First, the establishment of strategic position.
Jinzhou is located on the north bank of Liaodong Bay in Bohai Sea, which is closely related to the formation of Liaoxi Corridor. Liaoxi Corridor refers to a long and narrow strip that starts from Shanhaiguan in the west, runs along Bohai Bay to the east, passes through Suizhong and Jinxi (now Huludao) and reaches Jinzhou. It is about 185 km long from east to west and varies from 1.2 km wide to 10. It is a natural passage between the west coast of Liaodong Bay in Bohai Sea and the south foot of Songling. Before this road near the sea was opened, people used to take the old road in western Liaoning, extending from Yushui (Daling River), and turning from the northbound outside Shanhaiguan to Yingzhou (Chaoyang) to the northern boundary of Jinzhou. At that time, although the western Liaoning corridor was not opened and the swamp was difficult to travel, it was close at hand inside and outside the customs, but it was a land of surprise soldiers and became an important route of ancient military forces. In 664 BC, Guan Zhong assisted in sending troops to save Yan, and led the army to the Northern Expedition. This road is close to the sea and land. This is Qi Huangong's way back and forth when he defeated Hu Xun, wiped out Tuhe River and mowed the solitary bamboo in Guan Zi Xiao Kuang Pian. In 222 BC, Prince Dan of Yan took this road to avoid the pursuit of Li Xin, the general of Qin. He traveled along the coast, first to Taohuapu (now Chrysanthemum Island in Xingcheng), then took a boat through Huludao and Dabie Mountains, entered Liaohe Estuary, fled to Yanshui (now Taizi River), and was killed by Yan. The road he took was described in Zi Zhi Tong Jian: From Guan Yu (now Shanhaiguan), "there is a road to the sea in the northeast, which is several feet narrow and has high mountains beside it." This is the initial stage of the western section of Liaoxi Corridor.
In the Han Dynasty, during the 200 years from the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty to the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Bohai Sea was invaded by the crustal movement of Bohai Bay (called Beihai in ancient times). "History of Han Yuan Di" contains: "The earth moves again every year, and the North Sea invades and kills people." In this way, the land along the coast of western Liaoning was interrupted.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Cao Cao was preparing to attack Wuhuan in the three northern counties, he originally planned to cut corners along the coast, but the result was still water accumulation along the coast. "The carriage is too shallow to carry the boat", and it coincides with rainy summer, and mountain torrents block the road, making it even more impassable. He had to lead his troops out of Lulongsai and reach Liucheng (now Chaoyang) via Luanhe River. Because the coastal area is vast and sparsely populated, sandy moraines are everywhere, bushes are overgrown, and traffic is inconvenient, in the late Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yang Di and Emperor Taizong sent troops to Liaodong for many times to conquer North Korea, and they all went north to Yingzhou (now Chaoyang) after leaving Shanhaiguan, and then went to Liaodong via Yixian and Lushan, avoiding the coastline of western Liaoning. Due to the inconvenient transportation, there were only a few military defense agencies in Jinzhou today in the early Tang Dynasty-Shouzhuacheng. Later, as the sea immersion in the western Liaoning Corridor subsided, in the second year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (786), Yan County was promoted to a military city, and Zhen 'an Army was established to strengthen protection.
After the establishment of the Liao State in 907, wars were frequently launched to attack the Central Plains, and a large number of captured Han Chinese were placed in western Liaoning. In 926 AD, Emperor Lu Ye Abaoji of Liao Dynasty "built Jinzhou with Han prisoners", and Jinzhou was a coastal state, with jurisdiction over Yanzhou (now south of Xingcheng), Anchang County (now north of Huludao) and Yongle County (now old Jinzhou), which actually governed the coastal line of western Liaoning. The official establishment of Jinzhou shows that with the increase of population and the number of counties and towns in western Liaoning, this coastal traffic corridor has been basically opened, and Jinzhou is right in its throat. It can be seen that the rulers of Liao Dynasty realized the importance of its geographical location when they established Jinzhou.
