1. Soil preparation, fertilization and soil preparation
Through soil preparation, the soil structure can be improved, the source of diseases and pests can be eliminated, the harm of diseases and pests can be reduced, a good soil state can be created, and a suitable structure of water, fertilizer, gas and heat can be established. The application of base fertilizer provided a good nutritional basis for the growth and development of pepper.
1, soil preparation
In the northern part of China, it is generally necessary to plough the land twice, that is, autumn ploughing and spring ploughing. Spring ploughing is usually carried out three weeks before sowing. If there is little rainfall in autumn and winter and the soil moisture is poor, it is necessary to water it before ploughing, and the ploughing depth is 15~20 cm. Before ploughing, you can spread base fertilizer. Autumn ploughing is generally carried out in the Yangtze River basin before the soil is frozen, and the autumn ploughing depth is 25~30 cm. In perennial vegetable planting areas, the residual leaves of previous crops should be removed in time after harvest, and base fertilizer should be applied in combination with autumn tillage.
2. Apply base fertilizer
The application of base fertilizer is to lay a good foundation for the nutrient supply of pepper in the whole growth and development period, so long-term application of farmyard manure should be given priority to, supplemented by chemical fertilizer. When applying farmyard manure, it must be fully decomposed, otherwise it will easily hurt the roots. Fertilization should be flexibly controlled according to soil properties: generally, 5000㎏ farmyard manure should be applied to old vegetable fields, and farmyard manure can be re-applied to new vegetable fields. At the same time, add 30-50㎏ urea, 50㎏ calcium superphosphate, 15㎏ potassium sulfate or 45% compound fertilizer, 60% before soil preparation, and 40% when planting. In addition, lime 100㎏/ mu can be applied to acidic soil in coordination.
Make a cup
The plant type of pepper is relatively compact. In open field cultivation, high ridge cultivation or ridge cultivation is usually adopted. Ridge farming is generally used in south China and in north China.
High-ridge cultivation: also known as wide-narrow row cultivation, generally, the total width of the ridge is about 1m, the width of the ridge is 60-70 ㎝, the width of the ditch is 30㎝, and the height of the ridge is15-20 ㎝. Ridge farming: The ridge spacing is 80㎝, the ridge height is about 10㎝, the ridge surface width is 50㎝, and the ditch width is 30㎝, which is generally in the shape of a ridge with high middle and low sides. Second, transplantation and planting.
1, determination of planting time
When pepper is planted, it is most suitable to keep the ground temperature around 10㎝ and 15℃ for 3~7 days after the final frost. At this time, the low temperature has increased, and the seedlings will not be frozen. In order to prolong the harvest period, some farmers often sow in advance, because the low temperature has not reached the temperature needed for the growth of pepper roots, which will affect the growth and development of pepper and reduce the yield.
2. Planting density
Planting density has a vital influence on the yield and quality of pepper. Proper planting density can promote plants to make full use of soil fertility and photosynthesis of the sun, give full play to the fruiting ability of individual plants, reduce pests and diseases, and achieve the goal of high yield and high quality.
The planting density of different varieties is slightly different, and it is generally appropriate to yield 4000~6000 plants per mu. Because of the compact plant type and small plant width, the planting density of early and middle mature varieties can be appropriately increased; The planting density of late-maturing varieties should be appropriately reduced because of their large plant width.
3. Planting method
Planting should be carried out in sunny and windless weather. Before planting, scattered seedlings, diseased seedlings and weak seedlings should be removed first. If the seedling substrate is a plastic nutrition bowl, you can turn the nutrition bowl upside down and gently pat the bottom of the bowl to let the seedlings fall off naturally; If it is a seedling tray, you can pinch the base of the seedling stem by hand to take out the seedling block. After taking out the seedling tuo, put it into the planting hole, cover it tightly, and the covering thickness is even or slightly higher than the tuo surface. Immediately after planting, the planting water should be poured, and the amount of water should be moderate, so it is advisable to infiltrate the seedling hill.
Thirdly, field management after planting.
Pepper seedlings enter the field management stage after planting, mainly including slow seedling stage and squatting seedling stage management, early fruiting stage management, full fruiting stage management and late fruiting stage management.
1, management of slow seedling stage and squatting seedling stage
The main work of slow seedling stage is to promote the growth of seedling root system, and intertillage should be done in time after three days of watering to improve the ground temperature. About a week later, after delaying emergence, water for the second time, and after watering, intertillage should be carried out for 1 time. During intertillage, shallow tillage should be carried out near the root system and deep tillage should be carried out far away from the root system to improve the air permeability and ground temperature of the soil and promote the rapid development of the root system. After the pepper seedlings are delayed, they should be checked in time. If dead or missing seedlings are found, they should be replenished in a sunny afternoon.
