Year: Tang Author: Yang Jiong Style: Yuefu
The flames of bonfires in Kyoto, Chang 'an City, crude gas oil.
Leaving the palace, the general will assume the command; Surrounding the enemy and attacking the city, the elite cavalry are extremely brave.
The heavy snow darkened the color; The wind roared and the drums rang.
I'd rather be a junior officer to fight for my country than a white-faced scholar who only engraved his chapter.
To annotate ...
This poem borrows the title "Joining the Army" from the old Yuefu and describes the whole process of a scholar joining the army and fighting. There are only forty words, which not only reveal the psychological activities of the characters, but also render the environment and atmosphere, and the brushwork is extremely vigorous.
The first two sentences were written and reported, which aroused the patriotic enthusiasm of people with lofty ideals. The poet did not directly explain the military emergency, but said that "bonfires are shining in Xijing" and expressed the military emergency through the visual scenery of "bonfires". A word "photo" plays up the tension. "The grievances in my heart" are caused by bonfires. Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the country, and he doesn't want to spend his youth between pens and inkstones anymore. A word "self" shows the scholar's sincere patriotic passion and writes the spiritual realm of the characters. The first two sentences explain the background of the whole event. The third sentence, "Zhang Ya resigned from Phoenix Que", describes the scene of the army resigning from Beijing. "Tooth Zhang" is a symbol of the emperor's transfer of troops. Divided into concave and convex parts, respectively in the hands of the emperor and the general. "Phoenix Que" is synonymous with the palace. The poet used the words "tooth Zhang" and "phoenix bird" here, which are elegant and steady, showing not only the lofty mission of going to war, but also the solemnity of the scene. In the fourth sentence, "The fighters rode around the Dragon City", it was obvious that Tang Jun had quickly reached the front line and surrounded the enemy's castle. The Fighter and Dragon City are relative, which shows the war atmosphere of enter the dragon. The word "circuitous" vividly depicts Tang Jun's military posture of encirclement and suppression of the enemy. Five or six sentences began to write about fighting, but the poet did not write from the front, but set it off through the description of the scenery. "The snow darkened the flag painting and the wind rang the drum." The first sentence starts from people's vision: heavy snow covers the sky, which makes the colorful paintings on the military flag look eclipsed; The last sentence begins with people's hearing: the wind whistling, intertwined with the majestic marching drums. Two poems, vivid and colorful, wonderful. The poet expresses himself in a unique way, symbolizing the "flag" and "drum" of the army, showing the brave and fearless spirit of the soldiers fighting the enemy in the snow and the tragic scene of bravely killing the enemy inspired by the drum. The last two sentences of the poem: "Better be a centurion than a scholar." Express the lofty aspirations and lofty sentiments of the scholars who joined the army to protect the border and defend the country. The hard and fierce fighting increased his love for this extraordinary life. He would rather gallop on the battlefield and fight to defend the frontier than be a scholar in his study.
This short poem tells the whole process of the scholar's joining the army. Being able to concentrate such rich content in a limited space shows the poet's artistic skill. First of all, the poet grasped the most representative fragment in the whole process and gave a general description of the image. As for how the scholar joined the army, how to bid farewell to his parents, wives and concubines, and how to March all the way, the poet omitted everything and did not write. Secondly, the poem adopts a jumping structure, jumping from one typical scene to another and developing by leaps and bounds. For example, just after the third sentence was written, the fourth sentence surrounded the enemy and then showed the scene of fierce fighting. But this kind of leap is very natural, and there is rich imagination space between each span. At the same time, this leaping structure makes poetry have a lively rhythm, such as turbulence on a cliff, giving people an indomitable momentum, effectively highlighting the strong patriotic passion of literati and the spiritual outlook of Tang Junbing.
The four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty were very dissatisfied with the beautiful poetic style at that time. They have made fruitful explorations and innovations in the content and form of poetry, and Yang Jiong's poetic style is vigorous and passionate. Especially, it is not simple to write such a poem describing the battle of the golden drum in the form of strict rules. Generally speaking, only the two couplets in the middle are required to be couplets. Except for the first couplet, all the other triples of this poem are correct. Not only the sentence is correct, but also the same sentence, such as "Tooth Zhang" versus "Phoenix Que" and "Iron Ride" versus "Dragon City". The neat antithesis makes poetry more rhythmic and imposing, which is very valuable in the early Tang Dynasty.
Recall the past
Year: Tang Author: Wei Zhuang Style: Seven Temperaments
A few years ago, I once traveled to Wuyue, singing beautiful moonlight all over the building in the middle of the night.
In front of the tree, there is a light on the tree, such as day, and you can't forget the spring and autumn in the beauty group.
The young man sitting in the seat is called Wuji, and the beautiful girl is called Mochow.
Today is like a dream, and the sunset only sees water flowing eastward.
To annotate ...
Wei Zhuang used to live near Chang 'an, but later moved to Zhou State. When the Huang Chao Uprising Army attacked Chang 'an, he was coming to Beijing to study for the exam, witnessed the rise and fall of this ancient capital, touched the present and hurt the past, and wrote down seven methods of "deep affection, softness and irony". "Distant affection" refers to his thoughts and feelings, while "graceful but ironic" expresses his charm.
