one
In ancient China, when dealing with border disputes, they often adopted the policy of affinity and alienation, especially in the Han Dynasty. At the beginning of Han dynasty, the national strength was weak and the policy of Huang Lao was pursued. After the siege of Deng Baizhi, Emperor Gaozu had to exchange "intimacy" for the stability of the frontier. From then on to the first year of Jianyuan (BC 140), according to historical records, ten princesses in * * * successively married the Huns, and Princess Wusun was the first princess to be named.
Princess Wusun, formerly known as Sara, is the daughter of Liu Jian, the nephew of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. She is from Jiangdu, but she is the real daughter of the imperial clan of the Western Han Dynasty. His father is dissolute and heartless. In the second year of Yuanshou (12 1), he attempted rebellion and committed suicide after exposure. At that time, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty was interested in expanding the territory and trying to win over the western countries to actively check and balance the Huns' forces, while Wusunguo had "120,000 households, 630,000 people and 188,800 soldiers &; Hellip& amphellip Maduo in the countryside, there are four or five thousand rich people. The people are just evil, greedy and unbelieving. They are the most powerful country. " ④ Naturally, it became the primary courtship object in Han Dynasty. At that time, Zhang Qian also wrote to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: "Barbarians love their hometown and are greedy for things in China. If you really treat Wusun at this time, you will invite Dong to live in his hometown, and Han will send the princess as a concubine and marry Kun's brother. If the situation is right, then break the Xiongnu's right arm. Sun belongs to Xixia and can be recruited as foreign minister. " ⑤ In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (before 105), Emperor Wu "sent Jiangdu Wang Jiannv as a concubine and married her. Give a ride to serve the royal things, prepare officials and eunuchs to serve hundreds of people, and give a big gift. "6. Despite the rich dowry and grand ceremony, the personal will is always insignificant in the face of national interests, and the rulers never try to hide their utilitarian goals hidden under the pro-Qin policy. The identity of "the daughter of a guilty minister" undoubtedly cast a layer of political tragedy on Jun and Qin.
Wusun is located in a remote place, his speech is unreasonable, and his eating habits are far from each other. The princess felt lonely, so she wrote "Elegy" and said, "My family married me, and I am far away from Wusun, the foreign king. The vault is a room with a wall. Meat is food and cheese is pulp. I often have a lingering fear and wish to return to my hometown for Huang Wei. "
An "Elegy of Mourning" sums up the totally different life customs of Wusun and Han Dynasty. Between the lines, the princess's inner sadness, loneliness and yearning for her native land are revealed, which not only makes "the emperor feel pity when he hears it, but also makes the messenger hold a splendid curtain to give away his legacy", and it is spread through the ages and has far-reaching influence. Zhang Hongci believes that this song is "a custom song describing the life of Wusun people, a poem that opens the prelude of Kazakh ancient literature, and regards Liu Xijun as the founder of the close and friendly relations between the Chinese and Kazakh peoples." According to Hanshu &; Middot's "Biography of the Western Regions" records that "Kun Mo is old and wants to make a grandson a princess. The princess didn't listen, so she wrote a letter to the Emperor &; Lsquo: From its national customs, I want to destroy Hu with Wu Sun. & Amprsquo "Pet-name ruby must be exhausted after getting married and joining the army. Liu Xijun gave birth to a daughter and a young husband. Soon after, she died of depression, and her short ups and downs life ended.
The story of Liu Xijun's distant marriage was originally a part of Emperor Wu's open border policy, and it was understandable to take such measures at that time. However, this incident aroused great interest of later scholars, especially in the Tang Dynasty, who thought and wrote in many ways. The security policy of the Tang Dynasty is exactly the same as that of the Han Dynasty, and it has always been closely related to Tubo, Uighur, Qidan and other ethnic minorities. It is in this social environment that the literati group in the Tang Dynasty with a strong "Han Dynasty complex" is more likely to associate with the prototype image of Liu Xijun, the first "Han princess" who married Wu Sun far away, because she has a free and easy mentality of "peace in the world, even though she dies", shouldering the heavy responsibility of the country and realizing the ideal of security. At the same time, "Princess Wusun" died in a foreign land in just a few years. She often has the sad tenderness of "living in the common customs and thinking about her heart, and wanting to return to her hometown as an oriole". This is a romantic and sympathetic story. Scholars all have the psychology of concubines, and it is easy to associate themselves with Liu Xijun. Therefore, many poems in the Tang Dynasty took her as the prototype for literary creation, either pitying or admiring, or satirizing current politics, or expressing their feelings. "Every original image contains a fragment of the human spirit and destiny, and a little residue of the joys and sorrows that our ancestors have repeated countless times in history." Attending "Princess Wusun" is the same. Even though the long river of history is separated, poets in Tang Dynasty can still transcend the limitation of time and space, give out real spiritual voices and create inspiring poems.
