In Yuan Zaju, modern Peking Opera, Jin Opera, modern Jin Opera and novels of Ming Dynasty, there are many special songs and chapters of Jietui and Cold Food Festival. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, legends, stories and inscriptions about Jie Zhitui have also become important historical materials for the study of folk literature and epigraphy in Sanjin.
3. Artistic value
During its development, the Cold Food Festival produced many literary works: Twenty-four Years of Zuo Zhuan Gong, which was quoted many times by historical masterpieces such as Historical Records and Zi Jian, and was incorporated into the enlightenment book of ancient prose in Qing Dynasty. The first essay on China's prose appreciation was Introduction to Lu. Among the poems of past dynasties, the poems dedicated to the Cold Food Festival have never stopped, from Qu Yuan in the Warring States, Sun Chu in the Western Jin Dynasty to modern times. There are nearly 300 poems of the whole Tang Dynasty, and more than 0/00 poems of the Song Dynasty and Yuanqu/kloc, involving historical celebrities such as Tang Xuanzong and Zhang Shuo, and representatives of various factions such as Du Fu, Bai Juyi and the Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties, which have become important materials for studying the history of China's poetry development.
Cold food festival poetry
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Su Shi, Harmony and Children and Cold Food
In February this year, the cold food was gloomy, and the Woods were deep and green.
Who can borrow horses in the city? It is convenient to have famous gardens everywhere.
But I don't need to make up a poem about hanging a hip flask occasionally.
Suddenly I heard that Tiber was shocked to travel and the river was ruined.
Before Qing dynasty and Ming dynasty
Every holiday season, I miss my parents, and the peaches and plums smile, and the Noda wilderness is only sad.
Thunder stung dragons and snakes, and the original vegetation in the suburbs was soft after the rain.
It is unfair for people to beg for sacrifices to my arrogant concubine and wife and to burn their hearts.
A clever fool has known who it is for thousands of years, and his eyes are full of chrysanthemum.
Cold food hanyi
In late spring, Chang 'an city is full of songs and dances, and countless flowers fall. The east wind of the Cold Food Festival blows on the willow trees in the royal garden.
As night fell, the palace was busy lighting candles, and smoke drifted to the house of the prince and the marquis.
Make an appreciative comment
Cold Food Festival is a traditional festival in ancient China, which usually lasts from winter to the future 105 and two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day. The ancients attached great importance to this festival. According to the custom, every family banned fire and only ate ready-made food, hence the name cold food. Because the festival is in late spring and the scenery is pleasant, cold food has become a good day to play from Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty. Song people said: "Cold food is the only festival in the world." (Shao Yong) The system of the Tang Dynasty. In Tomb-Sweeping Day, the emperor announced that he would give the fire of elm willow as a reward to the ministers around him to show his gratitude. In fact, Dou Shu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem entitled "Making a Fire at the Cold Food Festival": "Grateful for the light and small officials, the lights are on at the beginning of spring. The film follows the ambassador and the stars shine on passers-by. Fortunately, the willows are warm and the grass is poor. " You can use this poem of Han Yi for reference.
This poem only pays attention to the description of cold food scenes and does not involve any comments. The first sentence shows the charming scenery of Chang 'an in the Cold Food Festival. Calling Chang 'an in spring "Spring City" is not only novel in language, but also full of aesthetic feeling. Moreover, both words have Yin Pingyang's tone sandhi, which is harmonious and pleasing to the ear. Wherever they go, "flying flowers" not only depict colorful spring, but also accurately show the scene of cold food in late spring. In late spring, catkins dance in the east wind, leaving countless red flowers. Say "everywhere" instead of "everywhere", and double negation constitutes affirmation, forming an emphasis tone, and the expression effect is stronger. "Flowers are Flying in Spring City" is about the whole Chang 'an, and the next sentence is about the scenery of the Imperial Capital. As the whole Chang 'an is full of spring and bustling, the scene of the palace can be imagined. Like the first sentence, here is not a direct description of the grand occasion of a spring outing, but a shot of the wind blowing "Imperial Willow" in the infinite scenery is cut out. At that time, the custom was to fold the willow into the door during the Cold Food Festival, so I wrote willow in particular. At the same time, it also takes care of the meaning of "giving a close minister with the fire of elm willow".