After the slow seedling stage, enter the squatting seedling stage. Water should be controlled in the squatting stage to promote the deep development of roots. By squatting seedlings, pepper plants can form strong roots and lay a good foundation for future results. The time of squatting seedlings depends on local climatic conditions and planting varieties: early-maturing varieties should be squatted lightly and for a short time; Mid-and late-maturing varieties can be squatted for a long time. Generally speaking, it is appropriate to end squatting when 1 pepper at the door reaches 2~3㎝.
2. Management of initial results
(1) Water and fertilizer management
When the 1 ear fruit grows to 2~3㎝, the pepper plants enter the vigorous growth stage, and at this time, the stems, leaves, flowers and fruits enter the synchronous growth stage, so it is necessary to water in time and apply urea15 in combination with water. The management of water and fertilizer in this period should not only meet the demand for nutrients for pepper flowering and fruiting, but also prevent the phenomenon of falling flowers and fruits caused by virtual growth. Generally, water and fertilize 65,438+0 times every two weeks, and apply ammonium sulfate 65,438+00 ㎏ or 800㎏ per mu of water to dilute human excrement, and water several times, so as to prevent excessive soil moisture from inhibiting root growth and causing epidemic diseases.
(2) Pest control
The main diseases in this period were anthrax and epidemic diseases.
Anthracnose: Mancozeb, bromothalonil, azoxystrobin, iprodione, polysulfide suspension, thiophanate-methyl, difenoconazole and other chemicals can be selected for control. Epidemic disease: can dimethomorph be used in the early stage of the disease? Zinc propane, cymoxamide? Prevention and treatment drugs such as manganese and zinc; Pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, manganese and zinc can be commonly used in this disease. Keywords alkenyl wettable powder, propamocarb hydrochloride? Flupirimipramine, chlorothalonil and other preventive drugs. 3. Management in the heyday of achievements
Because a large number of plants blossom and bear fruit in the full fruit period, there is a great demand for water and fertilizer. At this time, it is in the high temperature and rainy season, and soil nutrients are seriously lost. Therefore, watering and fertilizing at this time can not only provide the demand of plants for nutrients and water, but also reduce the ground temperature. When watering, always water with small water. Generally, water should be poured 1 time every 4-5 days and fertilizer should be applied 1 time.
4. Post-achievement management
(1) Water and fertilizer management
In summer, pepper is managed after fruit bearing, which is the second peak of pepper production. Water 1 time every 7-8 days, and water and fertilize 2-3 times. In summer, about 20㎏ diammonium phosphate is applied topdressing per mu; In the Millennium season, 500 ㎏ of human excrement should be topdressing with water per mu; In the autumnal equinox season, topdressing with 300㎏ human manure per mu, and watering once after topdressing for 3-4 days each time.
(2) Removing old leaves and promoting new branches
In the late stage of harvesting, the yellow leaves at the lower part of the plant should be removed in time, and the over-branches and over-branches at the inner layer should be removed to facilitate ventilation and light transmission.
The lower end of the four-sided pepper is cut into lateral branches, and each plant is forked. Topdressing and watering in time after cutting to promote the development of new branches. This new branch has high fruit setting rate and large fruit, which prolongs the harvest period.
(3) topping in time
Before seedling drawing 10~ 15 days, capsicum plants were denucleated to promote nutrient backflow, so that the top fruit expanded rapidly and the loss was minimized.
5. Top dressing outside the roots
Because the root system of pepper is weak, topdressing outside the root should be carried out in time.
From early flowering stage to full flowering stage: Spraying 0.2% borax or 0. 1 ~ 2 times of 0% boric acid water solution on the leaves can accelerate the development of flower organs and thus improve the seed setting rate. From flowering stage to first fruit stage: foliar spraying 1000 times of Gaomi solution or 1~2 times of Dongli 2003 can improve the stress resistance of plants. Fruiting period: spraying sugar +0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or urea solution 1~2 times can increase fruit brightness. Fourth, harvest management.
Pepper can be harvested about 30 days after flowering, when the fruit becomes dark green, crisp and shiny. Because peppers are harvested many times, fruits with low maturity should be harvested in time to avoid premature aging and excessive consumption of nutrients, which will affect the yield. It is best to harvest in the morning to avoid harvesting in rainy days, so as not to cause rot.
In the open field cultivation of pepper, the most important thing is water and fertilizer management, which directly affects the yield and quality of pepper. Therefore, when farmers grow peppers in the open field, they must pay attention to the management of water and fertilizer in the field and do this work well, so it is easy to obtain high yield.