First, the sentence classification of words
First of all, according to the number of words in each sentence, the sentence patterns of words can be divided into one sentence to cross sentences. If it exceeds the cross, it will be broken into two sentences, and the specific reasons will be discussed later.
Secondly, according to the different arrangement of sentences, the sentence patterns of words can be divided into sequential sentences and inverse sentences. Ci originated from poetry, so the basic sentence pattern of Ci is also based on two words, alternating flat and flat. If it is an even sentence, the whole sentence is a two-word step; If it is an odd sentence, the last step is a single word. Anything that conforms to this rule belongs to sequential sentence patterns. There is a special sentence pattern in words. The first step is a single word, usually called a guide word or a funny word. This sentence pattern is called a pointed sentence. There is also a sentence pattern, the first two steps are three words, which need to be pronounced. This sentence pattern is called reduplication. Directional sentences and folded sentences are collectively called inverted sentences.
Thirdly, according to whether it meets the requirements of poetic rhythm, the sentence patterns of words can be divided into regular sentences and awkward sentences. The vast majority of sentences in words are regular sentences, and only a few words with epigrams can or require awkward sentences. Unless otherwise specified, all the words mentioned in this article are regular sentences.
Second, the principle of word segmentation
The ancients didn't have punctuation marks, and generally used a joke to indicate a pause. The pause at the end of a sentence is called a sentence, and modern punctuation marks are generally marked as commas or periods; The pause in a sentence is called comma, and modern punctuation is generally marked with pause or no punctuation. As an independent literary genre, words have their own rules in sentence-breaking, which should be judged not only by combining the meaning of the text, but also by the flat format of each word. Generally speaking, there are three principles to judge the sentence reading of words.
1) No more than seven sentences.
The sentences here refer to single sentences, excluding complex sentences with paragraphs. As mentioned above, the development of poetry is a process from short to long, from four words to five words, and then to seven words (there are six-word poems, but it is not a climate), but why haven't poems with more than eight words developed yet? One reason is that when a poem reaches eight words, it can be broken into four words and two sentences. When such an eight-character poem is written, it is still a four-character poem in essence. Another reason is that we ordinary people have basically reached the limit of reciting seven-character poems without stopping or catching our breath. If it is longer, it will not be conducive to reciting songs. Words originate from poetry, and the same is true. So a single long sentence does not exceed seven words.
2 tease but three.
According to the number of words, ridicule in speech can be divided into one word ridicule, two words ridicule and three words ridicule. One-word ridicule, also known as quotation, is a distinctive feature of words. Some sentence patterns are actually more than one sentence in terms of word rhythm, which is the pointed sentence mentioned above. When reading, the first word should be read separately and the following words should be read together. The word "two-character tease" is not obvious and its position is not prominent enough. This is because the basic step of a word is two words, and even if it is not pronounced, it has little influence on the rhythm. For example, Li Yu's Yu Meiren? When is the spring flower and autumn moon? The sentence "just like a river flowing eastward" means "funny" and should be read, but it seems that there is nothing wrong with reading it together with the following "a river flowing eastward" Three-character tease is also a prominent feature of words and sentences and a sign of folding syntax. Similar to the word tease, it is an important means to form reverse sentence patterns. The word funny and the word funny don't need punctuation. The word funny usually needs to be separated by a pause.
So is there four words or a funnier word? According to the rules of epigraph and the inherent requirements of words, four or more words should be broken, even if they belong to the category of "half sentence" in terms of text meaning. Such as Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Happiness"? In the first paragraph of Gu Beiting's nostalgia for the past, "Heroes are nowhere to be found, but Sun Zhongmou has them." In the second paragraph, "Dancing in the pavilion, romantic feelings are always blown away by the rain." Although the meanings of "seeking" and "being" are still half sentences, the inscription format of "Song of Eternal Sorrow" requires that sentences be broken here, so it should still be judged as. In fact, limited by the rules of epigraph, many words have this phenomenon of "half sentence as sentence", which is a special feature of words in judging sentence reading and a manifestation of uneven expression.
(3) Every sentence is unparalleled.
This mainly means that in complex sentences, when there are jokes in front, it is not appropriate to arrange reverse sentence patterns in the following sentences, otherwise it will be difficult to read. For example, if we regard a sentence like "Laughing at the sky" as a sentence of "up and down four" and four words are "up and down three", it will be awkward to read word by word and word by word. The wrong way to break sentences violates the principle of "no funny sentences". For example, in the third paragraph of the epigraph "Pink Butterfly", Xin Qiji used this epigraph to fill in the words "Hua Fu bestowed on Zhao", and the third paragraph of the latter paragraph was "Brewing all the spring waves and making full use of it". Only by looking at the context can three sentences actually become one sentence and fully express the meaning. According to this, some commentators think that this is a cross sentence of "Shang, Xia and Qi", and the seven sentences are also a folded syntax of "Shang, Xia and Si". If we know that there is such a principle that "nothing is funny", then it is easy to refute this wrong view. In fact, even if the symphonic words are not broken according to the score, they can only be regarded as "six-character and four-character" sentences, that is, "spring waves turn into a river of alcohol", in which "a river of alcohol" is the object, and it is more common for the object components to form sentences independently.
Although the predecessors did not clearly put forward the above three principles, and few people summed them up, poets in all previous dynasties consciously or unconsciously followed these three principles when creating epigrams and ci works.
Thirdly, the sentence structure of the word is explained in detail.
in a word
One sentence is rare in words, and the familiar example is the first sentence of the sixteen-character sequence. Other variants, such as "Hairpin Phoenix", can barely count as one sentence.
(2) two words
These two words are also rare in ci, and there are four forms, namely "Pingping", "Yiping", "Pingping" and "Yiping". Among them, "Pingping" and "Pingping" are used relatively. The former is like the fourth sentence before and after Nanxiangzi, while the latter.
(3) Three sentences
There are three common sentences in ci, which can be divided into two types: "Xia Shang Er" and "Shang Er Xia Zhi Yu", both of which are coherent without losing their tone.
1. Up, down, two. There are two kinds of sentence patterns, namely "Ping Ping" and "Ping Ping", and the rhythm points are on the first and third words. For example, Su Shunqin's Water Tune? The second and third sentences in the second half of the novel Beautiful Taihu Lake are "When the scenery is prosperous, I am ashamed of leisure", which correspond to the above two sentences respectively.