two
Although the Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high national prestige, it still needed a people-friendly policy when dealing with border issues. According to statistics, during the Tang Dynasty, * * * kissed the surrounding ethnic minorities 33 times, including 2 times with Tubo, 9 times with Uighur, 7 times with Tuguhun, 4 times with Qidan and 3 times with Xi. The number and scope of intimacy in Tang dynasty reached an unparalleled height in other dynasties, and the attitude of literati groups to the "intimacy" policy was quite complicated. In the spring of the fourth year of Jinglong (7 10), Princess Jincheng wrote poems with eighteen people, including Cui Daily, Li Qiao and Shen Qi, at the order of Tang Zhongzong, and the 93rd volume of Complete Tang Poetry is now in existence. These poems reflect their different understandings and attitudes towards the pro-family policy. For example, Su said "I know Yan Naihan's relatives" in "Sealing and Sending Princess Jincheng to Adapt to the Western System", which pinned the poet's longing for the harmonious coexistence between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo. Cui Yong's poem "Feng He sends Princess Chengdu to the Western Heaven to learn from the Buddhist scriptures" says that "the queen has a long history and many counselors plan", which is a song about the wisdom of Emperor Zhongzong's personal administration. However, Shen Qi bluntly said in "Sending Princess Jincheng to Xi Fan Camp System": "It is better to marry a phoenix girl and a wusun." The poet used the word "Nakan" to express his dissatisfaction with marriage. Princess Jincheng, formerly known as Li Nunu, is the adopted daughter of Tang Zhongzong. Like Princess Wusun, she suffered from her father's difficulties and had a rough life. Unlike Princess Wencheng and Princess Wusun, the political situation in the Tang Dynasty was unstable during this period. Since the border war, when the political and military forces of both sides tilted towards Tubo, it was a last resort for the Tang Dynasty to eliminate the tension between the two countries. It is precisely because of the similar experience between Princess Jincheng and Princess Wusun in Han Dynasty that she is undoubtedly the spokesperson of Princess Wusun in Tang Dynasty, revealing the attitude and views of the court literati in Tang Dynasty towards the princess and her relatives.
Of course, there are also poems that strongly praise the contribution of the pro-princess to promoting national integration and maintaining border stability. As usual, build a song "plug &; Middot article "wrote:
"Jade silk looks back at the emperor's hometown, and Wu Sun's return is not king." Different from the impassioned frontier poems in the past, the poet affirmed the pro-Chinese policy from the national justice. "There is no war in the end of the world, and the sale of military gas is like the sun and the moon", which reflects the success of a peaceful foreign policy through comparison. The poet's affirmation of the kiss policy and the ideal of stopping troops is also a voice to the chaotic politics of Tang Xuanzong in his later years. Another example is Chen Tao's Longxi: "Since the Lord and his wife got married, they are half like the Han family". The poet also praised the historical contribution of peaceful foreign policy from the perspective of the country and emphasized the important role of pro-family policy in promoting the assimilation and integration of ethnic minorities.
More poets stood in the camp of opposition and pro-democracy. Most of them think that the pro-intimacy policy essentially reflects the incompetence of superiors and is the weakness of courtiers, trying to seek temporary national peace with women, such as Zhang Ji's poem "Send the Princess and Fan":
Now that there is no dust of war, Princess Han is married. City Division belongs to Zongqing Temple, and its ISBN is the same as that of Zhang Lu.
Nine flags go first and wear clothes all their lives. There is no sunshine in the south of the felt city, and there is no spring in the sand.
Compared with the past and present, the first couplet seems dull, but in fact it has accumulated the power of vigorous development. "No meeting day" and "empty view" reveal the poet's sympathy and pity for Princess Han. Bao Rong's Shu Shu also said: "It's a pity that Princess Han sadly married Wu Sun." Bai Juyi's poem "Heyang Shishangshu Breaking Uighur, Welcoming the Monarch, Shooting Herons to the Party, Drawing Pictures, Showing Accusations, Sighing Deficiencies, Making Poems Beautiful" says: "Princess Wusun belongs to Qin, and General Baima enters Luzhou." In addition to respect, poets in the Tang Dynasty also expressed sympathy for Princess Wusun. This feeling of knowing each other is also the most representative cultural phenomenon based on the psychology of literati servants.
