The so-called self-confidence and open-mindedness is not so much a nature as a choice.
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In the ninth year of Tang Zhenyuan (793), Liu Yuxi was the top scholar in the examination.
That year, he was 2 1 year old.
Students from China Academy of Sciences went to Zhien Temple to write poems and left their names. The young man standing in front of Liu Yuxi is thin, and he left his name after writing a poem: Liu Zongyuan.
Liu Yuxi greeted him: "I am the queen of Wang Jing in Zhongshan ..."
Yes, this is Liu Yuxi's opening remarks, just like Liu Bei hundreds of years ago.
Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan became good friends.
264 years later, in the second year of Jia You in the Great Song Dynasty (1057), the examiner Ouyang Xiu took a paper and handed it to the marking officer for circulation. Everyone praised him as a serious scholar.
Ouyang Xiu must think carefully. His student Ceng Gong also took part in the exam. If he wrote this article, I will give him the first place as an examiner. ...
In order to avoid suspicion, Ouyang Xiu won the second place with a stroke of a pen.
Results The author of this article is Guawazi Su Shi from Sichuan.
He was 20 years old that year.
Su Shi wrote in his article: "Hao Tao is a scholar and can kill people. Said to kill the third, Yao said to kill the third. " Deputy examiners Ouyang Xiu and Mei lamented literary talent, but they didn't know where these words came from.
When Su Shi came to thank him, Ou and Mei asked questions one after another. As a result, Su Shi replied: "Why do you know the source!" The subtext is: I made it up temporarily.
Ouyang Xiu appreciates Su Shi's heroism very much. He predicted: "This son can be said to be good at reading and using books, and his articles will be unique in the world in the future."
At that time, it seemed that both Liu Yuxi and Su Shi should have a bright future.
However, behind the gifts given by fate, the price is secretly marked, and those shining characters are bound to go through hardships.
So the University said:
There is a poem that says, there are bandits and gentlemen, incisive as a theory and polished as a mill. As eager as you are, Taoism is also; If it is polished, it is self-study.
02
In the 21st year of Tang Zhenyuan (805), Tang Dezong died, and Prince Li Yong ascended the throne, known as Tang Shunzong in history.
Emperor Shunzong was physically disabled and determined. Although he is ill in bed, he still attaches great importance to his teacher Wang and Wang Lai. Together with Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan, they initiated an innovation.
This kind of innovation is very similar to the "Reform Movement of 1898" thousands of years later, which only lasted 140 days.
Emperor Shunzong was forced to abdicate to Prince Chun Li because he touched the interests of the buffer region and eunuch group, and all the officials who promoted innovation were relegated.
Wang was demoted to Yuzhou Sima; Wang Lai was demoted to Kaizhou Sima; Liu Yuxi was demoted to Langzhou Sima; Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou Sima.
This event is called "Yongzhen Innovation" in history, and it is also called "Two Kings and Eight Horses" event.
In the fourth year of Xi 'ning in the Great Song Dynasty (107 1), Su Shi, who had experienced the pain of losing his mother and father, wrote a letter about the disadvantages of Wang Anshi's political reform, which made Wang Anshi a little angry, so Su Shi requested to leave Beijing and become a judge in Hangzhou.
In the second year of Yuanfeng, Su Shi was transferred to Huzhou. Upon his arrival, Su Shi sent Song Shenzong a thank-you letter. Born of honesty and frankness, he wrote:
"Your majesty knows that he is stupid and it is difficult to pursue new progress; See if he's still noisy when he's old, or feed him to the king. "
Obviously, there is a little dissatisfaction and complaint in this sentence. At this time, the leader of the political reform has changed from Wang Anshi to Song Shenzong himself, so Su Shi's words became "mocking the current politics" and some poems he wrote before. Soon, Su Shi fell into the Yushitai.
Jade is covered with cypress trees, and crows often inhabit it, so it is also called Wutai.
This time, Su Shi was convicted of ci, which was called "Wutai Poetry Case".
In the end, Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou under the dissuasion of the ministers of the DPRK and even the empress dowager.
03
Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou Sima, his wife died, and his old friends in the DPRK and China were no longer in contact. He was depressed and wrote a sad song like Jiang Xue:
There are no birds flying over those mountains, and there are no traces of people in those paths. A boat on the river, a fisherman wearing his webworm moth; Fishing alone is not afraid of snow and ice.
Cold, forced to face.
Compared with Liu Zongyuan's pessimism, Liu Yuxi is much more open-minded. Even in the sad autumn season, he can write different autumn words:
Since ancient times, I feel sad and lonely every autumn. I think autumn is more than spring.
