang Kaihui and Liu actually refers to Liu Zhixun.
Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny (sentimental) and sunny (sentimental).
2 semantic pun:
The night is long and the road is long. I'd better forget it.
Irony:
Irony is a rhetorical way to strengthen the expression effect by saying irony.
Types of satire:
1 is an irony:
China soldiers' great achievements in killing women and children, and Eight-Nation Alliance's martial arts in punishing students, unfortunately, have been obliterated by these repeated bloodstains.
..... is really beautiful. ...
2 habitual irony:
Finally, one day at the end of the year. ...
3 satire on intimate and friendly feelings:
Several women are a little disappointed and sad, and they are all cursing their cruel thieves.
Pun and irony have two meanings, but: the meaning of irony is opposite; Puns are related in appearance and meaning.
Contrast: it is a rhetorical method to compare two opposite or opposing things, or two different aspects of a thing.
The function of contrast is to make the good look better and the bad look worse.
Some people are alive and he is dead; Some people died, but he is still alive.
Set-off: in order to highlight the main things, first describe the related things as a rhetorical method of set-off. This rhetorical method can be divided into positive contrast and negative contrast according to the different relationships between things.
Positive contrast: the foil and the main object change in the same direction.
Use a desolate and depressing environment and atmosphere to set off the sad mood.
Contrast: the contrast between things and main things changes in the opposite direction.
The use of "... but I think the boat is slow" refers to my eagerness.
Top Truth (thimble, bead)
The word at the end of one sentence is the rhetoric of the word at the beginning of the next sentence.
Bamboo leaves are burned, and there are bamboo branches; Bamboo branches are broken and there are bamboo whips; The bamboo whip was cut, and deep bamboo roots were buried underground.
Real figures of speech have the characteristics of continuous connection and are suitable for expressing the interdependence between objective things. Only when things do have this relationship can they be used, otherwise it will become a word game.
Transfer (transfer)
Empathy means that two things are interrelated, so the modifier originally used to describe the first thing is used to modify the second thing. In fact, it is the flexible use of words: the architectural rhythm in the square is actually very harmonious. Decorate the building by describing the harmony of music
Modifiers describing people are often used in things.
Transfer and personification:
The transfer of words reflects the change of modifiers of related things.
Personification focuses on humanizing things.
Synaesthesia: (moving)
Synaesthesia is a way to communicate people's feelings (vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, etc.). ) through metaphor or description.
It can be divided into descriptive synaesthesia and metaphorical synaesthesia.
Describe synaesthesia: the branches of red apricots are full of spring.
Synaesthesia of metaphor: but light and shadow have a harmonious melody, such as a famous song played on Van Gogh's spirit.
The difference between synaesthesia and empathy:
Empathy focuses on word substitution in a certain context; Synaesthesia focuses on the phase shift of perception.
Beautiful songs (euphemisms)
It is a rhetorical way not to express meaning directly, but to set off or hint to readers in a euphemistic and tortuous way.
When Kong Yiji arrived at the store, all the drinkers looked at him and smiled. Some shouted, "Kong Yiji, do you have a new scar on your face? Prompt "beaten again".
Palindrome (palindrome)
Circulation is a rhetorical way of repeatedly explaining the same sentence. Formally, the words are the same, but the word order is opposite.
He got up and fell, fell and got up, and continued to struggle.
The loop has only two language fragments; There are more than two top truths.
Cycles are A-B, b-a; It's really a-b, b-c
Address: It is a rhetorical way to address people or things directly in writing. In other words, directly addressing people or things that are not in front of you and talking with them can generally be divided into two forms: addressing people and addressing things.
Lei Feng, although you lived in the 1960s, people saw future people and future productive people from you and thousands of revolutionary fighters in Qian Qian. (Call a person) Ah, electricity! You are the sharpest sword in the universe! My sword has been drawn, but you, you can draw my tangible sword, you can't draw my invisible sword! (Summon things)
Intertextuality: refers to a rhetorical method in which words used in adjacent sentences of ancient poetry complement each other and combine to express a complete meaning.
Pine and cypress are planted in the east and west, and phoenix trees are planted in the left and right.
I, the host, have dismounted, my guest has boarded his boat, and we raise our cups, hoping to drink-but, alas, there is no music.
Strange mountains and strange waters, chinese odyssey.