In 943 AD, the Liao army captured Kaifeng in one fell swoop and captured the ministers of Emperor Shi Zhonggui. The withdrawal of the Liao army from the north led a group of people, such as the Emperor, Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager and Prince, to move northward. The route is: from Youzhou (now Beijing), across Pingzhou, out of Guan Yu (Shanhaiguan), along the coastal sea to Jinzhou, from Jinzhou to Haibei Prefecture (now Kaizhou Village, Qilihe Town, yi county), and then to Huanglongfu (now), which is different from the Daling River ancient road that left Lulong Gusai to Yingzhou since the Han and Tang Dynasties. It opened up a new land trunk line from the coastal traffic corridor in western Liaoning after Han and Wei Hai to the inside and outside of Shanhaiguan 102 1 year (the first year of Taiping in Emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty), and set up Laizhou in Suizhong today, governing Laibin County (now avant-garde), Haibin County (now Xingcheng) and Qiao Zhou (now Xingcheng), Qianzhou (now Shanhaiguan) and Runzhou (now Shanhaiguan). Shenshui County and Yonghe County (both in Huludao City) have been added to Jinzhou West. By the middle of Liao Dynasty, the coastal corridor in western Liaoning was formally formed and opened, and Jinzhou's strategic position was established.
Second, the display of strategic position.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming and Qing Dynasties focused on Jinzhou and Ningyuan, and launched a 20-year-long war in western Liaoning, which fully demonstrated Jinzhou's strategic position of blocking nature, dominating western Liaoning, and striving for military supremacy.
In A.D. 16 16 (forty-four years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Nuerhachi, the leader of the Jurchen ethnic group in Jianzhou, established the Daikin Kingdom, enfeoffed Liaodong, which was named as the Destiny and was called Houjin in history. 16 19 after the defeat of the Ming army in the battle of Salhu, Daikin changed from strategic defense to strategic attack. In a short period of about one year, more than 70 castles such as Kaiyuan, Tieling, Liaoyang and Shenyang have been conquered successively, and Shenyang has been its capital. 1622,65438+In October, Nurhachi led the troops to cross the river. Its main force of more than 50,000 people first attacked Xipingbao (Taian), then occupied Quang Ninh City, and then attacked Yizhou. In just five days, he successively captured more than 40 castles west of Liaohe River. Later Jin soldiers stationed troops along the east bank of Daling River, and pushed the border between Ming and later Jin to Jinzhou and Songshan. With the support of Sun Chengzong, the company commander of Liaodong, Yuan Chonghuan built a western Liaoning defense line with Ningyuan and Jinzhou as the focus, which increased the garrison strength of Ningyuan. 1626 65438+1At the beginning of October, Nurhachi series 1 1 ten thousand troops marched westward. Soldiers occupied the castles of Daling River, Tashan and Lianshan without bloodshed. On the 23rd, the enemy arrived in Ningyuan City and wanted to roll down. Nurhachi wrote a letter to induce Yuan Chonghuan to surrender, which was sternly rejected. Twenty-four days later, 50,000 soldiers of 8 Jin Army besieged the city, and the soldiers of Ming Army fought back. The city 1 1 Red Yi artillery (Portuguese artillery) bombarded violently. "There are countless hay oil and cotton in the city, and the ground artillery is very angry for a moment, and the earth and stone are flying." After several days, 8 jin j soldiers can't break into the city, many casualties. Nurhachi was also seriously injured. In August, Nurhachi died, and his eighth son, Huang Taiji, ascended the throne, with the title Tiancong. In the first battle of Ningyuan, the Ming army won, and the nomads from behind lost.
1627 (the first year of Jin tiancong), Huang taiji was ashamed of Nurhachi's bloody battle in Ningyuan, and led150,000 soldiers to attack Jinzhou and Ningyuan again. In May 1 1, the two sides talked about peace at the gate of Jinzhou, but failed to reach an agreement. Subsequently, Huang Taiji ordered the siege, and the Ming army vowed to resist. Under the command of company commanders Zhao Lvjiao, thirty thousand Ming defenders were under siege and fought bloody battles. The reinforcements led by the company commander Man Gui started a war with the army of Houjin near Lianshan. After the Jin army was exhausted, it stopped attacking Jinzhou and turned to attack Ningyuan. Outside Ningyuan, the late Nomads from Zu Dashou and Zu Dabi met fierce resistance, and Huang Taiji was defeated in Shenyang on June 5. In the battle of Jinning, that is, the second battle of Ningyuan, the Ming army held Jinzhou and Ningyuan City, and then the 8 Jin Army was defeated.
163 1 year, Huang taiji personally led the troops to besiege Daling River City for three months. During this period, the two sides fought several times and finally ended in the surrender of Zu Dashou, the defender of Daling River City.