There is no one in the clear sky in Wan Li, and a crane, Ling Yunfei, has aroused my meditation on the blue sky.
This poem is just 28 words, but it sweeps away the habit of literati "mourning for spring and autumn" and fully inspires the world 1200 years.
Liu Yuxi sent this poem to Liu Zongyuan to comfort Liu Zongyuan: Friends, be happy, this world is not worth it.
Perhaps with the encouragement of Liu Yuxi, Liu Zongyuan put down his sadness and began to express his feelings for mountains and rivers, so he wrote Eight Records of Yongzhou, which was handed down to later generations.
Similar to Liu Yuxi's open-mindedness and calmness, Su Shi went to Huangzhou. Because he was demoted, his position was "nominal" and he didn't even get paid.
Huangzhou Prefecture admired Su Shi very much, so he gave him a piece of wasteland in the eastern suburb of Huangzhou for farming.
From then on, Su Shi had another name: Dongpo.
In the second year of Huangzhou, friends came to visit Su Shi in the eastern suburbs. Everyone thinks that the land in the eastern suburbs is barren, so it is better to go to Shahu Lake, where the soil is fertile. Everyone went to Shahu Lake together, and it rained on the road. Su Shi wrote Ding Feng in the rain:
Don't pay attention to the beating rain in the forest. Mei sings a long whistle and walks leisurely. Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life.
The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time. Looking back at the place where I met the wind and rain, going back, for me, there is no wind and rain, but it is still sunny.
What an open-minded and peaceful life this is.
Su Shi was demoted many times in his life, but no matter what the situation, he always enjoyed it.
Some people say that his open-mindedness is nature, but this kind of open-mindedness is not a choice.
Anyway, there will always be ups and downs in life. Bitterness is a kind of life, and so is openness and calmness. How to live is a choice.
04
Tang Chaoyuan and nine years (8 15), exiled Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan finally received the imperial edict: return to Beijing.
Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan who returned to Chang 'an were very happy. They went to Du Xuan together, where peach blossoms were in full bloom. Liu Yuxi wrote a poem when he was happy:
On the main road of the city, pedestrians are constantly flowing, and the dust is blowing on their faces. People say that they have just seen flowers coming back from Xuandu.
There are thousands of peach trees in the Xuanmiao Temple, all of which were planted after I was exiled to Beijing.
This kind of poem is a bit bloated. The so-called "Liu Lang came to plant later" is clearly an allusion to something. Someone read the poem and was very unhappy, so they let it go. Then Liu Yuxi and the "gentlemen" who enjoyed the flowers with him received new arrangements:
Liu Yuxi was demoted to Bozhou and Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Liuzhou.
At that time, Bozhou Road was far away. Liu Zongyuan was worried that the 80-year-old mother who waited on Liu Yuxi could not bear the bumps, so she proposed to replace the degraded land with Liu Yuxi.
Later, with the help of other friends, Liu Yuxi was demoted to Lianzhou.
This incident was written by Han Yu on Liu Zongyuan's epitaph, and it was the past of Liu Zongyuan's "Liu Yi sow".
Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan went south together. When they broke up in Hengyang, Liu Zongyuan wrote a poem:
Everything has been the same for 20 years, and now the road forks from west to east.
If the emperor promised to return the field, he would be a neighbor at the age of six.
I hope that when we get old, we can live together and be "neighbors".
Unfortunately, the better the wish, the less it will come true. This is life.
Farewell to Hengyang once, and meet again in Hengyang next time, but rachel's mother passed away. He helped the spirit to Hengyang and received the news of the death of his good friend Liu Zongyuan.
Liu Zongyuan entrusted all his manuscripts and children to Liu Yuxi.
You bury your bones under the mud spring, and I send snow all over the world.
Su Shi in the Great Song Dynasty also experienced ups and downs. In his third year in Huangzhou, his wet nurse died. Just as he was sad, he found a crow with paper money in his mouth outside the window.
Su Shi, who was already clear and sad, wrote a famous cold food post in the history of calligraphy with tears and pen and ink:
I have had three cold meals since I came to Huangzhou. Cherish spring, want to keep spring, and manage spring from self-management to no one regrets.
This year also suffered from continuous rain, for two months, the climate was bleak as autumn. Lying alone in bed, listening to the rain, blushing petals fall into the mud like snowflakes.
……
Later, Sima Guang, who opposed the political reform, came to power. Everyone thought of Su Shi who was drifting away, so they called him back to Beijing. As a result, when discussing political affairs, Su Shi also said: the vassal reform is actually not that bad.