If one or two sentences are a general description of the cold food scenery in Chang 'an, then three or four sentences are special scenes in this general scene. Couplet scenes have a period of time, one is written during the day, the other is written at night, and "sunset" is the turning point. Fire is forbidden in cold food festivals all over the world, with the exception of "burning candles in Teqi Street" (Yuan Zhen's Lianchang Palace Ci). In addition to the palace, your attendants can also get this favor. This is the case with the sentence "Sunset", and it is also an image. Writing the word "pass" to the fire not only means dynamic, but also means giving one by one, which shows that the feudal hierarchy is strict. The word "light smoke scattered" vividly depicts a picture of China officials passing candles on horseback. Although I didn't write about a horse or a person, the faint smoke curled up, telling all the news, making people smell the smell of candle smoke and hear the sound of hooves, as if they were living on earth. At the same time, it will naturally give people an association and experience more meanings. First of all, the scenery varies from place to place, and every family forbids fire. The candles in the Han Palace are unique and contain the meaning of privilege. Moreover, the first to enjoy this privilege is the "Five Hous" family. Reminds people of the political disadvantages of eunuch dictatorship after the middle Tang Dynasty. Since the middle Tang Dynasty, eunuchs have been good at political affairs, and politics has become increasingly corrupt, just like the world at the end of the Han Dynasty. The substitution of "Han" for Tang in the poem is obviously ironic. No wonder Wu Qiao said, "The death of the Tang Dynasty was actually granted by our ancestors because eunuchs were in charge of troops. At the beginning of Dezong Jianzhong, this poem was only understood by the word' Five Hous', and the Tang poetry was even in the Spring and Autumn Period. " ("Poetry around the Furnace")
According to Meng Meng's Poem Art, Tang Dezong once appreciated Han Yi's poem very much, so he specially gave the prominent position of "the imperial doctor knows the imperial edict" to this frustrated poet for many years. At that time, because the secretariat of Jianghuai was also called Han Yi, Dezong wrote this poem in calligraphy and approved: "Han Yi by this", which became a much-told story for a while. Excellent literary works are often "images are greater than thoughts" (Gorky). Although this poem is only a description, the author's original intention is not necessarily ridicule, but the image he captured is very typical, which makes readers feel better than the work. Because the author did not deliberately pursue depth, but was immersed in touching his own image and emotion, he wrote a poem to make it more subtle and full of emotion, which is better than many works of deliberate satire.
"Cold Food on the Road" Song Wenzhi
It's already on the way to late spring when I meet cold food immediately. Poor Jiang, I can't see Luo Qiao people.
The Arctic cherishes the sage, and Nanwa is the vassal. In the old garden, wicker is new day and night.
On the Tomb of Cold Food Yang Wanli
Go straight to your husband! Can this bridge be out of danger? The maple leaves in the distant mountains are pale outside, and the broken houses are beside the lonely wheat.
The spring breeze is coming again, and all the new buildings are gone. Pear blossoms are cold food, and it is only when you enter the festival that you are worried.
Ren Xuqing's masterpiece Qu Dajun
It's cold in the morning and cloudy at night, but it's already spring in sadness.
Falling flowers have tears because of wind and rain, and birds are ruthless since ancient times.
The old country is like a dream, and Chinese characters are lost.
Dragons and snakes return everywhere, and cold food is eager every year.
Cold food Meng Yunqing
Jiangnan in February is full of flowers, and cold food in other places is far from sadness.
Poor people often don't have fireworks, not only in the Ming Dynasty.
Zhang, "Cold Food Festival Sacrifice Kui"
The introduction is ridiculous and pitiful, and a fishing boat is useless.
My neighbor taught me to turn off the fire. I was ashamed. I didn't know the kitchen had been smoke-free for a long time.
Cold food festival allusions
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Divide shares and serve the king
According to legend, in the Spring and Autumn Period, after Jin Xiangong's death, the scholars of the State of Jin fought for the throne, and Zhong Er (Jin Wengong), the son of the State of Jin, was driven out of the State of Jin. When he took refuge abroad, he suffered suffering, hunger and discrimination. The leader of Pioneer Camp, Jie Jietui, and other ministers followed Zhong Er and went into exile 19. In the most difficult situation, Zhong Er was in exile and hungry. Ministers picked wild vegetables to cook, but Zhong Er couldn't swallow them. Loyalist meson sneaked into the ravine, cut off a piece of meat from his leg and cooked it with wild vegetables for Zhong Er. Zhong Er took it and wolfed it down. He didn't ask where the broth came from, and the minister next to him told him that it was cut from the thigh by mesons. Zhong Er was moved to tears.
-this is meson tui's "Cutting Shares to Serve the King"
Cold Food Festival is an important folk festival in Shanxi in spring.
The specific date of the Cold Food Festival is after the winter solstice 105. At present, the day before Tomb-Sweeping Day is the day to celebrate the Cold Food Festival in most parts of Shanxi. Some places, such as Yushe County, celebrated the Cold Food Festival two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day. Yuanqu County also pays attention to Tomb-Sweeping Day's Cold Food Festival the day before, and the light cold food the day before.