This poem has two main artistic features:
The first is to use the classics to make the poem euphemistic and profound. The first sentence "Five Tombs" is the place where the Tang Dynasty nobles lived outside Chang 'an. The poem "Five Tombs" refers not only to Chang 'an, but also to the aristocratic society at that time. The second sentence "Midnight Song" is an ancient Yuefu song, and the lyrics mostly describe the feelings of men and women enjoying themselves at four seasons. The poet satirizes the luxury life of the rich and nobles who pursue pleasure and enjoy it all the year round. Obviously satirizing its indulgence, but taking the "full moon building" as the background, the irony is deeply hidden in the dissolved moonlight, without showing emotion. In three words, "A silver candle tree looks like a day". Take Xing Shao's poem "Silver Candle at a Night Banquet" as an example, it is written to levy wine and grain at the home of princes and rich families, day and night, which also means flogging, but the color is beautiful, and the meaning seems to be the opposite of beauty. The four sentences "I don't know autumn in the peach blossom" express Wang Changling's "Spring Palace Song" and "Peach blossoms in the well last night". Borrowing the poem of the Dragon Label, the pen tip alludes to the imperial court, denouncing its indulgence and ignorance of the Spring and Autumn Period. The same wording is slightly graceful, implying that it is not unpleasant to spit. The third triple, "The son of the West Garden, is famous for his recklessness, and the beauty of the South China is named Mochow", especially good at doing things skillfully and tactfully. "Childe of Xiyuan" refers to Wei Wendi, Cao Pi and his brother Cao Zhi. As for "Wuji", it was the name of Xin Lingjun, the son of Wei in the Warring States Period. Wei Zhuang skillfully combined the power of Cao Wei with the power of the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, resulting in the word "mowgli". However, it does not take "Wuji" as a proper name, but only takes its meaning of "fearless". The actual meaning of this poem is to accuse the prince and grandson of recklessness. The poet put this true meaning in the names of two historical figures. Because Cao Pi and Xin are both commendable romantic figures in history, it is easy to ignore their irony if they are interpreted as enjoying the dissolute behavior of those princes and grandchildren. In the second part of the couplet, Mochow, in the name of a legendary beautiful singer, lamented that the flashy woman didn't understand state affairs, and deeply felt the pain of "singing backyard flowers across the river". Due to the clever use of allusions, the whole poem is full of flowers, moons and orchestral music, but its true meaning is hazy, like looking at flowers in the fog, vaguely ethereal and colorless. Emotional poetry is more profound and chewy by gentle and ironic style.
The second is to convey the meaning and interest by means of pun, symbol, suggestion and other rhetorical devices. "Midnight Song" is an ancient title of Yuefu, and it also has the meaning of "singing in the middle of the night", which means pun. Before the Silver Candle Tree symbolizes the luxury of aristocratic life. "In the Peach Blossom Garden" symbolizes the green snail with red sleeves; "I don't know autumn" is also a pun, which contains the deep meaning of not knowing the end is coming. "Promise" and "Mochow" are puns. The word "dream" of "everything is a dream" is triple, lamenting the prosperity of the past and dreaming; There is also a pun on "Drunkenness leads a dream to death". Rhetorically, "the sunset only looks at the water going east" symbolizes the decline of the national fortune in the late Tang Dynasty, and "the water going east" symbolizes that the general trend of the collapse of the Tang Dynasty is like a clear water flowing east, which is difficult to pull back the waves; As can be seen from the color of the poem, the sunset is bleak and everything is bleak in the twilight. With this sentence, I feel infinite and paper and ink are born. With this conclusion, poetry is fuller and sadder. Without water, this hatred is contained in these seven words, which is the focus of the whole poem.
The whole poem begins with "the past years", and the first six sentences closely follow the word "memory", depicting the bustling scene of the past. The end of the couplet, falling, set off waves, became the voice of change, and produced infinite feelings. Because the first six sentences are colorful, it is easy to give people the illusion: it seems that Wei Zhuang is reminiscing about the luxurious life of Hao You, an aristocrat in Chang 'an. In fact, Wei Zhuang was born in a broken family. At that time, he was not qualified to enter the upper class described in the poem. This poem hints at the criticism of the upper ruling class's drunkenness and extravagance, and expresses his sigh about the danger of the country. Just because of the gorgeous language, the whole poem is covered with a layer of pink gauze. At first glance, it is difficult to observe seclusion, but it is meaningful to savor it carefully. This idea of expressing feelings and feelings has formed the rhyme of "graceful and ironic" Expressing deep feelings with colorful words is one of the characteristics of the poetic style in the late Tang Dynasty. Wei Zhuang's poems embody this feature.
Jiang shangyin
Year: Tang Author: Li Bai Style: Yuefu
On Mulan's boat, pipes are blown at both ends of the boat.
There are thousands of guests in the wine, and prostitutes go with the flow.
The immortal in the Yellow Crane Tower is still waiting for the Yellow Crane to leave, but I have no heart to swim with Bai Ou on foot this time.