This is somewhat out of place, because in this way, Su Shi not only excluded the reformists, but also was not accepted by the conservatives.
Stay in exile.
You see, open-minded people also suffer, but perhaps it is because of these pains that they have strengthened their determination to continue to be open-minded.
05
In 824, in the fourth year of Changqing in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yuxi, at the age of 52, went to work in Hezhou. For such a demoted official, it has always been "rare" in the eyes of local officials.
So, in Rendi, the configuration of the car suite that should have been given turned into a secluded cabin.
In such an environment, Liu Yuxi wrote the "Humble Room Inscription" which has been passed down through the ages:
The mountain is not high, and the fairy is famous. The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit.
I am a humble room, but I am virtuous. The moss on the stage is green, and the curtain grass is green.
There is no Ding Bai who laughs and has a university.
You can tune the pipa and read Jin Dian. There is no confusion, and there is no complicated form.
Zhuge Lu in Nanyang and Ting Yun Pavilion in West Shu. Kong Ziyun: What's wrong?
In a difficult environment, I still don't forget my optimistic heart. Liu Yuxi can do such a thing.
Similarly, Su Shi in the Song Dynasty was relegated to Huizhou in Lingnan, where there was smoke and poisonous gas, but even in such an environment, Su Shi happily wrote:
It's spring at four o'clock in Luofu Mountain, and tangerines and bayberries are new.
300 lychees a day, I will grow up to be a Lingnan person without hesitation.
This poem was sent back to North Korea, and North Korean ministers read it. It was all like this, and it was still so moist. Let's downgrade it again.
This time, 62-year-old Su Shi was demoted to Danzhou, Hainan.
It is said that in the Song Dynasty, exile in Hainan was a lighter punishment than beheading.
However, when he arrived in Hainan, Su Shi was happy. He set up a local school to teach students himself. Under his education, Hainan produced the first scholar.
06
In the second year of the Tang Dynasty (826), 54-year-old Liu Yuxi received an imperial edict and rushed back to Luoyang.
On the way home, I passed by Yangzhou, where Bai Juyi, who had rushed back to Luoyang from Suzhou, gave a banquet to wait for Liu Yuxi.
The poet and the poet met in Yangzhou.
Two people who have also experienced ups and downs have endless regrets. Bai Juyi wrote "Drunk Give Liu 28 Will":
You drank wine with me for me, drank wine with me, and we played chopsticks and sang songs together.
Although your poetry is first-class and can be called a national champion, it is doomed that you can't get it.
Dou Rong's eyes are decent, but you stay lonely for a long time. Full officials have their own satisfactory positions, but you are empty.
I also know that you should be very tired, but these 23 years have been too much loss.
How hard it is to live abroad for 23 years. It is not easy.
So, Liu Yuxi returned a song "Yangzhou will enjoy Lotte for the first time":
The mountains were desolate and silent for twenty-three years.
People come back. Like people in Michelle, I can only play the flute, and I am disappointed.
On one side of the boat, Qian Fan races; At the head of the sick tree, every year is a spring shower.
Today, listen to you sing a song, drink a glass of wine and cheer up.
Looking back, it's just a lifetime of ups and downs, and there's nothing to say, just a glass of wine for a while.
Four years later, Liu Yuxi returned to Chang 'an and went to Du Xuan Temple alone. This time, without Liu Zongyuan, he wrote another poem:
Half of the 100-acre courtyard is covered with moss and peach blossoms are in full bloom.
Where Taoism returned, Liu Lang came again today.
A few years later, my old Liu came back.
In the third year of the Great Song Dynasty (1 100), the court granted amnesty and Su Shi was reinstated to the DPRK. On his way back to the north, he passed through Changzhou at the age of 65.
One month before Su Shi's death, he wrote a self-titled "Portrait of Jinshan":
My heart is like ash, and my body is like not tying a boat. Ask your occupation, Danzhou, Huizhou, Huangzhou.
What have you achieved in your life? Is nothing more than being demoted.
However, because of his boldness, those relegated past events have also become the most beautiful memories. In Li Bai's life, the word "Xia" occupies a very important position. The Tang Dynasty was the peak of the development of chivalrous culture. From the perspective of the history of civilization, the Central Plains culture shows new vitality after absorbing the essence of Hu culture, and the society presents unprecedented diversity. Under the influence of vigorous spirit and martial concept, the number of chivalrous men surged, and chivalry even became a common social atmosphere in the Tang Dynasty. Scholars also enthusiastically eulogize the chivalrous spirit and create a handsome and mighty chivalrous image. Different from ordinary literati, the core of Li Bai's Ren Xia spirit is not simply to depict the objective image of chivalrous men, and then to pursue the ideal realm of life; On the contrary, Ren Xia's spirit was promoted to a pragmatic attitude based on his inner personality, and finally he sought a special way to be an official.