The source of the Cold Food Festival should be the fire worship of the ancients. The ancients could not live without fire, but fire often brought great disasters to mankind, so the ancients thought that fire had gods and should be worshipped. The fire offered by each family must be extinguished once a year. Then rekindle a new fire, which is called changing the fire. When changing the fire, a grand ancestor worship activity should be held, and the symbol of millet, the god of cereal, should be burned, which is called human sacrifice. After the custom was passed down, it formed the later No Fire Festival.
After the fire ban, it became a cold food festival to commemorate the famous minister of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period. Legend has it that during Jin Wengong's exile, Jiezitui once cut meat to satisfy his hunger. After Jin Wengong returned to China and proclaimed himself emperor, he forgot to push when he was enfeoffed. Jiezitui didn't want to boast about his achievements and compete for favor, so he took his mother to live in seclusion in Mianshan. Later, Jin Wengong personally went to Mianshan to find Jiezitui, who didn't want to be an official and hid in the mountains. Wen Gong's people released Yamakaji. The intention is to force mesons to show their faces. As a result, meson pushed his mother and was burned to death under a big tree. In order to commemorate this loyal minister's righteous act, he didn't make a fire to cook on the day of Jiezitui's death, but wanted to eat cold food. This is the so-called Cold Food Festival.
During the Han Dynasty, Shanxi folks banned fire for one month to commemorate it. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao, Emperor Wu of Wei, ordered the cancellation of this custom. There is a saying in Yin Penalty Order, "It is said that in Taiyuan, Shangdang and Yanmen, it is forbidden to eat cold food within 150 days after winter, and the cloud pushes it as a child" and "no one is allowed to eat cold food. Otherwise, the parents will be sentenced to half a year's imprisonment, and the chief officer will be sentenced to 100 days, and he will get a salary in January. " After the Three Kingdoms returned to Jin, because they were homophonic with Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, they paid special attention to their stories in Jin, and the custom of banning fire and cold food in memory of meson push resumed. But the time was shortened to three days. At the same time, the idea of commemorating mesons at the Cold Food Festival was spread all over the country. The Cold Food Festival has become a national festival, and the prohibition of fire and cold food during the Cold Food Festival has also become a constant custom of the Han nationality.
Today, the folk custom of banning fire and cold food in Shanxi is mostly one day, and only a few places are used to banning fire for three days. People in southern Shanxi are used to eating bean jelly, cold noodles and cold cakes. In northern Shanxi, people are used to cooking (that is, steamed cake noodles or white noodles are cut into dice-sized squares, then dried and fried with earth) as food for the Cold Food Festival. In some mountainous areas, the whole family eats fried noodles on this day (that is, stir-fry whole grains, mix various dried fruits and grind them into noodles).
The Cold Food Festival is celebrated by steaming cold swallows. Flour is kneaded into swallows, songbirds, animals, melons and fruits, flowers, etc. The steamed swallows are colored, inserted into the needles of jujube trees, decorated indoors and given as gifts.
The first is the Qingming cold food recommended by the doctor of Jin State.
Mianshan, Jiexiu-the birthplace of Tomb-Sweeping Day (Cold Food Festival)
In China's long-standing folk culture, there are only two festivals to commemorate historical figures: one is the Dragon Boat Festival in May to commemorate Qu Yuan, a doctor of Chu State; The first is the Qingming cold food recommended by the doctor of Jin State. In this regard, Marshal Ye Jianying had an incisive exposition: "Take cold food for mourning, and burn Mianshan for fear of igniting fire. This is probably the same as throwing zongzi into the Guluo River with a dragon boat on the day when Quzi died in the Dragon Boat Festival in May. On the one hand, it is to commemorate Qu Yuan, on the other hand, it is afraid that fish will spoil Qu Zi's body again. This is the best way for helpless people to miss the historical figures they love. " At the same time, two Tessa, one south and one north, were reflected by two stars; One water and one fire, die of righteousness; One river and one mountain will go down in history forever.
The origin of the Cold Food Festival can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,000 years ago, when Jin Wengong went to Mianshan to mourn Jiexiu. At that time, the Duke of Jin was seriously ill, and Jin Wengong led the ministers to climb the mountain to pay homage, and found that the old willow tree that had been burned to death actually came back from the dead. He was moved by this scene and remembered the hope that Jie Zhitui had for him when he served the king. "I don't ask for any reward, just ask you to be a wise gentleman!" They named the old willow "Qingming Willow" and the day "Tomb-Sweeping Day". The above stories were recorded in the pre-Qin period, such as Twenty-four Years of Zuo Zhuan Gong, Zhuangzi's One Pirate, Qu Yuan's Lisao's Nostalgia, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Sima Qian's Historical Records of the Western Han Dynasty and Liu Xiang's Shuoyuan.
