Types of ancient poetry

Types of ancient poems

Classification of poetry content: poems for farewell to friends, lyric poems borrowing scenery, poems about wives and boudoirs, poems about ambitions, poems about history and nostalgia for ancient times, and poems about traveling and traveling Most of the farewell poems, such as frontier battle poems, scene lyrical poems, and landscape pastoral poems, are to exhort and praise the other party. Or complain about farewell feelings or thoughts after saying goodbye.

Most of the chanting of ancient poems pays homage to ancient people or events. Either to commemorate the sages or admire the ancients, or to express one's desire to make achievements, or to express one's feelings about being born at an untimely time, or to lament the prosperity of the past and the decline of the present, and to use the past to satirize the present.

War poems either express the pride of defending the homeland, the heroism of sacrificing one's life to kill the enemy, the heroism of a soldier's triumph, or the disgust of war, revealing the harm that war brings to relatives, hometown, and people. Suffering, accusing the feudal rulers of the crime of launching war.

Frontier poems describe the military life at the frontier, or express the bitter and cold living environment in the frontier, or the magnificent scenery of the frontier.

According to content:

Farewell poems, frontier fortress poems, landscape and pastoral poems, nostalgic poems, poems about things, mourning poems, travel poems, poems about boudoir, War poetry, lyric poetry, narrative poetry

According to form:

Classification of ancient poetry, ancient poetry, Yuefu rhythmic poetry, quatrains

Classification of ancient poetry - ancient poetry - Yuefu - rhythmic poetry - quatrains

The editor of "Three Hundred Tang Poems" divided poems into three categories: ancient poetry, rhythmic poetry, and quatrains, and included a category of Yuefu in these three categories; ancient poetry, rhythmic poetry, and quatrains were each divided into five-character, seven-character, and seven-character poems. Word. This is a division. The classification of "Tang Poems" compiled by Shen Deqian is slightly different: he does not separate Yuefu, but he adds a category of five-character long rhymes. The collection of Du Fu's poems compiled by Guo Zhida of the Song Dynasty is simply divided into two categories: ancient poetry and modern poetry. From the perspective of rhythm, poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry. Ancient style poetry is also called ancient poetry or ancient style poetry; modern style poetry is also called modern style poetry. Judging from the number of words, there are four-character poems, five-character poems, and seven-character poems. After the Tang Dynasty, four-character poems became rare, so poetry collections were generally divided into five-character and seven-character poems.

Ancient style and modern style

Ancient style poetry is written according to the ancient poetry style. In the eyes of the Tang people, everything from the Book of Songs to Yu Xin in the Northern and Southern Dynasties is considered ancient. Therefore, there is no certain standard for the so-called ancient poetry style. However, the ancient poetry written by poets has one thing in common, that is, it is not bound by the rhythm of modern poetry. A type of metrical poetry that began to form in the early Tang Dynasty and had strict regulations on the number of words, rhymes, and antitheses is what we call modern poetry. Modern poetry is relative to ancient poetry. Poets in the Tang Dynasty and later still wrote ancient poetry. We can say. Any poetry that is not bound by modern rhythm is all ancient poetry. Ancient poetry is divided into four-character ancient poetry, five-character ancient poetry, and seven-character ancient poetry. Modern poetry is divided into quatrains and rhymed poetry.

Yuefu Poetry

Yuefu was originally the name of the official office in charge of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and later became the name of the poetry style. The music and songs collected and composed by the Yuefu official office in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties are referred to as Yuefu. Although the poems written by Yuefu poets in the Wei, Jin, Tang and subsequent dynasties are not included in Yue, they are also called Yuefu or Yuefu. For example, "Chile Song", "Mulan Poetry", "Peacock Flying Southeast" and "Sleepwalking Tianmu Yin Farewell" are all Yuefu poems. Yuefu originated in the Han Dynasty and was originally set to music, so it is called "Yuefu" or "Yuefu Poetry". This kind of Yuefu poetry is called "qu", "ci", "song", "xing", etc. After the Tang Dynasty, literati imitated this poetry style and wrote ancient poetry, also called "Yuefu", but they were no longer set to music. As new music gradually formed during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, lyrics to accompany the new music were later produced, called "ci". Ci probably originated in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In the transitional period after the decline of Yuefu and before the emergence of lyrics, the lyrics accompanying new music adopted modern poetry. For example, Wang Wei's "Weicheng Song" and Li Bai's "Qingping Diao" are all in the form of modern poetry.