The poem that directly denies pro-government is the poem "Ode to History" by Rong Hong, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty. This poem was first seen in the satire of a crane's face in Fan Yi's note novel Friends of Cloud Creek in the late Tang Dynasty. Because of its acerbity, Tang Xianzong also quoted it.
In the history of the Han family, the clumsy plan was to kiss. Society depends on the Lord, and safety depends on women. How can you act like a jade and then stop talking? Underground Millennium bone, who is the assistant minister!
As a political satire that satirizes the present by borrowing from the past. The poet's direct criticism of the pro-Chinese policy is a poor political means. He used the historical facts of the Han Dynasty to ridicule the practice of blindly yielding and compromising in the Tang Dynasty by being pro-Han. The word "qi" exposes the absurdity and shame of the so-called pro-politics, and the tail couplet echoes with "Millennium Bone" and "Assistant Minister", forming an ironic effect and making poetry more severe and profound. On the surface, Rong Hong's poems are aimed at denying the in-laws policy, but in fact, they also insinuate that the emperor failed to make a correct decision and was unclear to people. In particular, the combination of "the country depends on the Lord, and the safety depends on the woman" has hit the political key and become a well-known sentence.
three
The description of the image of Princess Wusun in Tang poetry is not limited to discussing the right and wrong of pro-Sun policy, but rather points out the political problems and social contradictions behind the pro-Sun policy through the historical event that Xi Jun married Wusun. While expressing their aspirations with poetry, they also profoundly show the humanistic care of the poets for the country and society. Most poets in the Tang Dynasty have a strong Han Dynasty complex. They often mention the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty in their poems, and "Princess Wusun" replaced the pro-princess of the Tang Dynasty. Such as Sun Shulai's poem "Send Princess Cheyenne":
Lu Shu delayed going abroad, and the princess of Han family married Wu Sun. Yu Yan went to the vault, and Wei Huokong accepted the Lord's favor.
The poet used the word "drag" to point out that the in-laws were moving slowly, suggesting that Princess Han was either unwilling or unwilling to marry Wu Sun. As for the ending of "Yu Yan went to the Treasury", the poet revealed that the reason was that "Wei Huokong inherited the kindness of the Ming Dynasty", and the word "empty" clearly conveyed the poet's disappointment and resentment towards the famous men of the Han Dynasty, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing. It is precisely because the frontier generals failed to fulfill their responsibility and mission of defending the country and deterring foreigners that the monarch had to choose a friendly way to maintain peace in the frontier. By expressing his dissatisfaction with the pro-Han policy, Sun Shuxiang directed his finger at the rulers of that dynasty, alluding to the injustice of Tang Dezong's pro-Xian 'an Princess Huihe. The conclusion is of great significance, including sense of loss and self-sadness.
In the Han and Tang Dynasties, Gu Kuang's "Liu Chan Nu Tan Pipa (Han Meng Gong)" was also used, which said:
Yuefu had to play and write Guanshan Road on pipa. The goose in captivity came out of the fortress and circled around Huang Yun, while the horse faced the sky and hissed and vomited white grass. Princess Ming is worried about the return of Ambassador China, while Cai Yan is worried about the funeral.
Ghosts and gods know that demons want to quit, and evil winds cut all around. Li Ling sent books to Su Wu, and there was no such thing as a stranger. At that time, if it was worth Hoi Yao, Wu Sun would be killed and the princess would be taken.
Gu Kuang advocates that poetry should reflect social problems, expose the disadvantages of state affairs, be good at infecting readers with vivid metaphors, and have a strange imagination and rich colors. The poet only uses the images of Ji Yan, Huang Yun, Border Horse and White Grass to outline the desolation, desolation, vastness and vastness of autumn scenery in Frontier fortress. Then, taking Wang Zhaojun and two historical figures as allusions, he repeatedly used the word "sorrow", which seemed to express the sorrow of Fei and Cai Yan, but actually emphasized the depth of the poet's own sorrow. The sentence "A stranger has no such pain" is simple and plain, but the brushwork is vigorous and the meaning is surging. The suppression of Li Lingyang and Su Wu also indirectly reflects the poet's ambition and mind. "If you were worthy of Hoi Yao, you would have destroyed Wusun and taken the princess" is similar to "but make Longcheng fly, and don't teach Huma to spend Shan Ye". The pride and character of poets in the Tang Dynasty are sharp-edged. Gu Kuang had a bad career all his life. He was once demoted to Raozhou for "proudly destroying the imperial court" and "disobedient, but excluded by the public". Therefore, for Gu Kuang, the idea of "destroying my grandson and taking a concubine" is not only a sigh of indignation, but also a cry for the history of the Han Dynasty, which is separated by 400 years, and expresses the grief and injustice of the poet's untimely birth and hard ambition.