Keywords Li Bai; Ren Xia spirit; Secular attitude
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Central Plains culture was combined with Hu culture, and the vigorous and martial thought also influenced people's way of life. Chivalrous culture is developing vigorously in the world, and the creation of chivalrous poems has gradually become a literary phenomenon. Poems about chivalry in Tang Dynasty have a wide range of themes and extraordinary spirit, which are deeply loved by literati. Poets such as Lu, Wang Wei, Li Bai and Du Fu have all created works with the theme of chivalry. Among them, the spirit of Ren Xia expressed in Li Bai's poems is the most representative and can best reflect the social atmosphere in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The core of Li Bai's Ren Xia spirit has three characteristics: first, Ren Xia is a true portrayal of Li Bai's self-sufficient personality; Secondly, Li Bai promoted Ren Xia spirit to a pragmatic attitude; Thirdly, Ren Xia in Li Bai's works has a strong feeling of home and country. These three aspects blend with each other, making Ren Xia a part of Li Bai's philosophy of life, and also making Li Bai a practitioner of chivalrous spirit.
First, Li Bai's self-personality-the "Xia" in reality
Li Bai is known as the "Poet Fairy", and his works are often elegant and smart. Du Fu called Li Bai "fallen immortal", which reflected Li Bai's unrestrained and free-spirited personality. The root of this character lies in Li Bai's chivalrous spirit everywhere in real life. Different from ordinary literati, Li Bai is a real knight [1]. Liu Zeng, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "The Story of the Hanlin Bachelor" for Li Bai, which said: "Ren Xia is little, he doesn't take charge of industry, and he is famous in the capital." This shows that Li Bai's chivalry has become a part of his daily life since his childhood. In the process of Li Bai's growth, studying hard and increasing his cultural knowledge was never the only thing he valued. In addition to "observing a hundred schools of thought", it is also Li Bai's profound martial arts attainments and rich practical experience. Li Bai, deeply influenced by Longxi culture, became an all-rounder of "both civil and military".
In all Li Bai's poems, "sword" appears as an image 107 times, distributed in 106 poems, accounting for about 10% of Li Bai's total poems. Li Bai is so keen on using the image of "sword" that his swordsmanship is quite famous in actual history. "Fifteenth, learn fencing and be a vassal." [2] According to Li Bai, he began to learn fencing at the age of fifteen, which was the basis for him to become a chivalrous man. He wrote in his poem: "Young people learn fencing, and the white ape is the male." Gong Bai Ape was a fencing master in the pre-Qin period. Later generations generally call him "White Monkey" and he is a skillful swordsman, but Li Bai is confident that his swordsmanship has surpassed that of previous swordsmen. Although it is exaggerated, it can be seen from the side that Li Bai does have some accomplishments in fencing, and he is not a weak scholar with no hands. This makes the chivalrous image in Li Bai's works have a self-contained personality basis, rather than being described only by illusory imagination. Li Bai is a knight-errant in real life, and his knight-errant image mostly comes from the high sublimation of self-contained personality, such as "the dragon and the horse are blooming with snow, and the golden saddle is five mountains." Autumn frost scissors jade sword, sunset bead robe "("White Horse "). The image of young chivalrous men in Li Bai's poems originated from Li Bai himself, and his Ren Xia spirit can be expressed without external objective images. Therefore, Li Bai's chivalrous poems are more open and heroic, with a sense of gratitude and resentment. As an aesthetic category of literary texts, "Xia" is integrated with Li Bai's self-personality, which shows Li Bai's true colors and makes his works have unique and strong appeal.
Second, adopt a worldly attitude-neither supercilious nor supercilious, and make friends with vassals.
Li Bai's thoughts are quite complicated. Chivalry, as an inner personality of Li Bai, was promoted to a pragmatic attitude by Li Bai, which was used to deal with the relationship between people and became a part of Li Bai's philosophy of life. Li Bai's Ren Xia style is full of sense of responsibility and compassion. Pay attention to loyalty and remain honest; Being neither supercilious nor supercilious, on an equal footing with princes, is the concrete embodiment of his attitude towards life [3].