Modern poetry

Modern poetry is divided into verses and quatrains. The difference between rhymed poetry and quatrains mainly lies in the number of sentences. There are four lines in quatrains and eight lines in verses.

There are eight lines in the rhythmic poem. The first and second lines are the first couplet, the third and fourth lines are the jaw couplet, the fifth and sixth lines are the neck couplet, and the seventh and eighth lines are the last couplet.

Quatrains are also called "cut sentences". The quatrains may or may not contrast, but the mandibular couplets and neck couplets of the rhymed poems must confront each other. Both the rhymed poems and the quatrains have requirements for balance. Rhymed poems with more than eight lines are called arranged verses. Types of ancient poetry

According to the way of expression, it can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry, and philosophical poetry; according to meter, it can be divided into ancient style (ancient poetry) and metrical poetry (modern poetry); according to language, it can be divided into four types Words, five-character poems, seven-character poems, miscellaneous words, etc.; according to content, they can be divided into landscape pastoral poems (poems about scenery), poems about objects, poems about frontier fortresses, poems about feelings, poems about epic poems and other types of anagrams and ancient poems with consonants

Homophonic ancient poems:

_____ Bamboo Branch Words Liu Yuxi The willows are green and the Qingjiang River is level, and I hear the sound of Lang stepping on the bank and singing. The sun rises in the east and rains in the west. There is no sunshine but there is sunshine. (Qing - Love) Untitled Li Shangyin

_____ It’s hard to say goodbye when we meet, the east wind is powerless and the flowers are withered. Spring silkworms will not run out of silk until they die, and wax torches will turn to ashes before their tears dry up. (Si - Si) The morning mirror is full of worries, but the clouds on the temples have changed. The moonlight is cold when I sing at night. There is not much way to get to Pengshan, and the blue bird is diligent in visiting.

_____ Willow Branches by Wen Tingyun Light a lamp at the bottom of a well and hold a candle deep in the well, like a wise man playing chess instead of playing chess. (Candle - Promise, Go - Default) The exquisite dice and the red beans make me miss you deeply.

_____ Xizhou Song The Yuefu of the Southern Dynasties recalled the plum blossoms and went to Xizhou, folded them and sent them to the north of the Yangtze River. The single shirt is apricot red, and the temples are the color of crow. Where is Xizhou? Two oars bridge crossing. Shrikes fly at dusk, and the wind blows on the tallow trees. Under the tree is in front of the door, with green thorns exposed in the door. The doorman didn't come, so I went out to pick red lotus. Collecting lotus flowers in Nantang in autumn, the lotus flowers exceed people's heads. Lower your head to get the lotus seeds. The lotus seeds are as green as water.

_____ (Lian - pity) puts the lotus in the sleeve, and the lotus heart is completely red.

_____ (Lian - Lian) Reminiscing about the man who is not here, I look up to see the flying star. Hong Fei is all over Xizhou, watching Lang go to the brothel. The building is so high that you can't see the top of the railing. The railings have twelve curves, and the hanging hands are as clear as jade. The rolling curtains are high in the sky, and the sea water shakes the sky green. The dream of sea water is long, you are worried and I am also worried. The south wind knows my wishes and blows my dreams to Xizhou.

May there be no frost or snow in the sky, and may the Wuzi live for thousands of years. (Wu-wu, Jie-Jie) What are the types of ancient poetry?

Ancient poetry includes poems, lyrics and music.

1. From the form of poetry, it can be divided into:

① Ancient poetry, including ancient poetry (poetry before the Tang Dynasty), Chu Ci, and Yuefu poetry. Note that poems in ancient poetry genres such as "ge", "gexing", "yin", "qu", and "瀬" also belong to ancient poetry. Ancient poetry does not focus on antithesis and rhymes more freely. The development trajectory of ancient poetry: "The Book of Songs" → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasty folk songs → Jian'an poetry → Tao Shi and other literati five-character poems → the ancient style and new Yuefu of the Tang Dynasty.

② Modern poetry, including rhymed verses and quatrains.