Later, Jie Zhitui lived in seclusion in Mianshang and was burned down, which became the origin of Jiexiu County. "Zuo Zhuan" said: "Jin Hou didn't get what he wanted, and he took Mianshang as his field, saying,' Let me be kind with my ambition'". Sima Qian's "Historical Records" made it more clear: "So Wen Gong surrounded the mountain and sealed it, thinking that he pushed the field and called it' Jieshan'." When Qin Shihuang unified the division of counties in the country, he named the secluded city of Jiezhitui as "Jiexiu" county. According to the annotation of Ci Yuan, the original meaning of "boundary" is "boundary"; Introduction, boundary. And "Hugh", "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" notes: "Stop it, follow the people." It can be seen that "Jiexiu" and "Jiexiu" are synonymous, and both have the meaning of pushing the farmland "boundary" or "boundary" with Mianshan as the son, and both have the meaning of worshipping the son and pushing the rest. Jiexiu County in Qin Dynasty was placed under Taiyuan County, which was followed in Han Dynasty, and it was clearly recorded in Geography of Han Dynasty and County Records of Late Han Dynasty. Du Yu, a famous scholar in Jin Dynasty, claimed to be "Zuo Chuanpi" and recorded in Notes on Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period: "There is a place name Mianshang in the south of Jiexiu County, Xihe." Since then, "Jiexiu" has been changed to "Jiexiu", and it has become a conclusion that Jiezhi pushes to live in seclusion in Mianshan, Jiexiu. Later, Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Jifu's Records of Yuanhe County in the Tang Dynasty, the geographical records of the Song Dynasty, and the records of Shanxi Tongzhi, Fenzhou Prefecture and Jiexiu County in previous dynasties all had detailed and accurate records.
The Cold Food Festival originated from the exact record of the burning of Mianshan Mountain in Jiexiu. It was first seen in Huan Tan's New Theory 1 1 Liushi at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, saying that "Taiyuan County will not eat for five days in the middle of winter, although it is sick, it dare not violate it. It is the push of the intermediary, so it is also. " Obviously, in the Western Han Dynasty, the custom of forbidding fire and cold food to commemorate Jie's promotion was extended to a county or even a larger area in Taiyuan. Later, the record in "The Biography of Zhou Ju in the Later Han Dynasty" was even more clear: "In a county in Taiyuan, old customs push bones to burn, and dragons are forbidden. In Wu Month, it is said that the gods don't like to raise fire, so scholars try to eat cold food every winter and January. " This not only shows that cold food is due to the "old custom" of "pushing and burning bones", but also extends the time of cold food to January. During the Three Kingdoms period, Wei Wudi (Cao Cao) said in the Ming Punishment Order: "I heard that Taiyuan, Shangdang, Xihe and Yanmen were completely cool after the winter solstice, and the cloud was the push of the intermediary. The cold land in the north, regardless of age, will be unbearable. People are ordered not to eat cold food. The parents of the offenders were sentenced to half a year's imprisonment, and the chief officer sentenced them to 100 days' imprisonment, so that they could get a pension. " It is not only mentioned that the scope of cold food has expanded from Taiyuan County to all parts of Shanxi, but also the time has increased to "one hundred and fifty days without fire after the winter solstice", which shows that the custom of cold food has intensified during the Three Kingdoms period. After the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, articles describing the custom of cold food to commemorate the burning of Mianshan in Jiexiu can be seen everywhere. Zhou Fei said in Biography of Sages in Runan: "Being burned to death by an intermediary is an old custom in Taiyuan. When it dies, people will have no food to make a fire, and many people will die. " There is an exact record in "The Story of Nakano" written by Luyao in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: "On the fifth day after winter, I tried to put out the fire, and on the third day, I fled abroad to escape persecution, and arrived. In the most difficult time, he listened to the recommendation of the organization to "cut stocks and serve the king." Nineteen years later, Zhong Er returned to China as a monarch and became one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. When Jin Wengong rewarded the heroes who went into exile with him, he just forgot to introduce them. Jie Zhitui thinks that he conforms to the destiny to help the monarch revive the country, and is unwilling to associate with those who invite merits and rewards, and his portable mother lives in seclusion in Mianshan, Jiexiu. Jin Wengong was ashamed when he heard that, so he came to Mianshan to look for it, but he couldn't find it. Wen Gong had no choice but to listen to everyone's advice and let Yamakaji go. He tried to force him out, but it was not until the fire went out that Jie Zhitui and his mother were burned to death under a big willow tree. In order to mourn the death of Jie Zhitui, Wen Gong issued a decree prohibiting smoking and cold food on Jie Zhitui's death day. The second day of the Cold Food Festival the following year.
An outdated festival (Qingming Festival) that started one or two days ago in Tomb-Sweeping Day, when only cold food is served for three days.
Yi Han
Spring city is full of flowers,
Cold food, east wind and willows.
At sunset, in the Han Palace, people distribute candles.
Light smoke scattered into Wuhou mansion.