Waves and strong winds swept from the horizon.
Now go straight to the galaxy,
Go to Penny and Weaver's house.
The winding Yellow River comes from the ends of the earth and rushes to Wan Li. The sediment it carries has also experienced wind and waves. Now I want to follow the rolling Huang Helang, go straight to the Nine Days Galaxy, and visit the homes of Altair and Vega.
This sentence describes the majestic momentum of the Yellow River, and at the same time shows that the Yellow River has a large sediment concentration.
The Yellow River originates from Maqu, a small stream at the foot of Bayan Kalazhi Mountain in Qinghai Province, flows eastward through Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and other provinces, and now flows into the Bohai Sea in the northern part of Shandong Province. The Yellow River has a total length of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of 752,400 square kilometers. Its tributaries are Taohe River, Huangshui River, Wuding River, Fenhe River, Weihe River, Luohe River and Qinhe River.
The Yellow River is famous for its high sediment concentration. At present, the average annual sediment discharge is about 65.438+600 million tons, and the average annual sediment concentration is as high as 37.6kg/m3. When the sediment concentration is the highest, there are 746 kilograms per cubic meter of the Yellow River, which is simply mud!
The turbidity of the Yellow River has existed since ancient times. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, poems recorded that the river was not clear. In Zuo Zhuan, in the eighth year of Xianggong (565 BC), the son of Zheng quoted Yizhou as saying: "Initiate the river to be clear, and the life is geometric!" It can be seen that the water of the Yellow River was quite turbid at that time. Although some people say that it is clear, such as Feng Wei's Cutting Tan in the Book of Songs, there is a poem "The river is clear and blue," but it may only be at a special time. Since the Han Dynasty, it has been difficult to see the phenomenon of Heqing, because after that, "Heqing" began to become an auspicious symbol of the country, which went down in history, and the monarch enjoyed it even more. It can be seen that after the Eastern Han Dynasty, the sediment concentration of the Yellow River increased greatly and the turbidity became more serious. Zhang Rong, a water conservancy celebrity in the mid-Han Dynasty, even said: "The river is heavy and turbid, with a name of Shi Shui and six buckets of mud." This is a phenomenon that no one said in the early Han Dynasty. This is when the name "Yellow River" appeared in the history books. After that, there were more and more descriptions about the Yellow River. In the second paragraph, we can see Liu Yuxi's "Nine Yellow Rivers and Wan Li Sand", and Meng Jiao's "Pan Yellow River" also has "Who opened the Kunlun source? Flowing out of the chaotic river ",all these indicate that the sediment concentration of the Yellow River increased in the Tang Dynasty. Then there was the Yellow River written by Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty: "If you send five-color streams from Kunlun, the yellow turbid stream will pass through Zhongzhou", and Ouyang Xiu's "Yellow River sends plum with eight rhymes": "The river is in danger, who said it was a reed swim? Check Shen Xing's Crossing the Yellow River in Qing Dynasty: "The terrain is in the state, and the Yellow River flows in the palm of your hand. It can be seen that the Yellow River water in history is basically yellow. But why does the Yellow River turn yellow? Erya Shi Shui said: "The river flows out of Kunlun, the color is white, and the canal is 1,701 rivers, and the color is yellow." It shows that people thought that the river was yellow at that time because there were too many rivers incorporated. This involves some geological conditions, but it is not complete, because it does not come down to the problem of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. In fact, the source of the Yellow River was originally a clean river. When she walked through the Qinghai grassland area at an altitude of 4 thousand meters, it was just a slow and clear stream, which flowed out of Qinghai grassland and merged into Datong River, Huangshui River and Taohe River, and the water volume increased greatly. After passing through Hetao Plain, it reaches below Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia, and the Yellow River enters the middle reaches. This section of the Yellow River flows through the loess plateau valley between Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces, with a sharp increase in water volume and a torrent rolling, scouring the loess along the way. Coupled with the large amount of sediment brought in by major tributaries, the river became turbid and became a world-famous "mud river". However, this kind of silt reclamation has also brought people a fertile Yellow River Delta. On average, about 654.38+0.2 billion tons of sediment are sent out of the Yellow River estuary for reclamation every year. For more than 3 million years, the reclamation of the Yellow River has played an important role in the formation of the Central Plains and the Great Plains of North China. Until today, on the one hand, it erodes the Loess Plateau, on the other hand, it advances to the Bohai Sea at an amazing speed of 28 square kilometers per year! In the decades after liberation, more than 1000 square kilometers of fertile land was filled in. Now it has become an important part of Shengli Oilfield.