③ Ci, also known as poetry, long and short sentences, tunes, tune lyrics, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tune has a definite pattern, the sentences have a definite number, and the words have a definite tone. Depending on the number of words, it can be divided into long tune (more than 91 words), middle tune (59-90 words), and small tune (within 58 words). Words can be divided into monotonic and bimodal. Bimodal is divided into two paragraphs. The two paragraphs are equal or roughly equal in number of words. Monotonal only has one paragraph. A section of a word is called a que or a piece. The first section is called the front que, the upper que, and the upper piece. The second section is called the back que, the lower que, and the lower piece.

④ Qu, also known as Ciyu and Yuefu. Yuan opera includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu originated in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style is similar to the lyrics. Features: You can add lining words to the fixed number of words, and mostly use spoken language. Sanqu includes two types: Xiaoling and Taoshu (set of songs). A set is a continuous set of tunes, at least two tunes, and as many as dozens of tunes. Each set uses the tune of the first song as the name of the complete set, and the whole set must be of the same tune. It has no guest introduction and is only for a cappella singing. What are the types of new poetry?

The classification of new poetry can be derived based on the rhythm of the new poetry. The standards are as follows:

First, the whole poem is divided into several sections;

Second, each section is divided into several lines;

Three, each line is divided into how many lines Beat;

Four, what is the sentence pattern of each beat;

Five, what is the word pattern of each sentence pattern;

Six, whether it rhymes and the rhyme pattern How;

7. Is there any provision for equality?

8. Is it symmetrical or in opposition;

9. Is it repeated?

10 , other special provisions. (If the word has a word card)

"One Sentence" written by Permian Ru Wen Yiduo:

Having one sentence spoken out is a disaster,

There is one sentence that can light a fire.

Don’t look at the fact that five thousand years have not been revealed.

Can you guess the silence of the volcano?

Maybe he suddenly became possessed,

Suddenly there was a thunderbolt in the blue sky,

There was a loud bang:

"Our China!"

How do you say this to me today?

If you don’t believe it, the iron tree can bloom,

Then there is a saying, listen:

Wait for the volcano to endure Can't stop being silent,

Don't tremble, stick out your tongue, stamp your feet,

Wait until there's a thunderbolt in the sky,

Explosion:

"Our China!"

In the upper and lower sections of the poem, the number of words in each line seems to be neat, but the internal rhythm is actually a bit disordered. The third and fourth lines of the first section are two-beat long\\long form, and the third and fourth lines of the second verse are three-beat short\\long\\short form. The number of beats in between does not correspond. If the first and second lines of the second stanza are divided into beats according to natural pauses, they should be "How do you say this, call me, today? You don't believe that the iron tree can bloom," which is consistent with formal music. The beats don't unify well. Therefore, this poem can only be called a Ermiao style poem.

The last three lines of each section are repeated: "Wait until there is a thunderbolt in the blue sky, and it explodes: 'Our China!'".

The triad is like my humble work "The Poet's Autumn Night":

I don't see the desolate bright moon,

hanging on the branches of the sycamore tree 杪?

The dark blue night,

seems to be more blurry.

Don’t smell the falling leaves,

Singing a mysterious lament?

The bronze-colored sparse branches seem to be more empty.

Unconsciously, the poet's autumn night,

creates an illusion of bright eyes and thin shadow.

The dark brown deep pool seems to be more tranquil.

The whole poem not only has the same number of beats and sentence patterns in each line, but also the same word format. It is a typical three-fold traditional poem. But the beat of the third line of each stanza goes against the natural pause, which is a drawback.

There are no repeated lines in the poem, only repeated words, such as "no", "color", "as if" and "more". In addition, symmetry between stanzas is also used, that is, the sentence pattern and word pattern of each line correspond to each other.

The four-fold composition is like "Teach Me How to Miss Her" by Liu Bannong:

There are some floating clouds in the sky

There are some blowing on the ground \Breeze

The breeze blows my hair

Teach me how to miss him

Moonlight\\in love\\ocean

Ocean\\in love\moonlight

Such\\like honey\\silver night

Teach me\how\\not to miss him

The water surface\falling flowers\\flows slowly

Underwater\fish\\swim slowly

Swallow\\what did you say\\

Teach me\how\\not to miss him

*

Dead trees are shaking in the cold wind

Wildfires are burning in the dusk

There are still some in the western sky Er\\Canxia

Teach me\how\\to miss him

The number of beats in each line of the whole poem is the same between stanzas, but there are inconsistencies in the sentence structure. For example, the first and second lines of the third stanza have the long/short form, which conflicts with the short/long form of the first and second lines of the other three stanzas. Another example is that the third line of each stanza has both the short/long/short form and the short/long form. There are short, short, and short styles, so it is a four-fold poem.