Qu Ping's Ci hangs the sun and the moon, and Chu Wang's pavilion is empty.
As soon as I was happy, I put pen to paper and shook the five mountains. After the poem was written, the sound of Xiao Ao, Xiao Ao, went straight into the sea.
If fame and wealth can be used in the Han River, I am afraid that the northwest will be fought back by the northwest.
To annotate ...
Poems on the River was written by Li Bai when he was traveling in Jiangxia in his thirties and forties. This poem is one of the chapters that can best represent Li Bai's ideological and artistic characteristics.
Tang Ruxun said that the theme of this poem is "This is because the world is forced to pass, but it is also determined to have fun" (Interpretation of Tang Poetry, Volume XIII). Although not comprehensive and accurate, he pointed out that the poet sang this poem because he felt the reality that "the world was forced to pass away", which was very pertinent. Reading "Song on the River" is easy to remind people of "Farewell" in "Songs of the South": "When you are sad, customs force you to go into battle lightly."
This poem, born by the river, shows the poet's contempt for vulgar and cramped reality and his pursuit of freedom and the ideal of a better life.
Although the first four sentences are scenes of river trips, they are not truthfully described, but are described in an exaggerated and idealized way, showing gorgeous colors and an atmosphere beyond the world. Mulan's "Shatang Boat" is made of precious and magical wood. "Yu Di Golden Tube sits at both ends", and the exquisiteness of musical instruments can be imagined to be extraordinary; "Wine is superior to thousands of miles", indicating that the wine industry is rich in alcohol consumption and prosperous; "Go with the waves and take prostitutes to stay" is endless fun. In a word, the boat on this river is enough to make poetry and wine for entertainment, and it is a free and beautiful world beyond the turbid reality.
The middle four sentences are connected in pairs and compared in pairs. The "immortals" joined hands to affirm and praise boating on the river; Qu Ping is a link between the preceding and the following, revealing the historical significance of an ideal life. "Immortals need to ride a yellow crane", even if they become immortals, they still have to wait. If the yellow crane doesn't come, they can't go to heaven. But when I was boating on the river, "the sea traveler accidentally followed Bai Ou", but I forgot my cleverness. I don't know what things are and what I am. Isn't it more immortal than the fairy who looked at the yellow crane eagerly? In this state, fame and fortune, honor and disgrace in the world are poor, not to mention. Therefore, pitching the universe and looking at the ancient and modern times, we have reached a completely opposite understanding with the mediocre people who are "talking about the sky and the earth": "Qu Ping's Ci and Fu hang the sun and the moon, and the King of Chu stands in the sky"! When you go boating between Jianghan, you will naturally think of Qu Yuan and the King of Chu, and the warning of this association lies in taking Qu Yuan and the King of Chu as two typical life examples and clearly opposing them. Qu Yuan devoted himself to patriotism, was exiled, and finally drowned in Miluo. His ci can win glory with the sun and the moon and remain immortal. The king of Chu was dissolute and extravagant, and died for the disaster of national subjugation. Temples and pavilions built by enslaved people have long since disappeared, and desolate hills are everywhere. This connection vividly shows that what belongs to progress in history will be immortal, and what belongs to reaction will inevitably perish; There is also the meaning that a writer's great cause is immortal, but his position is unshakable.
At the end of these four sentences, "Qu Ping" is followed by a couplet. The second sentence of Xing Han inherits Qu Ping's theory of ci and fu, and also responds to the beginning of boating on the river. It is extremely heroic and vividly depicts the poet's self-elation, contempt for everything when he writes poetry, and his arrogant and unrestrained manner. "Shaking Five Mountains" is a heroic and invincible brushwork; "Lingcangzhou" is a lofty mind. Finally, "if fame and fortune exist, Hanshui River should also flow to the northwest", said King Taixu of Chu, and at the same time, it further concretized and visualized "Laughter". It is not positive to say that fame and fortune will not grow, and it is negative to say that it is impossible, which strengthens the power of negation, shows irresistible momentum and has a sharp irony.
The ideological content of this poem is basically positive. On the other hand, it is not advisable for poets to praise debauchery and wanton enjoyment as an ideal way of life. Taking care of Yu Di, carrying wine and prostitutes, isn't it also the infatuation of fame and fortune? This is the contradiction of Li Bai's thought. This contradiction is obvious in many of his poems, which has become a limitation with great personality characteristics.
The poem consists of twelve sentences, vivid in image, passionate in emotion, heroic in momentum and clear in tone. I only thought it was a magical line after reading it. Judging from the structure and organization of the whole poem, it is dense and unique. The beginning is a vivid image description, which immediately brings the reader into an unusual realm. The two couplets in the middle belong to the ending, while the poem is positive and negative, which expands the capacity of the poem and makes it full of ups and downs. At the end of the four sentences, exaggeration is extremely emphasized, and the feelings are even more passionate, hearty and unrestrained, showing endless power. Wang Qi said: "Although this kind of composition is dominated by Yi Cai, it may not add a lot of bleak management, and it may not be out of the ear of a hundred articles" (Note on Song on the River in Volume 7 of The Complete Works of Li Taibai). This is a realistic view after careful experience.