Because the Ming army defended Jin, Ning, Song (Mountain), Xing (Mountain) and other cities closely, it was difficult for the nomadic people behind to break through. Therefore, Huang Taiji adopted a steady and steady policy, one after another.
On the one hand, they besieged the defenders in western Liaoning for a long time, on the other hand, they adopted circuitous tactics and attacked Jizhou, Changping, Fu Xuan and Datong from the Great Wall ports such as xifengkou and Hongshan. But after all, far from the rear, the troops are limited and can't keep it. Since the Battle of Daling River, after more than ten years of savings, its power has been growing. 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Daqing. By 1640, Huang taiji was determined to concentrate his forces on dumping the country, seize the Jinning defense line, open Shanhaiguan and break through the nearest entry passage. Therefore, the Jin Song War in Ming and Qing Dynasties broke out from August of 164 1 year to March of 1642. In this war, the Ming and Qing armies fought fiercely for more than seven months, with a total strength of 350,000, the Qing army of 200,000 and the Ming army of 654.38+0.5 million, which became a strategic decisive battle for the Qing Dynasty to unify the Northeast, March into Shanhaiguan and seize the Ming regime. At the beginning of Jin Song War, part of the Qing army stepped up its siege of Jinzhou, while the other part blocked the Ming army reinforcements between Songshan and Xingshan in an attempt to capture Jinzhou. However, Hong Chengchou, the minister of the Ming Ministry of War and governor of Jilin and Liao, led sixty thousand troops and set up seven camps outside Songshan City. The Qing army lost several attacks, and the resident camp lost three flags. After hearing the news, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty immediately dispatched troops and personally led the cavalry to March day and night to Qijiawobao in Songshan. Subsequently, the main force of the Eight Banners moved to Jinzhou and Xingshan to build the trench and cut off the grain transportation channel of the Ming army from Ningyuan to Jinzhou. On August 20th, the Qing army dug three long trenches with a depth of 8 feet and a width of 1 foot from Songshan to the seaside in one day, and surrounded 65,438+Wan Mingjun. The route for providing foodstuff was cut off, and the Ming army was in a panic. After several battles, they all lost, and the army was distracted and fled in a hurry.
In the battle of Songshan, the Ming army killed more than 50 thousand people and scattered more than 60 thousand people. Governor Hong Chengchou led more than ten thousand down archers to retreat to Songshan City. By February of 1642, the food in the city was exhausted, and Xia Chengde, the deputy commander-in-chief, made an appointment to attack the city. After the city was broken, Hong Chengchou was captured and 100 many Ming officials were killed. In the first battle of Songshan, the main force of the Ming "border soldiers" was wiped out, and the Ming army in Jinzhou city was more isolated. 1on March 8th, 642, Zu Dashou, the garrison commander of Jinzhou who was besieged for one year, led 7 000 people to surrender to the Qing army again (after the surrender in the Battle of Daling River, Jin left his son as a hostage and returned to Jinzhou with his entourage, but Emperor Chongzhen of Ming Dynasty still ordered him to guard Jinzhou).
The fall of Jinzhou caused the Jinning defense line, which had been in operation for 20 years in the Ming Dynasty, to fall apart. On April 2 1 day, the Qing army captured Xingshan and Tashan again, leaving only an isolated city in Ningyuan, north of Shanhaiguan, and the first-line gateway of Liaoxi Corridor was opened, which greatly deepened the crisis in Beijing. 1in March 644, Li Zicheng peasant regime conquered Beijing. In April, Wu Sangui, the company commander of the Ming Shanhaiguan, surrendered to the Qing army. Subsequently, the Qing army entered the customs on a large scale and seized the national political power.
The 20-year-long war between Ming and Qing dynasties not only fully demonstrated the strategic position of the western Liaoning corridor and the throat Jinzhou, but also made Jinzhou famous in history and will remain in history forever. According to Records of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty ordered Jun Fu, the general of Shengjing, to erect a monument for the Battle of Songshan in 1805. Emperor Jiaqing wrote a poem on the east tour in 18 18 and Daoguang's east tour in 1829, and the two poems have been engraved on both sides of the monument. In Daoguang's poems, there are some thought-provoking poems, such as "recalling the past of Jincheng, thirteen people gathered in Ming army", "Chengde joined Xinjiang and finally backed the Lord, and Shansong made a company camp".
Third, the succession of strategic position.