The last line of each section is a repeated line.

The five-fold poem is like Zhu Xiang's "Lotus Picking Song":

The boat is light and airy,

The willows are swaying in the wind,

The lotus leaves are green and green,

The lotus flowers are human-like and enchanting.

Sunset,

Microwave,

Golden thread flashing across the river,

Go left,

Support on the right side,

The lotus boat raises its singing voice.

The lotus is half open,

The bees and butterflies are not allowed to come lightly,

The green water is accompanied by it,

It is pure and unstained by dust.

In the stream,

picking lotuses,

the water drops \sliding away\\ passing the lotus money.

Clap hard,

Clap lightly,

The sound of pulp \\responds\\to the singing.

The heart of the lotus root is long,

shy, hidden deep under the water,

Missing\\the cocoon,

There is so much silk\\the pupa is in the center?

Xitou,

Picking lotus roots,

The girl wants to pick them but is hesitant.

Waves sink,

Waves rise,

Singing sounds rise on the waves.

There are many lotus pods,

There are many willow trees on both sides of the bank,

The magpies are noisy,

The pomegranate flowers are falling on Silla.

In the stream,

picking lotus,

The ears and temples are faintly red.

The wind is calm,

The wind is growing,

The wind is rippling with singing.

The moon hook has risen,

It is clear that the Weaver Girl has a morning glory;

The mist is blowing on the water,

The cool breeze is blowing away to the lotus boat.

The fragrance of flowers,

the fragrance of clothes,

dissolves into the vastness;

the tranquility,

When I heard it,

there was singing in the void.

The beats of each line in the whole poem correspond to the stanzas, and the sentence patterns are slightly inconsistent. For example, the seventh line of each stanza has both long\\short\\ patterns and short\ \\\Long style, so it is a five-fold style poem.

"Yeah" and "singing sound (singing sound)" are repeated words. Who knows the types of poetry

Landscape pastoral poems, frontier fortress poems, farewell poems, chanting poems, homesickness poems

Landscape pastoral poems

Wanglu Mountain Waterfall Li Bai

The incense burner in Rizhao produces purple smoke, and the waterfall Kageqianchuan can be seen in the distance. The flying stream plummeted down three thousand feet, and it was suspected that the Milky Way had fallen into the sky.

Staying at Jiandejiang Meng Haoran

Moving the boat to Yanzhu, the guests are worried about the new arrival at dusk. The trees are low in the wild sky, and the clear moon on the river is close to people.

There are no people in the empty mountain, but you can hear people's voices. Returning to the deep forest, the light shines on the moss again.

Zhuli Pavilion Wang Wei

Sitting alone in the secluded bamboo, playing the piano and whistling loudly. People deep in the forest don't know that the bright moon comes to shine.

Frontier Poems

Liangzhou Ci Wang Zhihuan

Far above the Yellow River, among the white clouds, there is an isolated city called Wanren Mountain. Why should the Qiang flute blame the willows? The spring breeze does not pass through Yumen Pass.

Leaving the Fortress Wang Changling

The bright moon of the Qin Dynasty passed through the Han Dynasty, and the people who marched thousands of miles have not yet returned. But the flying generals of Dragon City are here, and Hu Ma is not taught to cross the Yin Mountain.

Joining the Army Wang Changling

The snow-capped mountains are covered with long clouds in Qinghai, and the lonely city looks at Yumen Pass in the distance. Yellow sand can wear golden armor in a hundred battles, and Loulan will never be returned until it is broken.

Saixiaqu Lu Lun

The wild geese fly high in the moonlight, and Shan Yu escapes in the night. When I want to chase Qingqi away, the heavy snow covers my bow and sword.

Farewell poems

Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Tower by Wang Changling

When the cold rain came to Wu at night, I saw off my guest Chu Shangu in the bright morning. Relatives and friends in Luoyang ask each other like a heart filled with ice in a jade pot.

Send Yuan Er to Anxi Wang Wei

The morning rain in Weicheng is light and dusty, and the guesthouses are green and willow-colored. I advise you to drink a glass of wine and leave Yangguan in the west without any old friends.