Both Sun Shuxiang and Gu Kuang mentioned the famous poets in the Han Dynasty in their poems, and closely linked Princess Wusun with Huo Wei and other heroes in the Han Dynasty, and linked the female image with the destiny of the country. This literary phenomenon also reflects the complex psychological activities of the literati in the Tang Dynasty to some extent. Sun Shu commented that the distant marriage of Princess Wusun was the result of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing's "empty income", and pointed out that he denied the policy of hiding relatives. Gu Kuang used the word "if" to set off the hero's bravery and bravery, and his yearning for great men was completely revealed. No matter whether the attitude is positive or negative, these literary works are a kind of recollection of history by poets in the Tang Dynasty. Ren Wenjing pointed out in "On the Han Dynasty Complex of Frontier Poets in Tang Dynasty": "Remembering history is often triggered by reality, and remembering historical figures often contains dissatisfaction with reality, but this kind of reminiscence and reminiscence itself is not negative, nor does it emphasize the past over the present. On the contrary, it is the poet who is so concerned about reality that he always hopes that all the outstanding figures in history can appear or be resurrected today.
During the development of the image of Princess Wusun, the poets in the Tang Dynasty consciously or unconsciously combined Liu Xijun's experience of marrying Wusun with their own experience, and made use of Princess Wusun's thought of worrying about the country and the people. For example, Du Fu's poem Liuhuamen said:
The north gate is full of meat and courage. High autumn horses are fat and healthy, and arrows shoot at the moon. Since ancient times, I have been thought to be bitter, and poets are disgusted with it. Xiu De let it come, and endless chains. Hu Weiwei went to the countryside, in and out of the secret money. The Central Plains has banished it, so we will use it with forbearance. The princess sings oriole, and the king points to the sky. Lianyuntan Zuo Fu, seeing snow in a hundred miles. The halberd bird doesn't fly, showing compassion for others. Tian Jia is most afraid: the wheat has fallen and the mulberry branches have broken. The sand garden is green and the spring grass is rich and clean. You don't need a boat to cross the river.
Chen Hu surpassed Taihang, and the bastard arrived in Beijing. The flower gate must stay, and the night turns bleak.
Huamen, another name of Uighur, is called Liuhuamen, which actually means "Huamen can't stay". Compared with the Northern Expedition and Liuhuamen written by Du Fu two years ago, it has stronger directionality and clearer creative purpose. "Since ancient times, poets have been worried, and they can't ignore it", which directly expresses the poet's sense of worry and shows his position on the "imprisonment" policy of the current dynasty towards ethnic minorities. The so-called "detention" means that on the one hand, it must be controlled by military power and political means; On the other hand, we should comfort ethnic minorities with economic and material benefits. "Song of Princess Oriole" refers to the story that Tang Suzong ordered Princess Ningguo and Uighur Khan through the image of "oriole" in Princess Wusun's Elegy in the first year of Gan Yuan (758). "The king points to heaven" comes from The Book of Songs &; Middot Feng Wang & middot cart "Like the Sun", satirizing Tang Suzong's swearing and demanding Uighur rescue. "The Tian family is most afraid of: the wheat falls and the mulberry branches are broken", which shows the people's fear of Uighur cavalry. "Flower Gate must stay, Yuan Ye turns bleak", which is even more harmful to foreign soldiers and worries about the lack of soldiers in the country. Throughout the whole article, the poet alludes to the disadvantages of Princess Liu Xijun's in-laws policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, extends to the interests of foreign soldiers, and conveys deep concern for the people at dawn, which is not only pity and sympathy for the people at dawn, but also resentment, disappointment and resentment against the inaction of the rulers and the decline of national strength. Later, Du Fu wrote the poem "This is the way it is", saying, "I heard that the Huamen Gate was broken, so I should make peace with my marriage. People pity Princess Han and cross the river to return home when they are born. " The poet princess actually expressed great sympathy for Princess Ning.
Li Guang, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing and other famous heroes who made great contributions to the frontier fortress in Han Dynasty are well known. We dare not forget that we praise the generals who defended the frontier and bravely resisted the enemy, but we must not forget the countless blood and tears left by the princesses. Poets in the Tang Dynasty, led by Princess Liu Xijun of Wusun, created literature around a series of female images of princesses, not only out of sympathy and pity for the princess's personal fate, but also out of affirmation of her achievements in maintaining national stability and promoting national integration. More importantly, they deeply reflected on the pro-family policies and national political rule in previous dynasties.