The battle of Ming and Qing dynasties made the Qing rulers see the importance of Jinzhou's strategic position. In the early Qing Dynasty, General Shengjing set up a deputy commander-in-chief in Jinzhou, in charge of the Eight Banners soldiers stationed along the coast of western Liaoning. In December of the third year of Kangxi (1665), Jinzhou Prefecture was established, which governed Suizhong County, Ningyuan Prefecture, Jinxitang, Jinxian County, Panshantang, Yizhou and Guang Ningxian until the late Qing Dynasty. As the political, economic and cultural center of western Liaoning and the hub of Sino-foreign exchanges, Jinzhou's strategic position has become more and more stable during the 250 years of Jinzhou regime's existence, and its influence on future generations has also become greater and greater.
In the Republic of China 1923, party member, a * * * production party in China, went to Jinzhou to carry out activities and established the earliest party branch in western Liaoning on the Goubangzi Railway. Since then, the workers' movement in western Liaoning with Jinzhou as the center has flourished.
193 1 After the September 18th Incident, the nation was in peril, and the people in western Liaoning rose up to organize volunteers to resist Japan. The Anti-Japanese Volunteers in western Liaoning, with Jinzhou as the activity center, fired the first shot of the Northeast people's armed anti-Japanese, and its number and momentum were unique in the history of the Northeast Anti-Japanese War.
After Japanese imperialism invaded western Liaoning, it sent a division of troops to Jinzhou for a long time, and set up pseudo-Jinzhou Province and Jinzhou City, with many administrative agencies at various levels of pseudo-province, city and county. Taking Jinzhou as the center, the Japanese and puppet rulers strengthened the political oppression and economic "control" of the people in western Liaoning, and accelerated the exploitation and plunder of resources in western Liaoning.
During the period of Kuomintang rule, the Kuomintang army took Changchun, Shenyang and Jinzhou as the key points of northeast defense and sent heavy troops to defend. From 65438 to 0948, the war of liberation entered a period of strategic decisive battle. Fan, deputy commander-in-chief of the Kuomintang Northeast "Suppression General" and director of Jinzhou command post, led the Sixth Corps 14 Division and the Fourth Army (the 93rd Army, the new 8th Army, the new 5th Army and the 54th Army) to defend the long and narrow corridors from Yixian to Jinzhou and Jinzhou to Shanhaiguan, and mainly stationed in Jinzhou and Jinxi to ensure land and water contact inside and outside Shanhaiguan.
1February, 948, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Mao Zedong put forward the policy of "closing Chiang Kai-shek and annihilating him in the northeast" and the instruction that "the main force should go south to Beining Road and conquer Jinzhou first". Soon, the operational policy of Liaoshen Campaign was given detailed instructions. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in the "Operational Policy of Liaoshen Campaign": "In order to annihilate these enemies, you should now prepare to use your main force on this line, leaving Changchun and Shenyang in the cold, and when you are ready to fight Jinzhou, you will annihilate the enemies who may come from Changzhou and Shenyang." At the same time, it is pointed out that the capture of Jinzhou is the key to the victory of the whole campaign, which requires the Northeast People's Liberation Army to "focus on Jinzhou operations and strive to capture the city as soon as possible." Even if all other goals are not achieved, as long as Jinzhou is captured, you will have the initiative, and that is a great victory. "This is a strategic decision made by a mature politician and strategist. He has a profound insight into the impact and immeasurable influence brought by the conquest of Jinzhou, a throat area. 1948 14 years 10/4 days, the northeast field army with superior forces, after a fierce battle of 3 1 hour, wiped out more than 65,438+10,000 defenders in Jinzhou. The victory of the Golden State Battle realized Mao Zedong's wise decision, seized the throat of the Kuomintang army in Northeast China, and laid the foundation for the victory of Liaoshen Campaign and the liberation of the whole Northeast.
After being captured, Fan said, "Jinzhou is like a pole, carrying the northeast at one end and North China at the other. Your army's capture of Jinzhou is like breaking a pole in the middle, separating Northeast China from North China, which is a chess game. ..... people without talent dare not make such rash moves. " As the image metaphor made by the former Kuomintang Jinzhou garrison commander after the defeat, it once again illustrates the importance of Jinzhou's geographical location.
The name of Jinzhou has been closely combined with the Liaoshen Campaign. Jinzhou's unique strategic position has been continuously passed down since ancient times.