The Yellow Crane Tower sends Meng Haoran to Guangling, Li Bai

The old friend bid farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower in the west, and the fireworks descended from Yangzhou in March. The shadow of the lone sail in the distance is gone in the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River can be seen flowing in the sky.

Farewell to Dong Da Gao Shi

Thousands of miles of yellow clouds are shining in the daytime, and the north wind is blowing wild geese and snow. Don't worry, there will be no friends in the future. No one in the world will know you.

Send Du Shaofu to Shuchuan Wang Bo

The city gate assists the Three Qin Dynasties, and the wind and smoke look forward to Wujin. I want to say goodbye to you, we are both eunuchs.

The sea is like a close friend, and the world is like a neighbor. If you do nothing, you will be on the wrong road, and your children will be stained with towels.

Ode to Objects

Ode to Goose, King Luo Bin

Goose, goose, song to the sky. White hair floats on the green water, and anthurium stirs the clear waves.

Ode to Liu He Zhizhang

The jasper is as high as a tree, with thousands of green silk ribbons hanging down. I don’t know who cut out the thin leaves. The spring breeze in February is like scissors.

Farewell to Bai Juyi with the ancient grass.

The grass grows in the original land, withering and flourishing every year. Wildfires never burn out, but spring breezes blow them again.

The distant fragrance invades the ancient road, and the clear green meets the deserted city. I also sent the king and grandson away, full of love.

Mo Mei Wang Mian

The tree at the head of the pond where I wash my inkstones has flowers blooming with faint ink marks. Don't let anyone praise you for the good color, just leave the pure energy to fill the universe.

Song of Lime Yu Qian

Thousands of hammers carved out the deep mountains, and the fire burned them as if it were nothing. Don't be afraid of being shattered into pieces, you want to leave your innocence in the world.

Zheng Xie of Bamboo and Stone

He insists on not letting go of the green mountains, and his roots are still in the broken rocks. Still strong after a thousand hardships, regardless of the winds from east to west, north and south

Homesickness Poems

Recalling the Shandong Brotherhood on September 9th

Being a stranger in a foreign land alone , I miss my loved ones even more during the festive season. I know from afar that when my brothers climbed to a high place, there was only one less person planting dogwood trees.

Quiet Night Thoughts by Li Bai

The bright moonlight in front of the bed is suspected to be frost on the ground. Raise your head to look at the bright moon, lower your head to think about your hometown.

Boarding at Guazhou Wang Anshi

Between Jingkou and Guazhou, there are only a few mountains between Zhongshan and Guazhou. The spring breeze turns green again on the south bank of the river. When will the bright moon shine on me again? Fill in the blanks of ancient poems: only () Zeng Guoshou (fill in the type of flowers)

You made a typo

It should be the only type of modern poetry with true national colors: peony, what the hell

1. Narrative poetry and lyric poetry. This is divided according to the expression of the content of the work.

(1) Narrative poetry: The poem has a relatively complete storyline and characters, which are usually expressed in the poet's passionate singing style. Epic poems, story poems, verse novels, etc. all belong to this category.

Epics such as "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey" by Homer of ancient Greece; story poems such as "Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang" by Chinese poet Li Ji; poetic novels such as "Don Juan" by British poet Byron, and "Don Juan" by Russian poet Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

(2) Lyric poetry: mainly reflects social life by directly expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings, and does not require the description of complete storylines and characters. Such as,

Love songs, odes, laments, elegy, pastoral and satire. There are many such works and it is not possible to list them all.

Of course, narrative and lyricism are not completely separated. Narrative poetry also has a certain degree of lyricism, but its lyricism must be closely integrated with the narrative. Lyric poems also often narrate certain segments of life, but they cannot be extended and should be subject to the needs of lyricism.

2. Metric poetry, free verse and prose poetry. This is classified according to the phonological rhythm and structural form of the work's language.

(1) Metric poetry: It is poetry written according to certain formats and rules. It has strict regulations on the number of lines of poems, the number of words (or syllables) in poems, tones and rhymes, word antithesis, sentence arrangement, etc., such as "rhymed poems", "quatrains", "ci" and "qu" in ancient Chinese poetry. European "Sonnets".

(2) Free verse: It is a poetry style newly developed in Europe and America in modern times. It is not restricted by meter, has no fixed format, pays attention to natural and inner rhythm, rhymes with roughly similar rhymes or no rhymes, has relatively free number of words, lines, sentence patterns and tones, and the language is relatively popular. The American poet Whitman (1819-1892) is the founder of European and American free verse, and "Leaves of Grass" is his main collection of poems. This style of poetry has also been popular since the May 4th Movement in my country.