On the other hand, however, due to the deposition of about 400 million tons in the river, the riverbed is increasing year by year. When the river bed is higher than the ground, the river will naturally change course. In order to prevent the Yellow River from changing its course, dikes have been built since ancient times to block water. When the water is high and the dike is high, the river course becomes a "suspended river" above the ground. Once the Yellow River breaks its banks, it can flood Tianjin in the north, Huaihe River and Yangtze River in the south. According to records, from 602 BC to 1938, the Yellow River burst as many as 1590 times, which is called "the Yellow River burst twice in three years". It's sad to read the records of these disasters. Du fu once wrote a poem: "two devices accumulate wind and rain, and a hundred valleys leak waves." It is said that the Red River Post is far from the sea. The secretary quietly worried that the county complained. My younger brother lives in a humble city, and the prevention of Sichuan leads to thin Cao. The ruler book arrived the day before yesterday, and it is not regularly built. Catfish's strength is hard to fake, but look at the hair of black magpie. Wild goose south blows acres of dogs, and there is no Artemisia in the economy. Snails and mussels are near Guo and handed over to the country for taking. Guan Xu Deepwater Building, Jieshi Hill. The White House was unique and lost thousands of ships. My decline is the same as that of terrier, and my interest is related to flat peaches. However, you can still catch a giant by fishing at the end of the world. "It can be seen that the floods were raging at that time and the losses were heavy. In the 22nd year of Qianlong (1757), Li Beihang abandoned the ship and landed in Xuzhou. Soon after the disaster, the hungry people were everywhere, the plague was prevalent, and it was a miserable scene. He wrote in the poem "Disaster Still Exists": "Disaster still exists. As the ancients said, it must be Ju-Hang Seo, and officials should stop it. It can be seen that our ancestors have long realized that there is always service after the disaster, and they have also clearly felt the depth of the disaster brought by the flood of the Yellow River.
Meanwhile, the lower reaches of the Yellow River are suffering from the diversion of the Yellow River. In the history of the Yellow River, there were 26 major diversions and 7 large-scale resettlement. Many of them have ancient poems as evidence: "Jieshi looks at the sea in the east." What is water, mountain island. " These two sentences are from Cao Cao's "Watching the Sea" during the Three Kingdoms period. Jieshi mentioned in the poem is the mouth of the ancient Yellow River. According to the examination, Jieshi is Magu Mountain in Wudi County, the northernmost part of Shandong Province, and its northeast is close to Bohai Sea.
Su Dongpo has a poem, "Things change, and the abbot of Penglai blends in." Old news, everything is a fairy medicine, and I want to abandon my wife and stay in the world. "Cangwu Mountain in the poem refers to Yuntai Mountain in Lianyungang, Jiangsu. It can be seen that Yuntai Mountain was surrounded by the sea of Wang Yang at that time, but now the eastern part of Yuntai Mountain is connected with the sea, which is gradually silted up due to the diversion of the Yellow River. Yuntiguan, Yunti Village, Xu Huang Township, Xiangshui County, Jiangsu Province, used to be an important town to guard against Japanese pirates in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but judging from Gong Zizhen's poem Qing Shi, it has been forgotten this year, and it also governs Liu Huang at home and abroad. In the middle of the night, Jin Luan heard dry words, and Yin Han flowed in Yuzhou's blood. The ape crane mourns the past, the fish dragon proudly dances in autumn, the ladder closes the wide road, and Wan Li mourns all night. " However, it can be seen that the ladder at that time was quite far from the sea, which was also caused by sediment deposition from the Huaihe River into the sea. The history of the Yellow River diversion can be seen from the above poem. Let's look at the specific historical facts:
Reasons for several diversions and time entering the sea
The first time was in 602 BC, and Cangzhou naturally entered the Bohai Sea.
The second time was 1 1 year. Binxian and Lijin entered Bohai Sea naturally and artificially.
For the third time, in the year of 1048, the northward flow entered the Bohai Sea from Tianjin, and the southward flow naturally entered the Bohai Sea from the Wuli Duma River.
The fourth time, 1 194, the ladder was put into the sea naturally and artificially.
In the fifth ad 1494, the Huaihe River entered the sea naturally and artificially.
1855 for the sixth time, Lijin entered the Bohai Sea naturally and artificially.
1938 The seventh Huaihe River artificially entered the sea.