Li Bai's family is relatively rich, but this has not made him form the habit of bossiness; On the contrary, during his career as a ranger, he donated more than 300,000 yuan in less than a year to help those who are down and out. It is exactly what Li Bai practiced all his life to be charitable and help the poor. "These chivalrous, righteous, brave, is the negation and supplement of feudal social atmosphere. It is not only the desire and needs of the feudal lower-class small producers, but also the spiritual sustenance and needs of Li Bai, a poet who takes idleness as his profession. " [4] In The Wind of Ren Xia, Li Bai always showed his desire for equality, and he didn't want to be treated unfairly because of his humble background. In Li Bai's mind, individuals can transcend the restrictions and constraints of social class through their own efforts. As the saying goes, "powerful people help others get sick", Li Bai not only has the pride of "unyielding people", but also hopes that this spirit will influence other groups in society and let everyone communicate on the basis of equality of personal dignity.
Based on this, Li Bai attaches great importance to the role of "loyalty" and "sincerity". Mencius said, "Life is what I want, and righteousness is what I want. You can't have both, and those who give up their lives are also righteous. " Li Bai's view of justice and benefit is the inheritance and development of Mencius' thought, even though he gave up his life for morality and loyalty. He highly praised the deeds of Zhu Hai and Hou Ying in "Chivalrous Man": "Even if you die as a knight, you are not ashamed of the world." Praise the two of them for giving their lives for Xin to save Zhao, not for fame and fortune, but because of the promise at that time. A chivalrous man keeps his word. Li Bai constantly pursues such a noble personality realm, and valuing righteousness over profit has become one of Li Bai's principles [5]. When his friend died, he treated his dead close friend with courtesy to his relatives. Even though Li Bai was penniless at that time, he still buried his friend with the money he begged. Li Bai has a high spirit of self-sacrifice for those who are closely related to him, and he is willing to give everything for the cause of others. The essence of Li Bai's values of loyalty and righteousness first is to take "righteousness" as the criterion, get rid of all complicated interpersonal relationships and intrigues in the world, hit the depths of people's hearts directly, and realize the most straightforward and pure communication between people's souls. That's why Li Bai was able to "make the best use of his ignorance" ("Give Brother Xiangyang Shaofu").
Third, the road to being an official-heroic feelings
Li Bai is a man who solves people's difficulties, keeps his word and keeps his word. However, Li Bai's Ren Xia spirit is not limited to the friendship between brothers, but also rises to the level of home country. However, Li Bai's ambition to serve the country is not an official road in the ordinary sense, but full of Li Bai's personal heroism. The combination of his great ambition and Ren Xia Thought made Li Bai break away from the traditional ruling system while actively joining the World Trade Organization.
Li Bai is eager to make contributions, and he has expressed his desire for fame more than once in his poems. For example:
"Look at those rich people in front of you, why are you famous behind you?" (The Boy's Journey)
"Hunting in Weichuan can still be an emperor." ("Give money to Zheng Yang")
"God officer, talk about Yan, seek the skill of the emperor, fight for his wisdom, and be willing to help." ("Dai Shoushan answers Meng Shaofu's command")
"Dapeng rises with the wind one day and soars into Wan Li" (Upper Li Yong)
Although Li Bai eagerly embraced the prosperous times of the Tang Dynasty, he disdained to use ordinary Confucian scholars to gain political achievements. He is full of contempt for corrupt literati who can only find chapters and sentences. There is a sharp contrast between Li Bai's contempt for corrupt scholars and his admiration for chivalrous men. This not only embodies Li Bai's personality, but also shows his life value orientation. Li Bai hopes to find a shortcut and fulfill his ambition quickly, which comes from Li Bai's extreme confidence in his personal ability. Although he is eager to see a wise king, he also believes that he can make contributions to the country even if he has no wealth or official position. Li Bai's feelings for home and country have surpassed the Confucian "Three Immortals" in the general sense and the bureaucratic system of "not seeking self-governance". Li Bai's attitude towards being an official has become a breakthrough to realize his personal self-worth, and he is not confined to a fixed form and has a strong anti-traditional tendency. For Li Bai, it is of course important to have high officials and high salaries, but without these, he can still make contributions to the country by his own efforts. He has his own hills and valleys in his chest. He is rich and cares about the world.
Four. conclusion
Li Bai wants to be a hero to save the world. This kind of personal heroism puts aside all identity and status. To some extent, "chivalrous" culture is the embodiment of ultimate individual heroism. In the critical situation at that time, "chivalry" was endowed with a kind of "super power" by the world. People are eager to be heroes who help the poor, but the reality is often cruel. The worship of "Xia" mostly comes from the helplessness of various difficulties in reality. The heavy blow of reality often makes Li Bai fall into depression and loneliness, but Li Bai always has a childlike innocence, and it is his spirit that sings the strongest voice in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which makes us fascinated by that era.