(3) Prose poetry: It is a literary genre that has the characteristics of both prose and poetry. The works contain poetic artistic conception and passion, are often philosophical, pay attention to the natural rhythm and musical beauty, are short in length, and have no lines or rhymes like prose, such as Lu Xun's "Wild Grass". Types of ancient poems for primary schools

1. Worry about the country

2. Time flies by but ambition is hard to achieve

3. The sorrow of unknown ideals

4. Missing friends

5. Praising beautiful love

6. Missing in the closet

7. Loneliness and misery

8. Accusing a heartless person of betraying love

9. Failure in career

10. The sadness of time and youth passing away

11. Comforting the joy of a lifetime

When you are worried about the country: it can be divided into the following categories

1. Exposing the ruler's ignorance and decadence: looking back at Chang'an, there are piles of embroidery, and thousands of doors are opened on the top of the mountain. Riding on the red dust concubine smiled, no one knew it was lychee. (Du Mu's "Passing the Huaqing Palace")

2. Reflecting the pain of chaos: The country is broken, the mountains and rivers are there, and the city is full of spring and vegetation. The flowers splash with tears when I feel grateful, and the birds are frightened by the hate. The war rages on for three months, and a letter from home is worth ten thousand gold. The white-headed scratches are shorter, and the hairpin is full of lust. (Du Fu's "Spring Hope")

3. Sympathy for the people's suffering: Du Fu's "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind"

4. Worry about the future of the country and the nation: Flowers approaching tall buildings hurt the guests My heart, there are so many difficulties in this world. The spring scenery of the Jinjiang River comes to heaven and earth, and the floating clouds of the jade barrier change the past and present. The North Pole court will never change, and the Xishan bandits will not invade each other. Unfortunately, the empress returned to the ancestral temple and chatted with Liang Fu at dusk. (Du Fu's "Climbing the Tower")

Time flies by, but ambition is hard to repay: The great river goes eastward, and the waves are gone, and the romantic figures of the ages are gone. Therefore, on the west side of the fortress, the human path is: Chibi, Zhou Lang of the Three Kingdoms. Rocks pierced through the sky, stormy waves crashed onto the shore, and thousands of piles of snow were rolled up. The country is picturesque, and there are so many heroes at one time. I recall Gong Jin’s time when Xiao Qiao was married for the first time and looked majestic and handsome. Feather fans and silk scarves, while talking and laughing, the boats and oars disappeared into ashes. My motherland is wandering in my mind, my affection should laugh at me, my hair should be born early, my life is like a dream, surrounded by the moon in the river. (Su Shi's "Nian Nujiao·Chibi Nostalgia")

The sorrow of unknown ideals: Qu Yuan's "She Jiang", "The Book of Songs·Mill"

Missing friends: I think this category is not as good as Change it to "Thinking of relatives and cherishing friends", such as Wang Wei's "Remembering Brothers from Shandong on September 9th", Du Fu's "Remembering Li Bai in Spring", etc.

Praise for beautiful love: I live at the head of the Yangtze River, and you live at the end of the Yangtze River. I miss you every day without seeing you, and drink water from the Yangtze River every day. When will this water stop? When has this hatred ended? I only hope that your heart will be like mine, and I will live up to my love. (Li Zhiyi's "Businessman")

Missing in the Boudoir: There are many of them, basically all poets have written about them... such as Wang Changling's "Bouise Resentment", Li Bai's "Bodhisattva Barbarian: Plain Forest and Desert Smoke Like Weaving", etc. wait.

Loneliness and misery: Many poems express loneliness and misery. For example, those who love someone in the boudoir generally have this feeling, so it is not very appropriate to divide them into one category. If I really want to give an example, I think Lao Du's "Ascending" should be recommended first. "Thousands of miles away, I am often a guest in the sad autumn, but I have been sick for hundreds of years and am alone on the stage." It fully expresses the feeling of loneliness and remoteness. The masterpiece of Seven Rhythms is well deserved.

Accusing the heartless person of betraying love (this has many overlaps with the poems about boudoir): Ouyang Xiu's "Butterfly Love Flower·How Deep the Courtyard" and "The Book of Songs·Meng"

Frustrated career: Even Wang Wei, who is famous for his good luck, has had this experience, let alone others... Bai Juyi's "Pipa", Qu Yuan's "Li Sao"

Time, Youth is Easy The sadness of death: Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream: Last Night's Rain and the Wind,"

The joy of consoling a lifetime: Du Fu's "Spring Night Joyful Rain", "Hearing that the Government's Army Takes Henan and Hebei"

To appreciate ancient poetry well, one must identify poetry with different themes and be able to make accurate judgments on specific poetry. Commonly seen poems include the following themes:

1. Love poetry, which is based on Poems with the theme of love (including mourning) are also called "love songs" and "poems of boudoir". Love poems have a long history since the Book of Songs. They mainly describe the admiration and love life of men and women, or express the feelings of parting and missing each other. Such as "Jianjia", "Far Far Away Altair", "Untitled" ("It's hard to see each other and it's also hard to say goodbye" Li Shangyin), "Magpie Bridge Immortal" ("The delicate clouds are clever" Qin Guan) and so on. The 2004 Zhejiang volume "Bodhisattva Barbarian Li Bai" also belongs to this category.

2. Satirical poetry, which is a poem that exposes the darkness of society and the harshness of the world in a satirical or persuasive way, and expresses the voice of the people or upright people. It is also called "ironic poetry" and sometimes "political satire". poetry". Satirical poetry also has a long history and has never disappeared from the Book of Songs to modern times. Such as "Shuo Shu", "Cutting Sandalwood", "Bee" (Luo Yin of the Tang Dynasty), "Inscribed on Lin'an Residence" (Lin Sheng of the Southern Song Dynasty) and so on. "Xinsha" by Lu Guimeng, who was included in the 2004 Spring College Entrance Examination in Beijing, falls into this category.

3. Philosophical poetry, which is a kind of poetry that embodies or elaborates a certain philosophy through description and discussion of specific things. Some point out the theme, and some are subtle and make people think. Famous ones include Su Shi's "Inscriptions on the West Forest Wall" and "Qin Poems". In addition, some poems themselves are not philosophical poems, but some of them are full of philosophical lines, such as "Mountains and rivers are full of doubts, and there is no way, and there is another village with dark willows and bright flowers", "The green mountains cannot cover it, after all, it flows eastward", etc. Enter the category of philosophical poetry.

4. Farewell poems, which are also one of the earliest and most common themes, mainly express separation and hate, or are used to encourage and exhort, or to express deep friendship, or to express the sorrow of separation. . Because farewell is often associated with mountain climbing and water, it is also called "landscape farewell poem". Such as "Farewell to Du Shaofu in Shuchuan" (Wang Bo), "Farewell to Meng Haoran in Guangling" (Li Bai), "Two Poems of Farewell to Dong Da" (Gao Shi), etc. "Fu De Mu Yu Sends Li Zhou off" (Wei Yingwu) in the 2001 National Volume belongs to this type of poem.

5. Travel poems are also called travel poems and travel poems. Such poems may describe personal travel experiences, or express homesickness, combining narrative and lyricism. The description of its content is inseparable from the landscape, so it is also called "Landscape Poetry". This is slightly different from pure landscape poetry, which is mainly "recording lines and expressing emotions". For example, Du Fu's "Sentiments on a Night Journey" and Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn Thoughts" are only written poems and cannot be regarded as landscape poems. "Listening to the Flute in Luocheng on a Spring Night" (Li Bai) in the 2002 National Volume belongs to this type of poem.

6. Frontier poems, which are poems whose basic content is to describe the scenery of the frontier and reflect the life of the soldiers on the frontier. Famous frontier poets in the Tang Dynasty include Gao Shi, Cen Shen, Wang Changling, Wang Zhihuan, Li Qi, etc. Gao Shi's "Yan Ge Xing", Cen Shen's "Baixue Ge Sends Magistrate Wu Back to the Capital", Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci", Wang Changling's "Out of the Fortress" and Fan Zhongyan's "The Proud of the Fisherman" ("The autumn scenery under the fortress is strange"). "), etc., are all well-known masterpieces. The 2004 Jiangsu volume "Zheng Ren Yu Liu Zhongyong" also falls into this category.

7. Epic poems, which are poems that chant or comment on historical stories and historical figures, to express feelings and satirize current events. Generally, they narrate first and then discuss; there are also some that only narrate. Don’t comment, let readers think for themselves. Among the poems with the theme of "Ode to History", Ban Gu's "Ode to History" and "Eight Poems in Ode to History" by Zuo Si of the Western Jin Dynasty are famous early masterpieces. Since then, it has continued to develop, and more epic poems have appeared, such as Zhang Jie's "Book Burning Pit", Li Shangyin's "Jia Sheng", Du Mu's "Ti Wu Jiang Pavilion", Wen Tingyun's "Jing Wu Wen Yuan", etc., all of which are named articles. The 1996 national volume "Ode to History" (Sanqu by Aruwei of the Yuan Dynasty) also falls into this category.

8. Poems about objects, which are poems that express thoughts and feelings by chanting natural or social things. Symbols and comparisons are common techniques. This type of poetry had appeared before the Qin and Han Dynasties, and after the Tang Dynasty, there were more and more excellent works. For example, Wang Wei's "Lovesickness" ("Red beans grow in the South"), Li Bai's "Egret", Du Fu's "Guiyan", Lu You's "Bu Suanzi: Yong Mei", Yu Qian's "Lime Song", etc., are all borrowed from Natural things, a famous poem that expresses one's own thoughts.

9. Chanting poems. This is a poem with the theme of chanting personal ambitions and reflecting or satirizing society. Paraphrasing, symbolism, association, etc. are its main techniques. Poetry about feelings also originates from the Book of Songs and is one of the most important poems in ancient poetry. For example, Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" and "She Jiang", Li Bai's "The Journey Is Difficult", "About to Enter the Wine", Chen Zi'ang's "Dengyouzhou Taige", Lu You's "Book of Anger", etc., are all touching. Chanting famous works.

10. Nostalgic poems are poems that are inspired by associations and imaginations caused by paying homage to ancient relics, arousing emotion and expressing *** aspirations.

Nostalgia poems can be classified into the category of poems about the past, but they have unique characteristics; poems about the past are slightly different from poems about the past. Poems about the past are about expressing emotions and aspirations while visiting the historical sites of old places, while poems about the past do not need to go to the historical sites in person. You can write in it. Nostalgic poems such as Du Fu's "The Prime Minister of Shu", Liu Yuxi's "Stone City", Li Bai's "Ascend the Phoenix Tower of Jinling", Su Shi's "Nian Nujiao·Nostalgia on the Red Cliff", "Shanshan Sheep·Tong Guan Guan" and so on, all have left a lasting legacy. 1996 National Volume

11. Landscape poetry, also known as landscape pastoral poetry, takes natural scenery as its theme and expresses emotions by describing mountains, rivers, plants, trees and other natural scenery. Commonly used metaphors Feelings come from the scenery, using scenes to express feelings and other techniques to express one's thoughts and feelings. This type of poem is the most common in ancient poetry and is the one that appears most frequently in college entrance examination questions. For example: Wang Wei's "Passing Xiangji Temple" in the national volume in 2003, Du Fu's "Man Cheng Yi" in 1999, two poems in 1998: Liu Yuxi's "Looking at the Dongting", Yong Tao's "Inscribed on Junshan", Beijing in 2003 Among the volumes are Zhao Gu's "Old Feelings of Jianglou" and others.

Classification of ancient poems: Ancient style poems, Yuefu poems and quatrains

Classification of ancient poems - Ancient style poems - Yuefu - Regular poems - Quatrains

The editor of "Three Hundred Tang Poems" divides poems into ancient poems There are three categories of poetry, rhythmic poetry, and quatrains, and among these three categories are attached the Yuefu category; ancient poetry, rhythmic poetry, and quatrains are each divided into five characters and seven characters. This is a division. The classification of "Tang Poems" compiled by Shen Deqian is slightly different: he does not separate Yuefu, but he adds a category of five-character long rhymes. The collection of Du Fu's poems compiled by Guo Zhida of the Song Dynasty is simply divided into two categories: ancient poetry and modern poetry. From the perspective of rhythm, poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry. Ancient style poetry is also called ancient poetry or ancient style poetry; modern style poetry is also called modern style poetry. Judging from the number of words, there are four-character poems, five-character poems, and seven-character poems. After the Tang Dynasty, four-character poems became rare, so poetry collections were generally divided into five-character and seven-character poems.

Ancient style and modern style

Yuefu Poetry

Modern poetry